HIST 2057 Exam 1 Key Terms

Reconstruction Amendments

13th- abolished slavery permanently. 14th- Birthright citizenship, equal protection, due process clause 15th- right to vote cannot be denied on the basis of race

Uncle Remus

A character wrote by Joel Chandler Harris, who took a bunch of slave's folklore and made into stories. He depicted plantation life as a happy place and create an African American voice.

Crop lien

A credit system that became widely used by cotton farmers in the US. Store-owners extended credit to farmers under the agreeement that the debtors would pay with a portion og their future harvcest. however, creditors changed their high-interestg rates, making it harder for freed people to gain economic indepndence.

Sharecropping

A crop-lien system that worked to the advantage of landowners. Under the system, people-mostly freed peopl-rented the land they worked, often the same plantations they slvaed. Sharecroppers paid their landlords with crops they grew, often as much as their harvest. Sharecropping favored the landlords and ensured that freed people could not attain independent livelehoods. They faced a never ending cycle of debt.

The Grange

A farmer's organization, launched in 1867, in the wake of the Civil War, which grew to over 1.5 million members in less than a decade. They assembled in their local communities and talked about how to improve farming/do it better, and how to express themselves politically as a unit (vote together to help themselves out). They wanted to target railroads, passing laws to control the railroads (make it government-owned). They were agricultural communities, lobbied for reform, and anti-monopoly. They wanted to best help themselves by creating farmers' cooperatives in which they could pool resources and obtain better shipping rates, as well as prices on seeds, machinery, etc. They believed these cooperatives would let them self-regulate production and obtain better rates from railroad companies and other businesses.

Laissez-faire

A french word meaning 'let it do/be.' The idea was that the economy would function most effectively if the government had a hands-off approach to all businesses. However, the government would intervene in the economy (interventionism) to secure certain outcomes, such as entering the economy to provide land for railroads.

Gold Standard

A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold. It meant, that any dollar you had brought to the bank, they had to give you gold. Therefore, this meant there had to a limit on paper money in the economy. The banks liked it whereas the farmers didn't. The Grange advocated for the removal of the gold standard.

Populists

A political party formed in 1890 that sought to represent the rights of primarily farmers, but eventually all workers in regional and federal elections. Was known as the People's Party. They wanted to get rid of the gold standard because it was keeping less money in the economy, and farmers wanted to reverse that. They wanted to bring back silver in larger amounts, whereas, bankers did not want that to happen and were in effect very afraid of the Populists. They advocated for income tax (people with larger incomes will pay a greater share of taxation rather than equal tariffs) and popular election of senators. They scared the Republican and Democratic parties and their reform gained traction.

William Jennings Bryan

A populist democrat who largely criticized Republicans as being cowardly and indecisive. He defended the importance of a silvery-based monetary system and urged the government to coin more silver. Being from farm country, he was very familiar with the farmers' plight and saw some merit in the subtreasury system proposal. He could have been the ideal Populist candidate, but the Democrats got to him first. The Populist Party endorsed him.

Columbian Exposition, 1893

A world fair held in Chicago to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the new world in 1492. The fair introduced some of the most groundbreaking inventions and ideas known to humanity at the time.

Great Sioux War

A series of battles and negotiations that occurred in 1876 and 1877 in an alliance of Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne against the US. The cause of the war was the desire of the US government to obtain ownership of the Black Hills. The Native Americans (Sioux) knew the Black Hills contained gold but kept the information hidden. When the US found out it could be gold, they sent George A. Custer to confirm (which he did). However, the issue was that in the previous treaty, the US promised the Black Hills wouldn't be touched. Now, the US wanted it for its gold, so they offered the Native Americans $20,000 for the hills. Most of them agreed to sell the hills, 1/3 did not want to, so they left and were Sioux hostiles. The 7th calvary was sent to them. The Sioux were ultimately defeated.

Lost Cause

A set of ideas that interpret the Civil War as a conflict that was not about slavery, but about honor, glory, and the state's rights. Where everybody fought nobly and bravely, re-remembering this whole conversation. A way of forgetting the issues of the 1860s.

