Hist 12

What was the "pink collar ghetto"?

Women were generally kept in jobs that were considered "women's work" or gender stratified.

What was the Brookings Institute?

A think tank/foundation that supported progressive and Democratic policies

According to Moreton, the first group to experience automation replacing workers was

African Americans.

From which country did immigration explode from 50,000 to more then 638,000, between 1950 and 1970?

From Cuba, to escape Fidel Castro's regime

Making the dollar the reserve currency after the war

Gave American businesspeople advantages in international trade.

In addition to sending G.I.s to college, the G.I. Bill also

Gave G.I.s housing loans.

When the federal government began to enforce busing in schools, conservatives like President Nixon

Gave more money and effort to enforcement.

What budgetary compromise did President George H.W. Bush make that infuriated conservatives like Newt Gingrich?

His agreement to raise $159 billion in taxes and cut $324 billion in spending in spite of his pledge to sign into law "no new taxes."

According to one scholar, deregulation in the 1970s and 80s turned the American economy into a "vast casino," meaning

. Investments were made on fluctuations in the financial markets around the world instead of productive industries.

Between 1979 and 2009, the top 20% of American households increased their incomes by approximately

50%

What was the "falling domino" theory?

A country that would fall to communism would provide a staging ground for communist infiltrators to destabilize other countries nearby.

Who funded the development of computers and computer networks?

A group of early computer companies in Silicon Valley.

The Bracero Program was

A program created to bring in manual labor from Mexico

What happened after the Bracero Program ended?

Apprehensions of undocumented immigrants increased

Gutierrez believes that issues such as growing racial tensions and rising anti-immigrant sentiment might subside:

As more people become aware of the dependency of an aging population upon the contributions of multi-ethnic immigrant nation

By 1990, compared to the rest of the industrial nations, the U.S. incarceration rate was

At least 6 time greater.

To whom did President Reagan seek to present conservatism as a governing philosophy?

Average middle- and working-class Americans in order to counteract Democratic claims that Reagan's conservative philosophy only benefited the wealthy.

What is Brilliant referring to when he talks about the "great divergence"?

Beginning in the 1970s, middle class America began to see income slip, while the wealthy became even richer.

Wages for the middle class declined after 1970. Two ways to bolster middle class incomes were

Borrowing larger amounts of money and women entering the workforce.

How did Ronald Reagan help to disseminate the Heritage Foundation's ideas?

By talking about the foundations ideas on his radio show, which garnered millions of listeners.

According to Gutierrez, which state is a "precursor "to "profound demographic transformation?"

California

In 1943, 11,000 unauthorized immigrants were apprehended, by 1954 that number had jumped to

Close to a million

According to Bethany Moreton, what internationally traded product became a topic of politics in the highly competitive 1980s?

Cocaine.

Who leaked the Pentagon Papers?

Daniel Ellsberg

Between 1980 and 1996, the median full-time wages of women increased gradually, while the median full-time wages of men

Decreased.

What were the most powerful economic processes operating in the modern American economy after 1970?

Deindustrialization, automation, globalization, and financialization.

What caused the resignation of President Richard Nixon?

He was told that he would probably be impeached if he stayed in office. He encouraged his aides to lie to congressional committees. The president had actively hidden evidence that men he had employed to do illegal activities.

Not trusting the more moderate Republican presidents, conservative in the mid 1970s, according to Zelizer, pursued the following strategy:

Direct communication with the public. Obstructionism. Procedural warfare.

According to Gutierrez, many scholars have suggested that a significant part of the demographic revolution is related to the restructuring of the U.S.

Economy

While African American leaders in the South worked to eliminate state-sanctioned discrimination, civil right leaders in the North and the West worked on

Fair housing. Equal opportunity in private employment Equal public education opportunities.

Stagflation' refers to

High unemployment and inflation

The threat of a communist take-over in what two countries led to the development of the Truman Doctrine?

