HIST 226 Unit One

Frontier Institutions

-Missions: Catholicism was sole religion, Agenda to Christianize non-Christianized Indians, Padres built missions on plot of land, Corporal punishment was used against the Indians. Presidios (fortress, forts, base for defense). Agents for defense against "hostile" Indian tribes; place for economic development. Ranchos and the cattle trade. Civilians made living off land. Missionaries first to enter ranching industry. Farms & Towns

Texas Economy

Agricultural economy before the Civil War. Smaller numbers of cash crop farmers in lower Brazos and Colorado River valley's produced sugar. Small number of Anglo Texas began cattle ranching. Roads and other transportation infrastructure were intrastate mode of transportation - moving passengers, mail, and light freight. In absence of wage labor, slavery obstructed the emergency of a consumer based market economy.

Green DeWitt

An important American empresario who settled 166 families in the area near present day Gonzales.

Legacy of the frontier

Anglo-Texans established hegemony of the state by 1880s. African Americans, Mexicans, Native Americans, were many times targets of white Texan's hatred. Demographic shift, Technological evolutions, Industry

Multicultural society

Anglos converted parts of grants into farmland. Slow start; Imported tech and enslaved blacks, Anglo made profits. Education, Goods moving out of province (corn, skins of deer and bears), Printing, Religion, Volunteer companies

Texas Workers and Urban Growth

Changing demographic patterns: Urban migration, growth of segregated suburbs, Texas Mexican American and African American communities transformed, increase in women working. Labor unions- Texas remains hostile. Family farms transformed: mechanization, agribusiness.

Feminism and the Movement

Chicana feminists, gaining social equality meant ended both sexist and racist oppression

1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Chicana/o/x wanted the U.S. government to honor the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Chicana/o/x used the treaty as a marker to claim land ownership and called this land Aztlan. Aztlan was north of today Mexico. Encompassed present-day states of California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico. Arizona, Colorado, and Texas. Aztlan was an imagined community that connected other Chicana/o/x.

The Chicano Movement

Chicano Movement consisted of working-class adults and youth from barrios, farmworkers, the Mexican American Youth Organization, Raza Unida Party, and the middle class

Chicana/o Movement

Civil Rights Movement that began in the 1960s and lasted until the late 1970s. Chicana/o/x across the broad American West sparked a movement for self-determination and liberation. Mostly seen as a movement in the Southwest, otherwise known as Aztlan. Issues included land rights, farmworker rights, voting rights, education, women's rights and women's representation in government.

Martha Cotera

Co-founded La Raza Unida Party. Born in El Paso, Texas, and later lived in Austin and Crystal City. Feminist and women's rights activist. Movement intellectual, published Diosa y Hembra. (1976)to push against the idea that Chicanas did not have a feminist history. Co-founded Texas Women's Political Caucus, National Chicana Political Caucus, and Mexican American Business and Professional Women's Association in Austin.

Slaves in Antebellum

Forced migration - African Americans population grew rapidly than white Southern or German immigrant populations. Most enslaved Blacks lived on plantations. Enslaved Blacks performed all necessary labor. Enslaved Blacks worked from sun up to sun down, sometimes longer during harvest season. African American culture evolved in the face of enslavement. Religion was important; arranged social units; resistance occurred.

Texas Women's Political Caucus

Formed in 1971, to encourage more women to run for public office. TWPC was a state branch of the national organization the National Women's Political Caucus. Provided the training, funds, and networks to help women run for public office. Chicanas/Latinas were central to bringing in more mexican American women into this fold. Raza Unida Party women joined, such as Martha Cotera, Maria Cardenas. Raza Unida Party women membership within an organization that was multi-racial and multi-partisan was strategic - worked to create more awareness about Chicana representation and issues.

Mujeres por la Raza

Founded by Martha Cotera, Ino Alvarez, Evey Chapa, and others. It was the women's caucus within La Raza Unida Party. Focused on politicizing more women to get involved in the party and run for public office. Chicanas saw it necessary to get more women involved and recruit them to run for elected positions. Chicanas helped push a cultural shift for political leadership.

National Colonization law of August 18, 1824

Law left individual states of Mexico with complete control of immigration. Had to remain limits of the national constitution.

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Leonor Villegas de Magnon

Leonor Villegas de Magnon wrote a memoir of the revolutionary era, The Rebel. She was a member of La Cruz Blanca. She was involved with the antigovernment forces in Mexico city. She recruited Jovita Idar to join her in crossing the border to nurse opposition soldiers wounded in the war.