Freedmen

Blanket term given to all freed slaves that began to define their lives as free people, including building families and communities, and taking political positions (Hiram Revels). Faced many difficulties including when white southerners started to regain power and white supremacy and violence towards Blacks continued. The share-cropping crop lien system held them back.

Scientific Racism

Brought up the topic of whether race was part of social evolution (survival of the fittest). Was the presumption that some racial groups are the product of high evolution.

"Buffalo" Bill Cody

Buffalo Bill Cody was originally an army scout who decided to go back East and heave Wild West jokes. He would reenacy scenes from the Wild West for money, leading to him getting a whole stadium to reenact battles. He even hired Native Americans to participate, including Sitting Bull. Therefore, their image of the West was actually positive.

Darwinism

Charles Darwin was an English biologist that worked on evolution. His theory, Darwinism, explained that all biological life that existed was a process of natural selection. Species would change and evolve over time (evolution). Led to Social Darwinism (survival of the fittest in human economics) and scientific racism (some racial groups are the product of high evolution).

Dawes Severalty Act, 1887

Allowed the federal government to break up tribal lands. They took one big piece of Native American land, cut it up into small plots of land, and gave those to individual Native Americans, with the mindset they could farm. However, separating it like this allowed people to buy and sell land on the reservation. When many Native Americans didn't want to farm, the land was sold to many settlers. This act in theory was made to civilize, but broke down the reservation and their unity.

Settling the "Wild" West

American settlements vs Native Americans/Indians. All across the West, American settlers started their new lives ina reas where the Indians already lived. This led to trading and violence. The US Gov encouraged it, to make sure it wouldn't become slave dependent like the south.

Wounded Knee

On their reservation, the Lakota people had begun to perform the "Ghost Dance", which told of a Messiah who would deliver the tribe from its hardship, with such frequency. White settlers began to worry that another uprising would occur. Therefore, the 7th calvary prepared to round up the people performing the Ghost Dance to scare them and make them stop. When a group of these Indians fled and the 7th calvary caught up to them at Wounded Knee, the Lakotas planned to surrender. However, a misunderstanding misfire (deaf Indian) led to open fire and the US Army opening fire and killing 200+ of them. With this last show of brutality, the Indian wars came to a close, the US government realized a more effective alternative to the Indian problem was needed.

Colfax Massacre

In Colfax, LA, a massacre where former white Confederate Democrats showed up with a canon in their uniforms and killed many freedmen. The cause was of the Republican and Democrat parties each holding their own elections, saying theirs was the right one. Since this was in a rural area, they got away with it. When the military showed up, the White population didn't rat them out and the Black population was scared. The Republicans started to lose their grasp on the South, and the Battle of Liberty Place furthered that.

Literacy tests

One of the two main new requirements the Mississippi State Constitution of 1890 added to try to disqualify black and poor white voters. literacy tests were tests given to prospective voters who could not prove a middle school education- which for most working class southerners, especially black southerners, could not do. missing one question would disqualify the voter and the administrator determined what was a failure.

Ida B. Wells

NAACP. Anti-lynching. wanted to make it a federal crime, but always state as a local crime.

Carlisle School

Part of the civilization plan was to get the Native Americans to adopt the white man's ways of getting into the economy, dressing the same, cutting their hair etc. Young men on the reservation were sent to schools led by whites, one of the most famous being the Carlisle school, with the motto 'Kill the Indian and Save the Man', trying to build the Indians into a civilized person and help them be able to function in a civilized society. Therefore, to break down their identity, everyone had to get a haircut and wear a uniform, having a shared identity. When these reformed Indians went back to their reservation, they would't be the same; therefore, the schools in a way did effectively destroy the Native American identity. They thought they were helping the Native Americans.

Compromise of 1877

Republican senate leaders worked with the Democratic leadership so they would support Hayes and the comissions deicison. Included one southerrn democrat being put on Hayes cabinet, Democrats would control the federal patronage in the south, generaous internal imrpvoements, including federal aid for TX and the Pacific Railway, and all federal troops would be withdrawn from the South, which ended Reconstruction.

