HIST 1301 unit 2
How did the Jay Treaty reflect Federalist interests and their impact on U.S. Policy?
Jay's Treaty, was a 1795 treaty between the US and Great Britain that averted war, resolved issues remaining since the Treaty of Paris of 1783 (which ended the American Revolutionary War),and facilitated ten years of peaceful trade between the United States and Britain in the midst of the French Revolutionary Wars, which began in 1792.The Treaty was designed by Alexander Hamilton and supported by President George Washington. It angered France and bitterly divided Americans. It led to the formation of two opposing parties in every state, the pro-Treaty Federalists and the anti-Treaty Republicans.
Explain at least 3 of the great contradictions of Jefferson's legacy: HIS POLICIES
- Jefferson said **"We are all republicans, we are all federalists"- suggesting that both groups shared 2 basic ideas: the value of republican government, in which power derived from the people, and the value of the unique federal system of shared governance structured by the constitution. -*he was not against federalist or a strong national government but did not want the federal government to have too much. -Jefferson Democracy- land = opportunity -believed the future of the US should be different from Europe. -wanted America to be independent and self sufficient and for Americans to trade with one another and didn't want to have England as an economic trade partner because he didn't want US to be linked in a dangerous relationship with England. -both political parties claimed jefferson -*duality- he had a dual nature, he represented the common man, but he was also one of the richest men of that time, owned slaves, and he himself was not a common man. -wrote the declaration of independence, yet he himself owned slaves. -he studied and wrote extensively about his slaves doing scientific experiments with them to scientifically prove that African Americans were not equal. -had an affair with one his slaves Sally, had several children with her -he recognizes slavery is an unstable convention -Was Jeffersons empire of Liberty becoming an empire of slavery?* -Jefferson had a Planter/ Paternalism ideology
Explain the distinction in Gender roles in the Early U.S. Republic: WOMEN AND THE LAW
-Dolly Madisons pioneering role as "presidentress" showed that elite women could assume an active presence in civic affairs. -But, with the 1790's cultural compromise which endorsed female education to make women into better wives and better mothers "The Republican Wife and Mother", Mrs. Madison and her female circle practiced politics to further improve their husbands careers. -there was little talk of the "rights of women" from 1800-1825 key institutions central to the shaping of women's lives- the legal system, marriage, and religion- proved fairly resistant to trade -in English common law, wives had no independent legal or political personhood. -the legal doctrine of "fame covert" (covered woman) held that a wife's civic life was completely subsumed by her husband's. -a wife was obligated to obey her husband -her property was his -her domestic and sexual services were his, and even their children were legally his. -women had no right to keep their wages, to make contracts, or to sue or be sued. -they had limited right to divorce but was very rare and hard to do and considered immoral. should only be allowed to protect the innocent part and for the punishment of the guilty. -single adult women could own and convey property, make contracts, initiate lawsuits, and pay taxes -they could not vote, serve on juries,or practice law so their civil status was limited. -job prospects were few and low paying -unless they had inherited adequate property or could live with married siblings, single adult women in the early republic very often were poor. -none of these legal institutions applied to black slaves because they were property, they could not freely consent to any contractual obligations including marriage.
Identify Jackson's position in the 'Bank War.'
-Jackson opposed the bank and vetoed the rechartering of it closing it down in 1832. -Species Circular- he thought only specie (hard money or precious metals like gold and silver) should be used as currency. -He represented working farmers, craftsmen, and factory workers, and distrusted financiers who shuffled some paper around and made more money than producers who worked with their hands. -called the national bank a monster
What caused the War of 1812?
-Madison is now president -*was a war for US expansion* -the Indian conflicts in the old northwest soon merged into the wider conflict with Britain, now known as the war of 1812. -between 1809-1812 madison teetered between declaring either France or Britain as Americas primary enemy as both countries continued to attack US ships. -in 1809 Congress replaced Jefferson's Embargo act with the Non-Intercourse Act, which prohibited trade with only Britain and France and their colonies, thus opening up other trade routes to alleviate the economic distress of American shippers, farmers, and planters. -by 1811 the country was seriously divided and on the verge of war. -the new congress seated in March 1811 contained several dozen young Republicans from the West and South who came to be known as the "War Hawks". -War Hawks- led by Henry Clay from Kentucky and John C. Calhoun from South Carolina. -they welcomed a war with Britain both to justify attacks on the indians and to bring an end to impressment. -many war hawks were also expansionists looking to occupy Florida and threaten Canada. -Clay was elected speaker of the House and Calhoun won a seat on the Foreign Relations committee. -the war hawks approved major defense expenditures and the army soon quadrupled in size. -June 1812 congress declared war on Great Britain in a vote divided along sectional lines: New England and some middle atlantic states opposed the war, fearing its effect on commerce, while the south and west strongly favored it. -"Report on the Causes and Reasons for War" written mainly by Calhoun about Britains "lust for power," "unbounded tyranny," and mad ambition. these were fighting words in a war that was in large measure about insult and honor.