New Bourbon king Carlos III

Liked Enlightenment philosophies (intellectual movement; power of reason) Pushed for important reforms to restore Spain's great power status. Free trade established in 1778 with most of Spanish Kingdom.

Tejanas

Living far from the interior offered Tejanas advantages. Rigors of frontier life softened some gender discrimination 0 Women were domestic 0 Preparing food, carried water, washed/made/repaired clothes, raising children with moral compass 0 Women were in arranged marriages, faced abuse from spouses 0 Colonial law did not allow women to vote 0 Tejanas used the judicial system and be parties to suites, either as plaintiffs or defendents under Spanish law

How did different racial and ethnic groups experience the effects of violence and lawlessness?

Lynching of black and brown bodies, Whites made accusations of rape and other heinous crimes (weaponized accusations)

Chicana Initiatives

MALDEF and Chicana Rights Project • Chicana Research and Learning Center - Austin • Chicanas or Tejanas and Party Politics • La Raza Unida Party • Mexican American Democrats • Mexican American Republicans of Texas

King trusted ______ to inspect the military in the northern frontier

Marques de Rubi

Tejanas/Chicanas

Martha Cotera and Rosie Castro joined the Chicano Movement of the 1960s and 1970s, grounded in a legacy of women's political engagement

Texas politics during the Eisenhower administration

McCarthyism, mandated integration, scandals plague shivers last administration.

Angelina

Member of the Caddo nation. Guide and translator for spanish and French from 1716-1721

Vaqueros

Mexican cowboys

Tejanas in the early 20th centry

Mexican origin women along the border took part in the Mexican revolution fighting on all fronts of the struggle. From 1900 to 1940, women influenced all the major efforts within the Tejano community to address economic, political, and social injustice and to retain cultural heritage.

Effects of Bourbon Reforms

Mexicans resented newly appointed peninsular administrators; tax collection positions enacted by reform. Caused Mexicans to think about their independent status.

The Indian displacement

Military operations, Extermination and relocation.

Chicana/o Identity

Movement members called themselves Chicanas and Chicanos as a way of affirming their distinctive mestizo identity. • Drew from the pre -Columbian peoples in Mexico, who called themselves Meshicas, later changed to Mexicas by the Spaniards. • Chicana/o identity viewed this identity term as a symbol of pride one that implied a commitment to social justice.

Some farmers living around ______ held slaves

Nacogdoches

The new deal and Texas

New deal Texans: John Nance Garner, Jesse H. Jones, Sam Rayburn, Wright Patman, Lyndon Johnson.

Chicana/o/x

Political identity of ethnic-Mexicans that was prominent in the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s. Mostly used by ethnic-Mexicans born in the United States. Chicano was considered a pejorative word, later turned into an identity label tied to empowerment. Chicana/o/x centered in ethnic and cultural nationalism.

Plains Indians

Posed a serious threat to western settlers because, unlike the Eastern Indians from early colonial days, the Plains Indians possessed rifles and horses.

Texas Industrialization

Post war expansion: oil and natural gas business, Port of Houston expands, military bases and defense industries, Texas banking resources expand, Transportation: Federal interstate highway system, air passenger traffic.

The new south image

Railroads- Urbanization, Industrialization, Labor Unions • Limits to the New South Progress

Immigration

Reconstruction state encouraged immigration via Texas Bureau of Immigration (1871) - Redemption government of 1876 abolished the agency. Solicitations of immigration contd... Private companies, Local societies hired agents. Other factors for growth: Native American reservations, farming/Ranching/Railroad lines

Why did Sam Houston appose secession? What did he predict?

Sam Houston feared the pro-slavery wing of the Democratic party would precipate secession and bring on a potentially catastrophic war that might destroy slavery even as it sought to preserve it.

Maria Cardenas

San Angelo, Texas. Spearheaded the creation of single-member districts in San Angelo. Single-member vs at-large representation. Raza Unida Party member and later returned to Democratic Party (This was normal for most in La Raza Unida Party). First Chicana elected to city council in 1978.

Independence won

Santa Anna arrived to Alamo on Feb 23, 1836 . Battle of Alamo major event (Feb 23-Marc 6) Santa Anna, President of Mexico, won the battle.