Radical Republicans

Republicans in Congress who thoroughly believed in the mission of the Civil War and did not want to see their gains lost. They passed the Military Reconsturction Act, Ironclad Oath, Freedmen's Buereu, and Civil Rights Act. Did not like Andrew Johnson.

Santa Clara Co. v. Southern Pacific

Santa Clary County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Company is a corporate law case of the US Supreme Court concerning taxation of railroad properties. The Supreme Court established that corporations are considered persons under the 14th amendment's equal protection clause. This granted constitutional protections to corporations.

Credit Mobilier scandal

This scandal occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. To avoid being convicted, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the vice president.

Redeemers

Those commiteed to rolling back the tide of Radical Reconstruction in the South. Their redeemers label expressed their desire to redeem their states from Northern control and restore the antebellum social order, where Blacks were put under the shoe od Whites. White democrat old planters.

Political machine

a political machine is a prty organization that recruits its members by the use of tangible incentives and that is characterized by a high degree of leadership control over member activity. The New York Democrat Party will decided which candidates will run. People only need to show up to vote.

Tariff

a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports. this was designed to encouarge people to buy the same goods in the coutntry they lvied in.

Booker T. Washington

born into slavery and lived his life in the deep South. advocate for black education and a gradual approach to not anger the whites. by improving economic resources, they would come to greater prominence over time he believed.

Morrill Land-Grant Act

education through the land. state colleges through land grants. education was a problem in the 1860s for farmers and mecahnices; therefore, land grant colleges were made to provide resrouces for colleges through land grants. they would recieve land and the profit from selling would go towards setting up colleges. included many notable colleges today, including most state universities such as LSU and Texas A&M. Because they were public colleges, in theory, everyone could go according to the 14th amendment. However, under Jim Crow in the SOuth, there was segregation and colleges were segregated. Therefore, a second land grant was petitioned for colleges to be built for segregated states and make colleges for Blacks.

Pacific Railroad Act

helped settlers move more qiuckly. the 1st of many railway inivitaives. this act comissioned the UNion Pacific Railroad to build a new track west from Nebreaska and the Central Pacific Railraod moved east from California. The law provided each company with ownership of all public lands within 200 feet on either side of the track laid, as well as additional land grants and payments through load. bonds. 1st transcontinental.

Capital, Labor, and Politics in the Gilded Age

land- natural resources. labor- when you apply labor to land, you can creat wealth. capital- the word used to describe using wealht to make more wealth. capitalism, robber barons. how the other half lives. knights of labor. strikes. the rgange. the populists.

Poll taxes

one of the two main new requirements the Mississippi State Constitution of 1890 added to try to disqualify black and poor white voters. poll taxes were yearly school board taxes that had to be paid for several years to permit voting. while the prices were not high, they were too high for impoverished sharecroppers and most were not informed of the qualifying process.

W.E.B. DuBois

raised in the north and was the first black men to recieve a PhD from harvard. beleived black people should demand full equality immediatley. talented tenth (the intellectual elite of the balck community should lead the battle for civill rights as the uneducated masses were not up to the task).

Gold rush

rapid influx of fortune seekers to the site of newly discovered gold deposits. california 1849. no one would having mining like this without railroads. black hills.

Homestead Act

requirements to recieve land were than you had to go to the land, claim it, improve it, and after a filing fee and 5 years, it was yours. The Homestead Act was successful in places like Iowa and Nebrasks and the 160 acres are still broken up the same in some states today. to get all of this land, it forced the removal of Native Americans. Many houses in the western farms were made out of sod and dirt instead. Many were trying to take advantage of profits by buying the land from other people to sell them assuming its value would increase.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

separate but equal. southern governments began passing segregation laws to mandate segregation in all facets of soutehrn life, seeking to directly challenge the 14th amendment of equal rights. one of these cases, plessy case, resulted in the supreme court ruling that public segreggation was fair as long as there were equal facilities for whites and blacks. led to the Jim Crow segregation that lasted till 1960s.