What was the impact of Jefferson's Embargo in 1807-09?
-US was in a recession -protest petitions flooded Washington -the federal government suffered too, for import duties were a significant source of revenue. -the Federalist party, in danger of fading away after its weak showing in the election of 1804, began to revive. -Secretary of State James Madison was chosen by Republican caucuses (informal political groups that orchestrated the selection of candidates). -the Federalist caucuses chose Pinckney again. -Madison won, but Pinckney secured 47 electoral votes, nearly half of Madisons total. -support for the Federalists remained centered in New England, where the shipping industry suffered heavy losses in the embargo. -the Republicans still held the balance of power nation wide.
How did Federalist policies contribute to the Republicans "quiet revolution?"
-XYZ Affair -Quasi-War 1798 -Alien and Sedition Acts 1798 -republicans strongly opposed the Alien and Sedition Acts brought about by the Quasi- War in the way that the acts conflicted with the Bill of Rights -they did not have enough votes to revoke the acts nor could the federal judiciary, dominated by Federalist judges, be counted on to challenge the acts. -Jefferson and Madison turned to the state legislatures, the only other competing political arena, to press their opposition. -the each of them anonymously drafted a set of resolutions condemning the acts and convinced the legislatures of Virginia and Kentucky to present them to the federal government in 1798. -The Virginia and the Kentucky Resolutions tested the argument that state legislatures have the right to judge and even nullify the constitutionality of federal laws, these bold claims held risk that one or both men could be accused of sedition. these resolutions made little dent in the Alien and Sedition Acts but it would resurface many times in the decades to come. -finally France sent a letter to the US assuring diplomatic channels were open again and that new peace commissioners would be welcomed in France. -by 1799 the Quasi-War had subsided and in 1800 the negotiations resulted in a treaty declaring a "true and sincere friendship" between the French and US. -however, the Federalist were not happy and Adams lost most of the support from his own party and became the first one- term president of the US. -Jefferson became president and announced "We are all republicans, we are all federalists" which perpetuated a denial of the validity of party politics, a denial that ran deep in the founding generation of political leaders.
Why was Andrew Jackson such a controversial president?
-he killed people but he also helped people -he punished his own soldiers -accused of being a tyrant -Indian Removal Act -trail of tears- considered genocide purely because of race -he refuses to execute or enforce federal law -said "the only good indian is a dead indian"
Explain the distinction in Gender roles in the Early U.S. Republic: WOMEN AND CHURCH GOVERNANCE
-in most protestant denominations around 1800, white women made up the majority of congregants. -yet church leadership in most denominations rested in mens hands, with some exceptions. -in baptist congregations in New England, women served along with men on church governance committees, deciding on the admission of new members, voting on hiring ministers, and even debating doctrinal points. -quakers too had a history of recognizing women spiritual talents; some were accorded the status of minister capable of leading and speaking in Quaker meetings. -Jemima Wilkinson-"the Publik Universal Friend"shunned gender specific nouns and preached openly in Rhode Island and Philadelphia. -denomenations that had allowed women to participate in church governance began to pull back and most churches reinstated patters of hierarchy along gender lines.
Why did some supporters of the Constitution name themselves 'Federalists'?
-not because they wanted to shift all the power to the national level, but because they wanted to confederate (share) power by establishing a multi-tiered system of national, state, country, and city governments. -they were pro-constitution forces
How did protestant evangelism and social dislocation impact reform movements of the 1830s?
-the Second Great Awakening -for many families, especially in the commercialized Northeast, standards of living rose, consumption patterns changed, and the nature and location of work were altered. -all of this had a direct impact on the duties of men and women and on the training of youths for the economy of the future. -along with economic change came a revival of evangelical religion known as the 2nd Great Awakening -among the most serious of evangelical Protestantism were men and women of the new merchant classes, whose self discipline in pursuing market ambitions meshed well with the message of self discipline in pursuit of spiritual perfection. -many of these people sought to perfect society as well by defining excessive alcohol consumption, non marital sex, and slavery as 3 major evils of modern life in need of correction. -3 social movements championing temperance, moral reform, and abolition gained strength from evangelistic Christianity.