Greece and Turkey

According to Sibley, the reason Truman dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was

He did not want to send American soldiers to attack the mainland of Japan, where they were likely to suffer heavy losses.

Subprime mortgage customers tended to have all of the following, EXCEPT

Lack of knowledge about taking care of a home.

The population of those of Mexican-heritage started to grow significantly

In the 1970s

After 1970 Immigration in the United States:

Increased

From 1975 to 2007, household debt in the United States

Increased by a multiple of 4.

What did the Pentagon Papers expose?

Interior documents that revealed that the U.S. remained in Vietnam to "avoid a humiliating defeat."

According to Gutierrez, what happened in California in the early 2000s?

It became a "majority-minority" state.

The business strategy of Nike was

It did not sell products, it sold a brand.

What was the Hyde Amendment?

It prevented federal money from being used in clinics that allowed abortions.

How was the University of California pursuing affirmative action in its medical school in the 1970s?

It set aside 16 of its 100 slots for non-white students.

Prior to directly intervening in World War II—and thus making the conflict truly global—how did the U.S. put pressure on its enemies?

It used its trade as a weapon, selling arms to its allies Britain, France, and eventually China.

What was the significance of Executive Order 8802?

It was the not only the first presidential action on behalf of racial equality since the Emancipation Proclamation but also a broader reflection of the New Deal's transformation of the government's role in society.

Which of these prominent figures was the first to invest in the Heritage Foundation, precipitating a number of new investments and ensuring the foundation's viability?

Joseph Coors

About how many Japanese Americans were forcibly removed from their homes and interned during World War II?

More than 110,000

What effect did the Federal Communication Commission's abandoning of the Fairness Doctrine in 1987 have on political debate?

News programs became more openly partisan, and it allowed conservatives to shape the national agenda through media outlets like Fox News even when they didn't control the White House's bully pulpit.

What is projected to happen in 2042?

Non-Hispanic whites will no longer constitute a majority of the U.S. population

Gingrich introduced a political and congressional strategy after 1990 that included all of the following EXCEPT

Opposition to Democrats using delaying strategies in Congress.

What is a think tank?

Organizations set up by private foundations that study problems and advise politicians and federal and state governments.

While thirty-five percent of the American workforce was unionized in the 1950s, how many union members worked in industry?

Over half of all union members worked in industry.

The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 did the following EXCEPT:

Prevented Europeans from immigrating to the United States

In the early 1970s, annual growth in worker productivity slowed, wages slowed, and

Prices went up.

Title II of the Civil Rights Act outlawed discrimination in places of "public accommodation," which were

Private businesses that served the public.

What did the "Long Telegram" propose that the U.S. do to prevent the spread of communism?

Put forward a positive and construction vision of the world that the U.S. would like to see.

The "hottest" job category of the 2010s is

Retail clerk.

One of the most important leaders of the social conservatives who entered politics in the mid 1970s was a religious leader named

Rev. Paul Weyrich.

Because the USSR was anxious to take some of the pressure off its army, which was fighting the Germans on the eastern front, it asked the U.S.

To land forces in Normandy and create a western front against Germany.

What was the issue that motivated social conservatives more than any other?

Roe v. Wade

Between 1941 and 2001, U.S. gross federal debt as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Slowly decreased after World War II until the end of the 1970s, after which it started to increase.

In 1981 and 1982, President Reagan's attempts to make large cuts to this large welfare program was so unpopular that even many Republican allies were forced to back down.

Social Security

Between 1975-2000 which country/region led immigration to the United States from Asia?

Southeast Asia

The Great Recession that began in December 2007 forced the federal government to do what?

Spend 700 billion dollars buying shares of the largest financial institutions in the country.

Many small countries, when faced with the U.S. and its allies in the developed world and Soviet Union and its Communist Bloc, decided

To stay non-aligned, not favoring either system.

In the 1970s American businesses began to lobby Congress for more business-friendly policies. They main champion was

The Business Roundtable.