Comstock Lode

silver was discovered here. first major discovery of silver ore. one of the most profitable silber depostis in american history.

Cowboys

skilled horseman who herded and cared for cattle. faced indian attack.

Transcontinental railroad

the central pacific railroad did one half starting in california, and the union pacific did the other half starting from nebraska. Chinee for cental. irish for union. they recieved ownserhip of all public lands within 200 feet of either side and agricultural payment through land grants and bonds.

Solid South

the politically unite southern states of America, traditionally regarded as giving unwavering electoral support to the Democrat party. Was the electoral voting bloc of the states of the Southern US for issues that were regarded as particularly important to the interests of Democrats in those states. After the grandfather clause, it was back to white primary and the solid south.

Boom town

the railroads became the source of boom towns. they would pop up very rapidly and become ghosts towns just as fast. included Dodge City.

Reconstruction & the "New South"

the recosntruction era was a period in the US following the American Civil War, dominated by the legal, social, and political challenges of abolishing slavery and reintegrating the former confederated states of America into the US. The New South was a term developed by boosters who wanted to insit that the South had put the old days of slavery behind it and racial harmony was reining. It was mostly a way of appealing to Northerners to invest money in the South. The main difference between the old south and the new south was the dramatic expansion of southern industiry. Now textile factories appeared, iron and steel grew rapidly, railroad developments.

John Wesley Powell

He reported of the arid regions in the Grand Canyon throught the Coloradio River. he took photogrpahs. one arm. reported the land around him was arid and dry, not good for farminhg.

Capitalism

An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit. It is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means or production and their operation for profit. A process of taking wealth and investing that wealth to make more wealth. The money we get from that becomes the profit. The economy is built on investment, including private property and the market. People make investment decisions to use wealth to create more wealth. The economy is the system of how we distribute and manage scarce resources; the economy is the choice of doing one thing over the other. Industrial capitalism is a stage of capitalism where we are concerned with producing large amounts of products that are al standardized. Most of the industry is done overseas with factories and laborers, with someone owning the factories.

Knights of Labor

At the height the group had 1 million people, which was during one of the depressions. They adopted a broad reform platform, arguing the working class was being wrongfully treated. They advocated for an 8 hour workday, equal pay regardless of gender, the elimination of convict labor, and the creation of grater cooperative enterprise with worker ownserhip of businesses. However, the issue with their advocation for 8 hour days, was that these hours didn't meet all job qualifications (boat workers). Therefore, these broad changes were not good for all jobs.

Henry Grady

Atlantic Constitution editor. He helped reintefreate the states of the Confederacy into the Union after the Civil War. He enocuraged the industrialization of the South, and coined the term the New South. He was the spokesman of the New South and urged the south to abandon its longstanding agrarian economy for a modern economy with factories and mills.

Haymarket Affair

Basically, for 4 days, the Knights of Labor organized these massive strikes all across the country striking for 4 days to get an 8 hour day. They would show up at the hay markets. On May 4th, some anarchists (people who thought governments who used force to maintain order were unjust) showed up and gave speeches of anarchy. This made the governor of Chicago nervous; therefore, the police were sent. Someone from the crowd threw a bomb at the police, who responded with violence, leading to some deaths and injuries. Therefore, the Knights of Labor became looked at as a chaotic and violent group.

Black Codes

Designed to mimic the social and economic structure of slavery in the absence of it. White southerners were trying to keep a society governed by white people where slavery was no longer in effect, as well as keeping the cotton economy to work when the old system was based on slavery. They generally included that black people were required to have a job, had no access to news or transportation, and couldn't go into town without a pass. Caused many riots and violence.

Skyscrapers

Eastern cities could not continue to grow outward as the land surrounding them was already settled and citizens needed to be close enough to urban centers to conveniently access work, shops, and other core institutions of urban life. Therefore, once the elevator was invented (Otis) and steel became easier to manufacture (Carnegie), a skyscraper craze begun and allowed developers in eastern cities to build and market prestigious real estate in the hearts of crowded eastern metropoles. A 10-story building in Chicago was the first skyscraper (1885).