What was the impact of the War of 1812?
-the War Hawks proposed an invasion of Canada predicting victory in 4 weeks instead the war lasted 2 and 1/2 years and Canada never fell. -the northern invasion turned out to be a series of blunders that revealed Americas strong unpreparedness for war against the unexpectedly powerful British and Indian Forces. -the New England states were slow to raise troops and some new england merchants carried on illegal trade with Britain. -Madison won the 1812 election again but his margin of victory was considerably smaller than the 1808 election. -in late 1812 and early 1813 the tide began to turn in the American's favor; first came some victories at sea. then the americans attacked York (now toronto) and burned it in April 1813. -a few months later Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry defeated the British fleet at the Western end of Lake Erie. -General Harrison drove an army into Canada from Detroit and in October 1813 defeated the British and Indians at the battle of the Thames, where Tecumseh was killed. -Creek Indians in the South who had allied with Tecumseh's confederacy were also plunged into war, some 10,000 living in the Mississippi territory put up a spirited fight against US forces for 10 months, The Creek War. -the Creek War ended suddenly in march 1814 when general Andrew Jackson led 2,500 Tennessee militiamen in a bloody attack called the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. -more than 550 indians died and several more died tried to escape across a river. -later that year Andrew Jackson extracted from the defeated tribe a treaty relinquishing 1,000 of square miles of their land to the US.
Explain the key problems the founders saw in the Articles of Confederation?
-there was no national executive (no president) and no judiciary -the congress, consisting of delegates selected annually by their state legislatures, was the sole governing agency. -big decisions reacquired 9 of the 13 states to agree -to approve or amend the Articles required the consent of the 13 state delegations and of the 13 state legislatures. -gave the national government NO power of direct taxation.- taxation was an necessity because all governments require money. -citizens identified themselves with their state not as one country. -no Army -had no plans for the lands to the west of the 13 colonies.
Identify the key complaints of the 'Shayesites.'
-these were the farmers of the colonies -they were war veterans led by captain Danial Shays -they seized weapons and marched east to appeal to the government in response to: -rising taxes -demands that they pay for goods in hard currency (rather than barter) -high farm loan payments with usurious interest rates. -Foreclosures -they wanted transparency among political leader in league with financiers and prosecution of corrupt officials. -farmers frustration was very understandable, they were not paid well to fight and also many of them did not get the land they were promised after they fought. -shays received nothing after his years of fighting and then returned home to find his land was being foreclosed. -they wanted titles to be held to the farmers who were actually helping and improving the land, not to speculators and landlords.
Explain the term 'Jacksonian Democracy.'
-was a young Republican -was a frontier icon and self made guy -described himself as a Democratic -whiped away Jeffersonian Republic and National Democratic and just called himself Democratic. -wanted greater democracy for the common man - promoted the strength of the presidency and executive branch at the expense of Congress, while also seeking to broaden the public's participation in government. -emphasizes Democratic party-more participation and inclusion -supported by poor farmers and some wealthy planters -expansion- open land for white settlement, give all white men opportunity
Describe the goals and outcome of the Lewis & Clark expedition?