Battle of San Jacinto

Santa Anna is captured and negotiated an agreement with Houston to spare his life for a concession that the Mexican leader order retreat of his three armies. May 14, the Treaties of Velasco, Santa Anna acknowledged Texas independence.

Stephen F. Austin

Son of Moses Austin. Stephen F. Austin took over his father's contract upon his death. 1821, Antonio Martinez, Spanish-born governor of Texas recognized Austin's contract and then received word that national officials of newly independent Mexico wouldn't recognize it. Austin traveled to Mexico City and a new act, Imperial Colonization. Law was enacted on Jan 3, 1823, and Austin's contract was recognized

Juan Ponce de Leon

Spanish Explorer who discovered and named Florida while searching for the "Fountain of Youth" Did not succeed in settling until 1560s

President Andrew Johnson (1865-69)

Succeeded to the presidency on April 15, 1865 after Abraham Lincoln was assassinated. Appointed Andrew Jackson Hamilton, former U.S. congressman from Texas and a Unionist, provisional governor of Texas on June 17, 1865. Johnson urged "Presidential Reconstruction"

End of Civil War

Surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House, Virginia. At war's end, Texas avoided the widespread destruction and demoralizing effects of military invasion and occupation, and in the coming decades Texans would often distance themselves from the painful memories of slavery, secession, and defeat by choosing instead to emphasize the state's frontier and western heritage and its revolution in 1836. Texas would continue to Southern identity for decade to come. Texas and the South had lost the war, legal slavery was a thing of the past, and new questions about Reconstruction would take place.

Sam Houston (1793-1863)

Tennessee politician, hero of San Jacinto, and twice Republic of Texas president, General Houston served as a senator and governor of Texas in the antebellum era.

Jumano Indians

The Pueblo Indians were farmers who also hunted buffalo and other game. They lived in West Texas in houses built of adobe bricks. The land was very dry so they tried to build farms near rivers.

Postwar poltics

The politics of Beauford jester. The TX "establishment" Legislative stalemate. Democrats divide, the 1948 election. Sen. Lyndon B Johnson.

Anahuac (Valley of Mexico)

The residents of _____ become angry with the Mexican government in the spring of 1835 because the government began collecting customs duties on imports.

McCarthyism

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Raza Unida Party

Third political party established in 1970, lasted until 1978. Originated in Texas, and spread across the Southwest and Midwest. Best known for originated in Crystal City, Texas, after student walk outs. Most see Jose Angel Gutierrez and Mario Campean as the original founders, as they had formed MAYO (Mexican American Youth Organization). Women were major players in the party. ¡ Women built the structure and positioned themselves to run for public office under La Raza Unida Party. This is huge for the advancement of women's rights and gender representation in electoral politics. Shift from other Mexican American organizations where women held auxiliary roles. Maria Elena Martinez was the last RUP state chair in 1976 and stayed until 1978. (party disbanded in 1978 when it failed to maintain state status)

De La Casa received

a death sentence for reason. Reminder to 'rebels' of the penalty for challenging the status quo, royals sent his dead to Bexar for public display.

The revolt

affected Texas

Anglos dominated Texas society after

annexations

Tenancy

period of a tenant's temporary holding of real estate

Spain

• Customs and rules came from Hispania • The Reconquista • Sheep herding • Vaqueros

Pre-Columbian Civilizations

• Each group were diverse and adapted to survive • Distinct cultures and traditions • Maya (A.D. 300- A.D. 900) • Anahuac (Valley of Mexico) • Incas (Ecuador to Chile) • Indian Tribes: The Hope and Zuñi

THE MAYA (A.D. 300- A.D. 900)

• Located on the Yucatan peninsula (southern Mexico) • Not a unified empire, but several powerful city-states. • Mayan kings ran the government & religion (theocracy) • It is unclear what happened to them.

