HIST 15 CH 10

Which work by Henry David Thoreau asserted that individuals could redeem themselves by resisting government through loyalty to a higher moral law?

"Resistance to Civil Government" Thoreau, who viewed the U.S.-Mexico War as a naked scheme to extend slavery, refused to pay taxes and submitted to arrest. In 1848, he published "Resistance to Civil Government," in which he argued that individuals could redeem themselves by resisting government through loyalty to a higher moral law.

Experience in which movement helped the Grimké sisters become advocates for the equality of men and women?

Abolition Through their experiences in the abolition movement, Angelina and Sarah Grimké came to assert the equality of men and women.

Why, at least partially, did the southern free black community settle in the port cities?

Because European immigrants avoided the South, skilled positions were available in the ports. Partly because skilled Europeans avoided the South, free blacks formed the backbone of the urban artisan workforce, laboring as carpenters, blacksmiths, barbers, butchers, and shopkeepers.

Which of the following people was a free African American who achieved great distinction in the early nineteenth century by helping lay out the District of Columbia?

Benjamin Banneker Mathematician and surveyor Benjamin Banneker published an almanac and helped lay out the new capital in the District of Columbia.

Who published Treatise on Domestic Economy in 1841, which advocated for women in teaching roles, among other ideas?

Catharine Beecher The intellectual leader of the new women educators was Catharine Beecher, who published Treatise on Domestic Economy (1841).

Who published the first American guide to contraceptive practices in 1832?

Charles Knowlton Charles Knowlton's The Fruits of Philosophy (1832) was the first American guide to contraceptive practices.

In his An Appeal . . . to the Colored Citizens of the World, who justified and advocated slave rebellions?

David Walker A self-educated author, Walker ridiculed the religious pretensions of slaveholders, justified slave rebellion, and in biblical language warned of a slave revolt if justice was delayed.

Why did Dorothea Dix lobby the Massachusetts legislature for an enlargement of the state hospital for mental patients?

Dix objected to the fact that mentally ill women were jailed alongside men. Dix had discovered that insane women were jailed alongside male criminals, so she persuaded Massachusetts lawmakers to enlarge the state hospital to house indigent mental patients.

Conversations on Common Things (1824) was written by what woman reformer of the early and mid-nineteenth century?

Dorothea Dix By 1832, Dix, a reformer of public institutions, had started charity schools and published seven books, including Conversations on Common Things, a treatise on natural science and moral improvement.

What was the name of Walt Whitman's 1855 poetic celebration of American democracy?

Leaves of Grass Whitman's 1855 poetic celebration of American democracy is called Leaves of Grass.

Why did the Georgia legislature offer a $5,000 reward for the capture of William Lloyd Garrison?

Legislators charged Garrison with inciting rebellion. The Georgia legislature offered a $5,000 reward for kidnapping Garrison and bringing him to the South to be tried (or lynched) for inciting rebellion. But by writing against slavery and for abolition, Garrison had not broken any law.

Which political party, led by key African Americans who escaped slavery, sought an electoral end to the slavery issue and, in so doing, became the first antislavery political party when it ran a candidate for president in 1840?

Liberty Party The Liberty Party, the first antislavery political party, nominated James G. Birney, a former Alabama slave owner, for president in 1840. Birney won few votes, but his campaign began to open the way for further electoral action against slavery.

Which leader of the women's rights movement of the nineteenth century organized the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848?

Lucretia Mott In 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized a gathering of women's rights activists in the small New York town of Seneca Falls. Seventy women and thirty men attended the meeting, which issued a rousing manifesto extending to women the egalitarian republican ideology of the Declaration of Independence.

What two major works of the 1850s lauded social restraint and criticized individualism?

Moby Dick and The Scarlet Letter Herman Melville's Moby Dick and Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter lauded social restraint and criticized individualism.

According to the map, the Owenites were concentrated primarily in

New York and Pennsylvania. A majority of Owenite communities are in New York and Pennsylvania.

In addition to religious idealism, what practical event catalyzed interest in utopian communities in the late 1830s and 1840s?

Panic of 1837 Many rural communalists were farmers and artisans seeking refuge from the economic depression of 1837-1843.

Moral reform was primarily a women's movement to attack what problem?

Prostitution Moral reform was aimed at protecting women from such things as prostitution.

In Springfield, Illinois, in 1842, Abraham Lincoln, then a young politician, praised members of the Washington Temperance Society because they "teach hope to all—despair to none. As applying to their cause, they deny the doctrine of unpardonable sin." What had the Washingtonians done to earn Lincoln's praise?

Provided moral support for recovering alcoholics Lincoln praised the "moral suasion" of the Washington Temperance Society members, who turned the antidrinking movement in a new direction by talking publicly about their personal experiences of decline from alcoholism and spiritual recovery due to adoption of temperance.

How did antislavery advocates immediately after the American Revolution differ from antislavery advocates from the 1820s onward?