-was equivalent to a scientific research. -gathered an enormous amount of data -*revealed the economic/ natural resources value of the continent. -Spring 1804- November 1805: goal was to establish relationships with Indian tribes and to determine spanish influence and presence. -Jefferson wanted to explore the new Louisiana territory so he appointed his secretary, Meriwether Lewis, to head the expedition. -Lewis chose Kentuckian William Clark as his co-leader. -had a crew of 45 men including expert river men, gunsmiths, hunters, interpreters, a cook, and Clarks slave named York. -explorers left st. louis spring of 1804 working their way northwest up the Missouri River. -Jefferson instructed them to investigate indian cultures, to collect plant and animal specimens, and to chart the geography of the West. -Congress wanted the expedition to scout locations for military posts, negotiate fur trade agreements, and identify river routes to the West. -they camped for the winter at a Mandan village in what is now North Dakota. -the following Spring the explorers headed West accompanied by 16 year old Shoshoni woman named Sacajawea. -Sacajawea and her new baby were critical in the exploration, she helped translate, get horses, cross the rockies and bitterroots, and trade for more canoes as they dropped in the Snake and Columbia Rivers. -Sacajawea and her new baby also allowed the American expedition to appear peaceful to suspicious tribes because no indian war party wold bring along a young bride and mother. -The Lewis and Clark expedition reached the mouth of the Columbia River in November 1805. -Jefferson was disappointed they never found the northwest passage but they did discover the mountainous continental divide. -when the 2 leaders returned home the following year they were greeted as national heroes. -they had establis
Explain the distinction in Gender roles in the Early U.S. Republic: FEMALE EDUCATION
-young girls attended district schools along with boys and by 1830s girls had made rapid gains in many places approaching male literacy rates. -more advanced female education came from a growing number of private academies. -Judith Sargent Murray- massachusetts author who called for equality of the sexes around 1790, predicted in 1800 that "a new era in female history" would emerge because "female academies are everywhere establishing." -by 1830 there was nearly 200 academies -the most ambitious academies equaled the training offered at male colleges such as Harvard, Yale, Dartmouth, and Princeton. -2 of the best known female academies were the Troy Female Seminary in New York founded by Emma Willard in 1821, and the Hartford Seminary in Connecticut founded by Catherine Beecher in 1822. -these two academies prepared their female students to teach, on the grounds that women made better teachers than did men. -advanced education was limited to a privileged few.
Explain at least 3 of the great contradictions of Jefferson's legacy: LOUISIANA PURCHASE
1) Louisiana Purchase 1803- -Jefferson saw New Orleans as key to exporting american crops since it was near the mouth of the Mississippi and both the Ohio and Missouri watersheds connected to the atlantic via that route. -Jefferson purchases the Louisiana territory for $15 million from Napoleon. -the purchase doubled the size of the US -constitution says the president may not acquire new territory -he gained the congressional approve for the purchase, but without the votes of Federalist New England, which feared that such a large acquisition of land would be detrimental to Federalist Party strength. -signed treaty using lose constructionism and implied power setting aside his usual cautious exercise of federal power. -It was hypocritical for sure, especially since the money used for the purchase was from Hamilton's bond sales, that Jefferson also complained about as exceeding constitutional bounds. -Finally, the slaveholder Jefferson had benefitted fabulously from the success of the Haitian slave revolt. -also was an attempt to help landless farmers
Describe Washington's two major arguments in his Farewell Address.
1.) Not to have political divisions 2.) Do not get into Britain's fight.
Describe Tecumseh's political goals? How do they reveal the character of U.S. expansion?
Alarmed by the growing encroachment of whites squatting on Native American lands, the Shawnee Chief Tecumseh calls on all Indians to unite and resist
Explain at least 3 of the great contradictions of Jefferson's legacy: EMBARGO ACT
2) Embargo Act of 1807-1809 -1803 France and Britain went to war both warning the US not to ship arms to the other, Britain acted on these threats in 1806 stopping US ships to inspect cargo for military aid to France and seizing suspected deserters from the British navy as well as the 2,500 US sailors who were "impressed" (taken by force) by the British who needed them for their war with France. -Jefferson convinced congress to pass a nonimportation law banning particular British made goods in retaliation against the impressments of American sailors. -June 1807 the British frigate "Leopard" ordered the American ship "Chesapeake" which was harboring some British deserters, to stop by the "Leopard" but when the "Chesapeake" refused the "Leopard" opened fire killing 3 americans- right at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, well within US territory. -in response to this, Congress passed the Embargo Act of 1807- prohibiting US ships from traveling to all foreign ports. -this measure brought a swift halt to all overseas trade carried in American vessels. -though a drastic measure, the embargo was meant to forestall war by forcing concessions from the British through economic pressure. -the Embargo act was a disaster -brought commerce to a standstill -in New England, the heart of the shipping industry, unemployment rose. -grain plummeted in value, river traffic halted, tobacco rotted in the South, and cotton went unpicked. -But such executive privilege was entirely inconsistent with his strict constructionist constitutionalism. The executive branch didn't have the right to intervene in the economy in such a fundamental way, at least according to the way Jefferson interpreted the Constitution before he was in the executive branch himself. In fact, the president didn't have the right to slap an embargo on the entire American expo
Why did John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay argue for a war declaration against Britain?