Thomas Edison

Edison had created the Edison Electric Illuminating Company, backed by and invested by J.P. Morgan. This and other enterprises later merged and created the Edison General Electric Company. Edison was the CEO and Morgan controlled the board, and later basically kicked Edison out of his own company. Edison's goal was to take people's needs or wants, then use his research lab and make solutions to make money. This included how he invented a way to make the lightbulb.

Liberty Place

Happened in the wake of the same gubernational election where both parties were claiming their own candidate won. Therefore, they launched a coup against the Republican government and succeeded, putting their governor in charge, and occupying the French quarter. the Union army dislodged the former confederates and took back Liberty place.

Diversification

Having an economy that relies on a variety of industries, and an agriculture that grew more than one crop. Some southerners experimented with growing rice, beans, and sweet potatoes. While all these industries began a gradual diversification of the southern economy, for most southerns, agriculture would reamin the main industry (cotton).

Henry George

He believed the problem was not that people owned property, but that they owned land. Since land provided natural resources, he believed those people had an advantage. Additionally, landowners-rent owners had an advantage. He wanted one single tax for the society of land ownership.

Edward Bellamy

He believed the problem was that everybody owned separate pieces of property and people were only working for themselves, which led to certain people falling behind and being poor. Therefore, he wanted the government to own all property. He called this nationalism, but was communism/socialism.

Alexander Graham Bell

He invented the telephone in 1876, he was the first to patent the device at least. JP Morgan invested with him to start AT&T. At the time, this company was the only provider of all telephone community service in America, and they had that monopoly.

Samuel Gompers

He led to AFL (American Federation of Labor), which focused almost all of its efforts on economic gains for its members. He pioneered the tactic of making limited strikes. However, this created the problem that not all workers could be in the Union, only skilled workers. He said only highly skilled workers could join the Union. Therefore, unskilled workers were not allowed, which led to further discontent.

Andrew Carnegie

He was a dirt poor Scottish immigrant with a rags to riches story. He was a self-taught (best in town) telegraph messenger boy where he spent much time around the PA Railroad Office and developed parallel interests in railroads, bridge building, and the steel industry. He opened up his iron and steel compony named Carnegie Steel, where he made his money. He used his railroad connections to have those railroad businesses use his company for steel uses. He took the vertical integration approach, meaning he tried to control all the steps of production to cut costs. He championed the idea that America's leading tycoons owed a debt to society through his "Gospel of Wealth." He said millionaires got that wealth by being the best, but that they needed to spend that money wisely. He believed if they didn't be charitable, it would create another aristocracy. He said he had a duty as a wealthy person to invest in charities, as well as direct that money yourself, and basically gave up all his wealth.

Social Darwinism

Hebert Spencer's theory, based upon Charles Darwin's scientific theory, which held that society developed much like plant or animal life through a process of evolution in which the most fit and capable enjoyed the greatest material and social success. Social darwinism added a layer to the idea of the self-made man, a desirable thought for all who sought to follow Carnegie's example. Essentially was survival of the fittest, the idea that if living species competed with each other, the strongest survived, and the world would continue to create superior species. This idea was applied to human economics, where businesses would compete and some would win or fail; therefore, it would be survival of the fittest business wise. This led to some people believing you should not pass any programs to help the poor, because that wouldn't be survival of the fittest and would slow down social evolution; laissez-faire would be reapplied to this.

Grandfather Clause

If your grandfather could vote, so could you. the only people whose grandfathers could vote were white. made so poor whites would not align politically with blacks, because the poll tax cut them out.