Racial composition Immediately after the Revolution, advocates were overwhelmingly white. Later, they were both white and black.

Attacks on abolitionist meetings and newspaper offices revealed what underlying factor in white American society?

Racism

Why did young girls in mid-nineteenth-century cities turn to prostitution?

Some poor young women did not like the alternative ways of making a living. Young women who worked as domestic servants or in the needle trades in antebellum northern cities not only lived in dire poverty but also suffered sexual exploitation. Many instead turned to prostitution.

Which of the following became a widely acceptable profession for women beginning in middle of the nineteenth century?

Teacher By the 1850s, a majority of teachers were women, both because local school boards heeded Beecher's arguments that "energetic and benevolent women" were better qualified than men to instruct the young and because they discovered they could hire women at much lower wages than men.

Which of the following is suggested by the illustration that accompanied David Walker's An Appeal . . . to the Colored Citizens of the World (1829)?

That blacks on earth had a divine right to justice and liberty The document the black figure receives from above shows the words Liberta and Justitia— Latin for justice and liberty. The illustration aimed to make the point that these things were divine rights for African Americans just as they were for white Americans.

Which idea would have troubled both Thomas Jefferson and John Adams in the latter 1820s?

That the United States was an evangelical Christian nation dedicated to missionary work at home and abroad Jefferson and Adams would have found the evangelicals' religious agenda for the American republic strange and troubling. For example, in 1827, Reverend Ezra Stiles Ely called on his Philadelphia Presbyterians to begin a "Christian party in politics." Ely urged the United States to become an evangelical Christian nation dedicated to religious conversion at home and abroad.

What was the name of the informal network of whites and free blacks in cities throughout the South that aided escaped slaves in their painstaking journey north?

The Underground Railroad The informal network of whites and free blacks in cities throughout the South who aided escaped slaves in their painstaking journey north was called the Underground Railroad.

Why did Ralph Waldo Emerson's ideas have the greatest impact on the middle class?

The middle class had already embraced moral perfection and moral free agency. The middle class accepted Emerson because his ideas on individualism closely resembled the middle-class belief in moral perfection and moral free agency, as taught by Benjamin Franklin and Charles Grandison Finney.

To which group did revivalist messages like those of Charles Grandison Finney appeal to in the 1820s and 1830s?

The urban middle class The urban middle class, which emphasized self-discipline, sought to improve their material condition and welcomed Finney's assurance that heaven was also in their grasp.

Why did revivalist preachers in the South tend to take a fairly conservative social tone?

Their ideas of equality angered white southern males, who dominated society in the South. In the South, evangelical religion was initially a disruptive force because many ministers spoke of spiritual equality and criticized slavery. Husbands and planters grew angry when their wives became more assertive and when blacks joined evangelical congregations. To retain white men in their churches, Methodist and Baptist preachers gradually adapted their religious message to justify the authority of yeomen patriarchs and slave-owning planters.

Which of the following statements is accurate, based on this map?

There were virtually no communal experiments in the South. With the exception of the Nashoba experiment in Mississippi and two communities in Texas, there were no utopian communal experiments in the South.

Between the 1820s and 1860s, on which group of people was urban popular culture based?

Thousands of young rural people who flocked to the city in search of fortune and adventure Growing cities, particularly New York, generated a new urban culture. At its center were thousands of young men and women from farming regions who came to the city looking for wealth and fun. Many found only hard work and a hard life.

How did African Americans of the urban North aim to accomplish social uplift from the 1790s onward?

Through temperance and hard work At a time when most African Americans still lived in slavery in the South and governments showed no interest in expanding rights, African Americans in the urban North had low expectations regarding equal civil rights or a sympathetic city government. The only prospect for improved living conditions was their own struggle for "respectability."

Perfectionists of the early 1800s believed that freedom from sin was possible

because the Second Coming of Christ had already occurred. Perfectionists believed that the Second Coming of Christ had already occurred and that people could therefore achieve perfection in themselves and society with complete freedom from sin.

The American Education Society and the American Bible Society were examples of

interdenominational missionary societies. The American Education Society and the American Bible Society were two examples of organizations made up of various denominations that banded together to sponsor missionaries. They were involved in evangelizing and not primarily in charity.

This is an image of Margaret Fuller. Fuller is historically significant because she

sought women's equality through transcendental ideas. Fuller published Woman in the Nineteenth Century in 1844, endorsing the transcendental principle that all people could develop a life-affirming mystical relationship with God. Every woman therefore deserved psychological and social independence.

Women at the Seneca Falls Convention based their Declaration of Sentiments on

the Declaration of Independence. Women at the Seneca Falls Convention based their rousing Declaration of Sentiments on the Declaration of Independence, declaring, "All men and women are created equal" and adding, "[yet] the history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman [and] the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her."

The Mormon trek followed general trends of American migration in the nineteenth century in that it

went west. The Mormons, like the majority of American migration, went west.