Calhoun won election to the House of Representatives in 1810. He immediately became a leader of the War Hawks, along with Speaker Henry Clay of Kentuck. Brushing aside the vehement objections of both anti-war New Englanders and arch-conservative Jeffersonians led by John Randolph of Roanoke, they demanded war against Britain to preserve American honor and republican values, which had been violated by the British refusal to recognize American shipping rights.As a member, and later acting chairman, of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Calhoun played a major role in drafting two key documents in the push for war, the Report on Foreign Relations and the War Report of 1812. Drawing on the linguistic tradition of the Declaration of Independence, Calhoun's committee called for a declaration of war in ringing phrases, denouncing Britain's "lust for power", "unbounded tyranny", and "mad ambition".
Characterize David Walker's message in his "Appeal."
David Walker was an outspoken African-American abolitionist, writer and anti-slavery activist. Though his father was a slave, his mother was free so therefore he was free. In 1829, while living in Boston, Massachusetts, he published An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World,[4] a call for black unity and self-help in the fight against oppression and injustice. The appeal brought attention to the abuses and inequities of slavery and the role of individuals to act responsibly for racial equality, according to religious and political tenets. At the time, some people were outraged and fearful of the reaction that the pamphlet would have. Many abolitionists thought the views were extreme.
Characterize John Adams' Presidency in light of Federalist/Republican debates.
Hamilton and the Federalists supported Britain, while Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans favored France. because of the Jay Treaty as it had resolved few of the major American complaints against the British, including British impressment of American sailors, but Washington viewed the treaty as preferred signing the treaty over fighting another war with the British. The French were outraged by the Jay Treaty and began seizing American merchant ships that were trading with the British. In the 1796 elections, the French supported Jefferson for president, and became even more belligerent at his loss. Nevertheless, when Adams took office, pro-French sentiment in the United States remained strong due to France's assistance during the Revolutionary War. Adams hoped to maintain friendly relations with France, and he sent a delegation to Paris asking for compensation for the French attacks on American shipping. Sentiments changed with the XYZ Affair. Adams appointed a three-member commission to represent the United States to negotiate with France. The commission consisted of John Marshall, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and Elbridge Gerry. However, when the envoys arrived in October 1797, they were kept waiting for several days, and then granted only a 15-m Hamilton and the Federalists supported Britain, while Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans favored France. because of the Jay Treaty as it had resolved few of the major American complaints against the British, including British impressment of American sailors, but Washington viewed the treaty as preferred signing the treaty over fighting another war with the British. The French were outraged by the Jay Treaty and began seizing American merchant ships that were trading with the British. In the 1796 elections, the French supported Jefferson for president, and became eve
Discuss Alexander Hamilton's Debt Plan, how did it shape early debates about the role of federal government?
He proposed that the government assume the entire debt of the federal government and the states. His plan was to retire the old depreciated obligations by borrowing new money at a lower interest rate. Hamilton created three different reports that outlined his program and proposals. The reports were the First Report on Public Credit, the Second Report on Public Credit, and the Report on Manufactures. Congress implemented Hamilton's economic program.
Did Andrew Jackson represent the popular American identity or was he a corrupt opportunist?
His relationship with "the people" throughout his first term convinced him that he was the only elected official in the United States that represented all "the people." As such, Jackson believed he had to use his office to carry out their will.
Describe the influence of Eliza Willing Powell on the Early Republic.
In 1792, Powell wrote to Washington after he told her about leaving the presidency. She managed to convince him not to in her letters.
What connections did Angelina Grimkey make between Abolition and Equality of the sexes.
In 1836 Angelina wrote her Appeal to the Christian Women of the South imploring white southern women to embrace the antislavery cause. She wrote, "I know you do not make the laws, but I also know that you are the wives and mothers, the sisters and daughters of those who do; and if you really suppose you can do nothing to overthrow slavery, you are greatly mistaken." Her writing drew the ire of southerners who opposed its abolitionist message and northerners who felt that women had no business writing or speaking about something as controversial as slavery. This outcry over women abolitionists prompted Sarah to write Letters on the Equality of the Sexes. By the late 1830s the Grimke sisters were known not only as abolitionists but also as proponents of women's rights.
Define the basic structure of the U.S. government under the Constitution.
It creates a national government consisting of a legislative, an executive, and a judicial branch, with a system of checks and balances among the three branches. Second, it divides power between the federal government and the states. Democratic & Republic.
Discuss Jeffersonian Democracy and the 'duality' that his political positions demonstrate.