George A. Custer/Sitting Bull

In 1876, Native American forces led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull defeated the US army troops of George A. Custer in the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Custer had 150 men and was up against 1,000 Native Americans. Crazy Horse knew Custer's battle plan and gained the upper hand, killing Custer's troop. The US Army had never been defeated like this by Native Americans ever. This did not really hurt the US army, only angered them. Therefore, they sent more of the US Army as reinforcement, which led to most Native Americans surrendering to the camps. Crazy horse's vision told him if he wore a feather in battle, he would never be injured, which was true. George A. Custer led the 7th calvary.

Pullman Strike

In 1894 in Pullman, Illinois, where Pullman "sleeper" cars were manufactured for railroads. The Pullman strike was another disaster for unionized labor. George Pullman owned a company town where his worked could live, named Pullman, Illinois. The workers would pay him rent and would work in his factory. When he had to cut their wages due to a recession, he did not cut their rent, which led to aggravation among the workers. These workers went on strike, and other railroad workers went on a sympathy strike as well at the time to help them, therefore, all railroad workers went on strike at once. This was significant, as the railroads were the main source of transportation. Therefore, the President ended up intervening, saying they were engaging in monopoly because they were controlling all traffic in the company. The National Guard was sent in which led to many deaths, shutting down the strike. In the late 1800s, it was clear labor strikes did not end very well.

Pendleton Civil Service Act, 1883

It provided that federal government jobs be awarded on the basis of merit and that the government employees be selected through competitive exams. It also made it unlawful to fire or demote for political reasons employees who were covered by the law. The first significant piece of antipatronage legislation; signed by Chester Arthur. This law created the Civil Service Commission, which listed all government patronage jobs and then set aside 10% of the list as appointments to be determined through a competitive civil service examination process. Furthermore, to prevent future presidents from undoing this reform, the law declared that future presidents could enlarge the list but could never shrink it by moving a civil service job back into the patronage column.

Jacob Riis

Jacob Riis was a Danish immigrant who moved to New York in the late 19th century, and after experiencing povery and joblessness first-had, built a career as a police reporter. He spent a lot of his time in the slums and tenements of New York's working poor, and began documenting these scenes of squalor and sharing them through lectures and photographs, through the publication of his book "How the Other Half Lives" in 1890. He was known for his compiled photographs of what life was like for these people in tenement buildings.

Jim Crow

Jim Crow laws were state and local laws introudced in the Southern US in the late 19th century theat enforced racial segregation; Jim Crow being a pejorative term for an African American. As white democrats in the South worked to secure a legal basis for white supremacy, they also set about legally segregating southern society, establishing sseperate facilities for whites and blacks. Again, though this did happen informally, it was technically illegal under the Civil Rigths Act and some understandings of the 14th amendment. This changes in the Civil Rights Cases later before the Supreme Court, where the court ruled in favor of segrgationist southerners that private property owners could discriminate on their property. under Jim Crow in the South, there was segregation.

John D. Rockerfeller

John D. Rockefeller wanted to earn respectable creditability because his father left with a bad reputation. He started drilling for oil in PA but realized this was a bad way to make money because anyone can drill for oil and is faced with constant competition. He instead decided to refine the oil and had a bottleneck in the oil refinement business. He monopolized the US oil market and controlled most of it. He used horizontal integration and bought out all refining capacity in America.

J.P. Morgan

John Pierpont Morgan was a financier of America. He invested in finding people with great ideas and funding them, so he would basically make money by waiting for businesses to run onto hard times (bad market etc) and loan the money with many strings. When over time, he would get a seat on more and more businesses (strings pulled) until he controlled the ten largest businesses in America, becomes one of the behind-the-scenes bankers. Therefore, he was interlocking directors (being on the boards of competing railroads) making a monopoly, which is illegal now (interlocking directors).

Andrew Johnson

Lincoln's VP who took office after his death. Johnson was of the Democrat Party and a slave-holding southerner. He continued the Lincoln's easygoing approach, but believed they didn't even need the 10% oath. His plan angered the Republican party, who later impeached him.