Which movement's tactics did American students imitate in their opposition to the Vietnam War?

The Civil Rights Movement in the U.S.

According to Brilliant, what was one of the "most important pieces of legislation in United States history"?

The G.I. Bill of Rights

While Asian Americans are starting to disperse all over the country where are they least likely to live?

The Midwest

In the Cold War, countries that were not wealthy and developed, like the U.S., Japan, and Western Europe, or in the Communist Bloc, were called

The Third World.

According to Brilliant, the factor that seemed to undermine progress in racial equity was

The decline in prosperity and growth starting in the 1970s.

What was one of the most important factors that led to the United States' large export surplus from 1945 to 1970?

The United States suffered no major infrastructure damage throughout World War II, thus allowing it to emerge into the postwar era with a definite productive advantage.

According to Sibley, what was the "Cold War consensus" that the Vietnam War and the Watergate scandal seemed to break?

The United States was the indispensable nation in all world diplomacy.

What two issues divided the Democratic Party in 1968?

The Vietnam War and the civil rights struggle

The reason the U.S. reluctantly financed a return of French colonial power to Vietnam was

The Vietnamese leader, Ho Chi Minh, while quoting from Thomas Jefferson about liberty, nevertheless, wanted a communist system for his country.

The population boom that occurred between 1945 and 1970 was most noticeable in what part of the United States?

The West

The "Iron Curtain," as Winston Churchill called it, divided what two parts of the world from one another?

The communist and non-communist world.

What were two reasons for American prosperity after WWII?

The devastation of all other advanced countries in WWII and the rapid industrial development of the United States after the war.

What were the two key—and dramatic—ideas that President Reagan abandoned in order to achieve reelection in 1984?

The dismantling of the welfare state and open military confrontation with the Soviet Union

According to Zelizer, the issue that was most difficult and consequential in the late 1980s was

The federal deficit.

An industry where computers probably had the greatest impact was

The finance and banking industry.

What was the main obstacle for women as they entered the workforce in the postwar era?

The glut of women in the service sector

Other than the Great Depression, which factors acted to slow immigration by the 1930s

The growth of nativism

What is New Deal liberalism?

The idea that government should regulate the economy to be sure that the wealth was more evenly distributed.

What was one of the important consequences of Title IX?

The increased participation of women in college athletics.

President Nixon won election in 1968, telling the country that he would end the Vietnam War

With a "secret plan."

What happened for the first time in U.S. history in July 2011?

The majority of all infants younger than 1 were non-white

How did conservatives react to Democrat Bill Clinton's election as president in 1992?

The movement disintegrated, unable to build the support necessary to both fund and continue their movement.

A very important factor in the rise in prices in the late 1970s was

The rise in the price of oil.

What is "mutually assured destruction" (MAD)?

The theory that you could prevent war with nuclear weapons because each side knew they could end the world if they attempted to get first strike advantage on the other.

Transforming major multicultural enclaves include the following EXCEPT:

The urban Midwest

How did "western migrants" to the West Coast seemingly "strike gold" in the postwar era?

They did not; most migrants to the West Coast remained poor.

According to Zelizer, Republican presidents spoke strongly in favor of the anti-abortion movement, and

They did very little to restrict abortion.

What did racial liberalism and New Deal liberalism have in common?

They held a common belief in the use of state power to help people.

Why did proponents of conservatism in the 1970s focus on the politics of ideas?

They wanted to fundamentally transform public opinion and shift national debate toward the right.

What did the Supreme Court case, Roe v. Wade, decide?

Women had a right to have an abortion early in their pregnancies.

When Bill Clinton was elected president in 1992, conservatives

Took it very hard as they believed that the early 1990s should be the triumph of the conservatives. Expected it, because the Bush Administrations did not follow conservatives' advice. Attributed it to Bush's breaking of his pledge not to raise taxes.

What city in 1948 had to be supported with an airlift of goods because the Soviet Union cut it off from the West?

West Berlin