Jeffersonian democracy, named after its advocate Thomas Jefferson, was one of two dominant political outlooks and movements in the United States from the 1790s to the 1820s. The term was commonly used to refer to the Democratic-Republican Party, which Jefferson founded in opposition to the Federalist Party of Alexander Hamilton. The Jeffersonians were deeply committed to American republicanism, which meant opposition to aristocracy of any form, opposition to corruption, insistence on virtue, with a priority for the "yeoman farmer", "planters", and the "plain folk". They were antagonistic to the aristocratic elitism of merchants, bankers and manufacturers, distrusted factory workers, and were on the watch for supporters of the dreaded British system of government. Jeffersonian democracy persisted as an element of the Democratic Party into the early 20th century, as exemplified somewhat by the rise of Jacksonian democracy and the three presidential candidacies of William Jennings Bryan. Its themes continue to echo in the twenty-first century, although with more of a base in the Libertarian and Republican parties.
Was the Election of 1824 corrupted? How did the results impact American politics?
John Quincy Adams was elected President The election was the only one in history to be decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution after no candidate secured a majority of the electoral vote. It was also the first U.S. presidential election where the elected president lost the popular vote, and the only presidential election in which the candidate who received the most electoral votes (Andrew Jackson) did not become President, a source of great bitterness for Jackson and his supporters, who proclaimed the election of Adams a corrupt bargain. Prior to the election, the Democratic-Republican Party had won six consecutive presidential elections. In 1824 the Democratic-Republican Party failed to agree on a choice of candidate for president, with the result that the party effectively ceased to exist and split four ways behind four separate candidates. Later, the faction led by Jackson would evolve into the modern Democratic Party in the 1828 election, while the factions led by Adams and Henry Clay would become the National Republican Party and then the Whig Party. The 1824 presidential election marked the final collapse of the Republican-Federalist political framework. Considering the large numbers of candidates and strong regional preferences, it is not surprising that the results of the election of 1824 were inconclusive.
How did the Embargo Act represent Jefferson's ideas about American Democracy?
President Thomas Jefferson acted with restraint as these antagonisms mounted, weighing public support for retaliation. He recommended that Congress respond with commercial warfare, rather than with military mobilization. The Embargo Act was signed into law on December 22, 1807. The anticipated effect of this measure - economic hardship for the belligerent nations - was expected to chasten Great Britain and France, and force them to end their molestation of American shipping, respect U.S. neutrality, and cease the policy of impressment. The embargo turned out to be impractical as a coercive measure, and was a failure both diplomatically and economically. As implemented, the legislation inflicted devastating burdens on the U.S. economy and the American people
How did the Quasi-War contribute to the rise of the Republican Party?
The Federalist Congress passed a series of four laws, known as the Alien and Sedition Acts, which were intended to crush the Democratic-Republican political opposition. Three dealt with aliens—immigrants who had yet to become naturalized American citizens and who overwhelmingly voted Democratic-Republican. The Act Concerning Aliens and the Alien Enemies Act established a registration and surveillance system for foreign nationals and allowed President Adams to arrest and deport aliens who might endanger the nation's security. The Naturalization Act increased the period of residence required to become a citizen, and thus to vote, from five to fourteen years. The Sedition Act stifled the possibility and practice of opposition politics by prohibiting "scandalous and malicious" writing or speaking against the United States government, the president, or either house of Congress. Under a fiercely partisan application of the act, Federalist judges indicted fourteen Democratic-Republican editors and convicted and imprisoned ten of them. In an era when newspapers and their editors connected political leaders to their popular base, this constituted a major attack on the viability of the Democratic-Republican Party. Democratic-Republicans looked to the states themselves to protect basic rights. Madison and Jefferson authored the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, which held that the states could declare null and void new federal laws they believed to be unconstitutional. Southerners would use similar arguments in the nineteenth century to defend secession. In 1798, Democratic-Republicans went so far as to suggest that Virginia prepare to defend itself militarily against the Federalist-controlled federal government's enforcement of the Alien and Sedition laws. Some extreme Federalists were ready for a fight, but President Adams
Define the Market Revolution.
The Market Revolution: 1815-1840. The Market Revolution of the nineteenth century radically shifted commerce as well as the way of life for most Americans. In the nineteenth century, the construction of roads, rails, and canals dramatically improved national mobility.
Explain the evolution of Jackson's Indian policy, how did it lead to the Trail of Tears?