White leagues

Public resistance organizations that former Confederate people joined with the goal of reestablishing former white rule in the South. racist and vigilante organization, similar to the KKK. worked as an extension of the Democrat party to win elections. Mississippi plan- the white league would attack freedmen trying to vote or bribe them to vote for the Democrat party.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Slowly racism and discrimination became law. The new California constitution of 1879 denied naturalized Chinese citizens the right to vote or hold state employment. Additionally in 1882, the US Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act which forbade further Chinese immigration into the United States for 10 years. The ban was later extended on multiple occasion until its repeal in 1943. Eventually, some Chinese immigrants returned to China. Those who remained were stuck in the lowest-paying, most menial jobs. Chinese immigration remains the only country to be outright banned in America. The Irish were motivated to ban Chinese immigration because they were taking a lot of their jobs.

Corporation

The Civil War kick-started northern business. After the Civil War, there was a large amount of demand and there was an explosion of new businesses because of a kickstart investment. A corporation is a way of organizing a business to where the business itself is its own legal entity. For example, Walmart is owned by multiple people, who are shareholders, and these shares can be bought, owned, or traded. Corporations allow people to have much larger companies than before, and even have their own legal special rights.

Sioux/Lakota

The Lakota basically occupied all of the northern plains. They had no written history, only oral history. Their main food source was the bison, and they used the whole buffalo (for food, clothing, weapons, etc). The Native Americans and the bison were their all-in-one survival tool; therefore, the US government thought that if you get rid of the bison, you get rid of the Native Americans. The Sioux were forced to sign the Sioux Treaty of 1868 where they fought Europeans (violent). This treaty had the US recognize the Black Hills as part of the Great Sioux Reservation and set aside for exclusively the use by the Sioux people. However, there were issues with the miscommunication among the Sioux, as they had no one leader (some of them wouldn't follow the terms). The Great Sioux War was fought over the US wanting the Black Hills from the Sioux (previously promised in the treaty) because of the gold it contained. This war included the Battle of the Little Bighorn where George A. Custer and the Native Americans fought. Custer and his team (7th) were defeated by the Sioux and the US Army sent more as a reinforcement which led to most Native Americans surrendering to the camps. Most of the Sioux agreed to sell the hills, while 1/3 disagreed and became hostiles, who were ultimately later defeated.

How the Other Half Lives

The photographs of tenement houses in New York City around 1900s were seen in Jacob Riis's book 'How the Other Half Lives.' These buildings' living conditions for most working-class urban dwellers were atrocious. They lived in crowded tenement houses and cramped apartments with terrible ventilation and substandard plumbing and sanitation. These buildings were apartment blocks without air ventilation, no toilet, were cramped, unhygienic, and often no fire escape. Sometimes 22 people would be stuck in a 2-bedroom apartment.

Barbed wire

The invention of barbed wire was a cheap method to keep in cattle (as opposed to fencing). The era of free rein in the wild west was ending, ranchers developed the land, limiting grazing opportunities along the trail, and in 1873, the new technology of barbed wire allowed ranchers to fence of their lands and cattle claims. By the late 1890s, the open range was gone with the barbed wire and the Wild West did not las long.

Bison

The main source for the Sioux Nation; they used the whole bison for food, clothing, weapons, etc. Therefore, the US government thought that if they could get rid of the bison, they could get rid of the Native Americans. When the US government originally tried to put the Native Americans on reservations, it was clear the Native Americans knew how to survive on the Great Plains better than the Anglo soldiers. Therefore, the US realized they couldn't defeat and capture all the Native Americans, so they decided to hunt down all the Bison. They would stop trains to just soot the Buffalo if they saw it, a lot of times just leaving it. The settlers cared for the Buffalo's fur for fur robes rather than the meat. They took the Great Plains from millions of Buffalo in the 1860s to about 200 in 1890. With Buffalo being hunted out and barbed wire covering the plains, many Native Americans confronted starvation and brought to reservations.

Monopoly

The ownership or control of all enterprises comprising an entire industry. Henry Groge suggested that while people should own that which they create, all land and natural resoruces should belong to all equally, and should be taxed through a single land tax in order to disincentivize private land ownership. his thoughts influenced many economy progressive reformers, as which led directly to the creation of the board game monopoly. Rockerfeller had a powerful monopoly with his standard oil.