The Indian Removal policy of President Andrew Jackson was prompted by the desire of white settlers in the South to expand into lands belonging to five Indian tribes. After Jackson succeeded in pushing the Indian Removal Act through Congress in 1830, the U.S. government spent nearly 30 years forcing Indians to move westward, beyond the Mississippi River. In the most notorious example of this policy, more than 15,000 members of the Cherokee tribe were forced to walk from their homes in the southern states to designated Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma in 1838. This forced relocation became known as the "Trail of Tears" because of the great hardship faced by Cherokees. In brutal conditions, nearly 4,000 Cherokees died on the Trail of Tears.
Outline the details of the Missouri Compromise.
The Missouri Compromise is the title generally attached to the legislation passed on May 8, 1820. The measures provided for the admission of Maine as a free state along with Missouri as a slave state, thus maintaining the balance of power between North and South. As part of the compromise, slavery was prohibited north of the 36°30′ parallel, excluding Missouri. President James Monroe signed the law. Earlier, on February 3, 1819, Representative James Tallmadge Jr., a Jeffersonian Republican from New York, submitted two amendments to Missouri's request for statehood, which included restrictions on slavery. Southerners objected to any bill which imposed federal restrictions on slavery, believing that slavery was a state issue settled by the Constitution. However, with the Senate evenly split at the opening of the debates, both sections possessing 11 states, the admission of Missouri would give the South an advantage. Northern critics including Federalists and Democratic-Republicans objected to the expansion of slavery into the Louisiana Purchase territory on the Constitutional inequalities of the three-fifths rule, which conferred Southern representation in the federal government, derived from a states' slave population. Jeffersonian Republicans in the North ardently maintained that a strict interpretation of the Constitution required that Congress act to limit the spread of slavery on egalitarian grounds. When free-soil Maine offered its petition for statehood, the Senate quickly linked the Maine and Missouri bills, making Maine admission a condition for Missouri entering the Union with slavery unrestricted. Senator Jesse B. Thomas of Illinois added a compromise proviso, excluding slavery from all remaining lands of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36° 30' parallel. The combined measures passed the Senate, only to be
Explain the phenomenon of Antebellum Reform movements.
The reform movements that arose during the antebellum period in America focused on specific issues: temperance, abolishing imprisonment for debt, pacifism, antislavery, abolishing capital punishment, amelioration of prison conditions (with prison's purpose reconceived as rehabilitation rather than punishment), the humane treatment of animals, the humane and just treatment of Native Americans, the establishment of public institutions for the care of the destitute, orphans, blind, and mentally ill, the establishment of public schools, the abolition of tobacco use, vegetarianism, health reform, homeopathic medicine, woman's rights (including, at first, especially the establishment of a woman's right to own property apart from her husband and her right to sue for divorce), and the amelioration of labor conditions (including higher pay, the right to form unions, the right to strike, and the demand for limits on the number of work hours, and safe working conditions).
Why did Calhoun argue the theory of Nullification?
The Nullification Crisis was a United States sectional political crisis in 1832-1837, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson, which involved a confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government. It ensued after South Carolina declared that the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of the state. The U.S. suffered an economic downturn throughout the 1820s, and South Carolina was particularly affected. Many South Carolina politicians blamed the change in fortunes on the national tariff policy that developed after the War of 1812 to promote American manufacturing over its European competition.The controversial and highly protective Tariff of 1828 (known to its detractors as the "Tariff of Abominations") was enacted into law during the presidency of John Quincy Adams. The tariff was opposed in the South and parts of New England. By 1828, South Carolina state politics increasingly organized around the tariff issue. Its opponents expected that the election of Jackson as President would result in the tariff being significantly reduced.When the Jackson administration failed to take any actions to address their concerns, the most radical faction in the state began to advocate that the state itself declare the tariff null and void within South Carolina. In Washington, an open split on the issue occurred between Jackson and Vice President John C. Calhoun, a native South Carolinian and the most effective proponent of the constitutional theory of state nullification. On July 14, 1832, before Calhoun had resigned the Vice Presidency in order to run for the Senate where he could more effectively defend nullification,Jackson signed into law the Tariff of 1832. This compromise tariff received the support of most northerners and half of the south
Were Jackson's fiscal policies to blame for the economic panic in 1837?
The Panic of 1837 was a crisis in financial and economic conditions in the nation following changes in the banking system initiated by President Andrew Jackson and his Specie Circular that effectively dried up credit. Other causes of the Panic of 1837 included the failure of the wheat crop, a financial crisis and depression in Great Britain that led to restrictive lending policies. President Martin Van Buren was blamed for the Panic of 1837 and proposed the system for the retaining government funds in the United States Treasury and its sub-treasuries to address the situation but met with strong opposition by the Whigs, led by Henry Clay. The Panic of 1837 gripped the country just 5 weeks after Martin Van Buren was made president - he got the blame for the panic and given the nickname 'Martin Van Ruin'. This is the chain of events and causes that led to the Panic of 1837
Describe Andrew Jackson's position on the Tariff of 1828.
The Tariff of 1828, enacted on May 19, 1828, was a protective tariff passed by the U.S. Congress. It was the highest tariff in U.S. peacetime history up to that point, enacting a 62% tax on 92% of all imported goods. The goal of the tariff was to protect northern U.S. industries by placing a tax on low-priced imported goods, which had been driving northern industries out of business. Nevertheless, the South strongly resisted the Tariff of 1828 for several reasons. Firstly, they were forced to pay higher prices on goods that the region did not produce, and secondly, the reduced importation of British goods made it difficult for the British to pay for cotton imported from the South. In essence, the South was simultaneously forced to pay more for goods and to face reduced income from sales of raw materials.[2] These unfortunate results caused many in the South to refer to the Tariff of 1828 as the Tariff of Abominations. Vice-President John C. Calhoun opposed the tariff and anonymously authored a pamphlet called the South Carolina Exposition and Protest, in when 1828, since many figured the tariff would be reduced.
Describe the pattern of Westward expansion and Indian Removal up to 1830.
The U.S. Government used treaties as one means to displace Indians from their tribal lands, a mechanism that was strengthened with the Removal Act of 1830. In cases where this failed, the government sometimes violated both treaties and Supreme Court rulings to facilitate the spread of European Americans westward across the continent. Under this kind of pressure, Native American tribes—specifically the Creek, Cherokee, Chickasaw, and Choctaw—realized that they could not defeat the Americans in war. The appetite of the settlers for land would not abate, so the Indians adopted a strategy of appeasement. They hoped that if they gave up a good deal of their land, they could keep at least some a part of it.
What role did Slavery play in the ratification of the U.S. Constitution?
The framers of the Constitution were convinced that if the Constitution restricted the slave trade, South Carolina and Georgia would refuse to join the Union.
What did Phillis Wheatly prove in her poem "On Being Brought from Africa"?
The overall message of 'On Being Brought from Africa to America' is to point out the hypocrisy of Christians who treat Blacks as inferior. Wheatley uses modesty, wittiness, and irony to show that many people who consider themselves upstanding members of society refuse to behave in a Christian manner.
Discuss the goals and concepts of the Temperance movement.
The temperance movement of the 19th and early 20th centuries was an organized effort to encourage moderation in the consumption of intoxicating liquors or press for complete abstinence.
Explain Jefferson's concerns over the idea of the National Bank?
Thomas Jefferson opposed this plan. He thought states should charter banks that could issue money. Jefferson also believed that the Constitution did not give the national government the power to establish a bank. Hamilton disagreed on this point too.
Describe Transcendentalism.
Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement. It arose as a reaction to or protest against the general state of intellectualism and spirituality at the time. A core belief of transcendentalism is in the inherent goodness of people and nature. Adherents believe that society and its institutions have corrupted the purity of the individual, and they have faith that people are at their best when truly "self-reliant" and independent. Transcendentalism emphasizes subjective intuition over objective empiricism. Adherents believe that individuals are capable of generating completely original insights with as little attention and deference to past masters as possible.
Explain Madison's role in the march to war with Britain in 1812.
Under Madison, Congress first replaced the Embargo Act with the Non-Intercourse Act, which prevented trade with Britain and France only, thereby opening up all other foreign markets. But because the British and French were the largest and most powerful traders in the world, the Non-Intercourse Act did little to stimulate the struggling U.S. economy. In 1810, Congress substituted Macon's Bill No. 2 for the Non-Intercourse Act, as a ploy for either Britain or France to lift trade restrictions. Macon's Bill No. 2 resumed open trade with both Britain and France and stated that if either nation repealed its restrictions on neutral shipping, the United States would install an embargo against the other nation. Napoleon seized this opportunity and repealed French restrictions, provoking an American declaration of non-intercourse with Britain. Despite Napoleon's promise, the French continued to seize American ships.
Explain President Washington's main arguments in his "Farewell Address."
Washington's address argued for a careful foreign policy of friendly neutrality that would avoid creating implacable enemies or international friendships of dubious value, nor entangle the United States in foreign alliances.