Mount Rushmore/Black Hills

To get people to come to South Dakota, they built a bunch of statues out in the Black Hills. They wanted to do Western statues but decided it was too regional, so instead they built statues of the US presidents in the Black Hills to get tourists to go (to make money). Therefore, Mount Rushmore was built. the Native's did not like it, so they hired people to built a crazy horse statue there too since the 90s (should be bigger than the presidents).

Triangle Shirtwaist

To save real estate costs, they built factories on the top couple floors of a 10-story building. A shirtwaist was a style of blouse that would create a triangle shape on a woman's body. The workers put the scraps of a blouse under their work desk and empty the bins once a month, which created a large amount of flammable material at the time. The fire escape was rusted out, there was no fire escape code, and the employees were locked inside of the building so they wouldn't sneak out to smoke. When a fire broke out on the bottom floor of the factory and took out the staircases, the factory workers were stuck in the burning factory. Additionally, when the first departments showed up their ladders and jumping nets were only good for 7 story tall buildings, and these factories were 10 stories tall. Furthermore, when neighboring cities fire departments showed up, their hoses didn't fit the fire hydrants because there was no universal size. Therefore, about 150 people died and led to the regulation of workplace standards. Additionally, at the time, there was no compensation plan at all if workers died on the job, so this led to the discussion of that as well.

James Buchanan Duke

Took the modest tobacco business begun by his father and created the American Tobacco Company. At the ATC, Duke pioneered the manufacture of cigarettes in mass quantities at a price that led him to dominate the tobacco industry. Eventually ATC would control nearly 90% of the American tobacco market, until it was broken up by the federal government in 1911. Duke University.

Treaty of Fort Laramie, 1868

Treaty signed in 1868 between the US government and the Sioux Nation. The US recognized the Black Hills as party of the Great Sioux reservation and was set aside for exclusive use by the Sioux people. The treaty outlined the rights and responsibilities of both the American Indians and the US government. Never before had so many American Indians assembled to parley with the white man. This was perhaps history's most dramatic demonstration of the Plains tribes desire to live in peace.

Vertical and Horizontal Integration

Vertical integration is an expansion strategy where a company takes control over one or more stages int he production/distribution of its goods. Carnegie used vertical integration to try to control all the steps of production to cut costs with Carnegie steel on the railroads. Horizontal integration is an expansion strategy that involves the acquisition of another company in the same business line. John D. Rockefeller used horizontal integration to try to pursue all organizations on one level and sued by buying out all refining capacity in America with standard oil)

Thomas Nelson Page

Wrote 'Marse Chan.' Bestseller. Grew up on his family's plantation thinking everyone got along and it was a good time. Plantation life is re-remembered as a place where things are simple and smooth rather than the ugly parts.

Indian reservations

Was Andrew Jakson's Indian removal policy. His goal was to take all the Native Americans living in the east US to move westward to Oklahoma (because no one wanted to live in Oklahoma). They gave them reservations, to then further widdle them down (shrink the property they owned). When the US government originally tried to put people on reservations (natives), by this time, all Native Americans had access to horses and knew how to survive on the Great Plains much better than the Anglo soldiers. Therefore, the US realized they couldn't defeat and capture all Native Americans on the Great Plains, so they decided to hunt down all the Bison (which the Indians relied on). The idea was every tribe would have a reservation (piece of land), which the US thought was justifiable. The US tried to help them civilize with a US agent. Later, the US took one big piece of Native American land, cut it up into small plots and gave those to individual Native Americans with the idea they could farm with the idea of helping them civilize, but instead broke down the reservation and the unity. Other civilization plans on the reservations included helping Native Americans adopt the white man's ways of getting them into economy, dressing the same, cutting their hair, etc.

Presidential Reconstriction

Where the president makes the plan. This was where Lincoln made his 10% plan: A general pardon where 10% of the voting population of former rebel states pledged future allegiance to the Union and the emancipation of slavery, as well as drafting new state constitutions.