Indians of Texas

• Native American civilizations in pre-Columbian Texas were diverse • Native Americans thrived on self-reliant bonds or extended families • No common language united Native American groups in Texas • Adaptation to local environment varied • Culture groups had social/gender distinctions

Land Grants, Landowners, and Women's Property Rights

• Some Tejanas benefitted from Spanish laws that allowed them to retain title to the property they held at the time of their marriage • Women negotiated contracts • Women could lay claim to equal share of assets • Example: María Gregoria Martínez, Doña Rosa María Hinojosa de Ballí

Francisco Vásquez de Coronado

• Viceroy assigned Coronado to follow-up on expedition • Arrived in Zuñi country

Native Women, Mestizas, and Colonists

• Women contributed to the institutions that Spain used to settle present-day Texas: expeditions, missions, presidios, and ranchos • Most Texas Mexicans are indigenous, European, and African descent

THE CASE OF GREGORIO CORTEZ

◦ Best known early 20th century act of police action and incompetence, as well as the best known act of early 20th century resistance by the Tejano community ◦ On June 21, 1901, poor interpretation during Sheriff WT Morris' questioning of Cortez concerning a case of horse thievery left. ◦ Morris misunderstood what Gregorio had said, and shot Romulo, Gregorio's bother. ◦ Morris dead just outside of Kennedy and Gregorio's brother Romulo wounded. Romulo Cortez later died in the Karnes County jail from his wounds. ◦ Gregorio fled and was later captured and arrested and went to trial

Generalized Racism and Violence Against Tejanos

◦ Following the Civil War, lynching's and other atrocities perpetrated against Tejano community grew. ◦ In the 1870s and 1880s, vigilante groups, local law enforcement officials, and Texas Rangers commonly carried out acts of brutality, including lynching's. ◦ A large number of Tejanos who fell victim to Anglo ire were coldly murdered. ◦ White Texans considered Mexicans and African Americans who were lynched in greater numbers than whites, as inferior and thus obstacles to economic and political progress. ◦ Lynched: 1874 Juan Moya and his sons ◦ Chipita Rodriguez ◦ Besides using physical intimidation and violence against people of color. Anglo used another means of disenfranchisement ◦ Jim Crow laws - intended to separate blacks from whites in such public accommodations as trains and restaurants, white male, only vigilante groups grew up around the state, reinforcing Anglo domination through violence. ◦ Plessy v. Ferguson: Although Tejanos were not legally excluded under the separate but equal provisions of Plessy, they were excluded from public accommodations by custom

Jovita Gonzalez and Eve Raleigh

◦ Mexicans were killed for a cow or horse, for no reason at all... The Rangers hated the Mexicans, who hated and feared them in return... There was turmoil and strife unending. There was blood: Texas dipped a pen deeply in it and wrote its history with it. ◦ In 1845, the US annexed Texas, precipitating a war with Mexico that ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 ◦ The ending of the war meant that Anglos, taking advantage of their growing economic power, sought to acquire land that Tejano had held for generations. ◦ Numerous Tejanos were able to keep their land aided by the adjudication process that the state carried out ◦ Women in state suffered loses at the result of the Texas Constitution of 1848 which effecitly ended some of their legal rights. Tejanos were divided into at least two distinct classes: landowners and landless class ◦ Women took up wage labor

Stereotyping of Tejanas paved the way for discrimination

◦ Racial labeling of Tejanas served to bolster Anglo domination. ◦ Stereotypes were an integral part of an ideology that helped justify the Mexican American War as well as subsequent repression in the conquered territory.

Donna Rosa Maria Hinajosa De Balli

"Cattle Queen" In 1790 inherited 55,000 acres of land, what is now South Texas, much of the Rio Grande Valley to Padre Island. She received the land upon her father and husband's death. Ranch headquarters were in Cameron County. Applied for more land grants on behalf of her three sons. Died in 1803 and owned more than a million acres of ranch land in the RGV (present-day Hidalgo, Cameron, Willacy, Starr and Kennedy counties)

The end of the new deal

"Pappy" O'Daniel: No follow through, hostility to labor unions, antiestablishment senate campaigns.

Plains Indians

Won bloody turf fights with competitors; Women helped them survive too. Relied on women as traditional representatives of reconciliation, peace, and mediators.

Allan Shivers and the political battles of the 1950s

legislative reorganization. power shifts, lieutenant governor. speaker of the house. the tidelands controversy. "the shivercrafts"- Eisenhower democrats.

Radical Reconstruction

1867, removed governments in states not ratifying 14th Amendment, made 5 military districts, state must write a new constitution, ratify 14th Amendment, and allow African Americans to vote. Republicans take charge in Texas. Election of 1869 and the Davis Administration. Freedmen participate

Ceaser Chavez

1927-1993-mexican american farm worker, labor leader, and civil rights activist. farm worker who started the great boycott of grapes. Started the United Farm Workers which is the union for farm workers

______ persons in 1731

500

Incas (Ecuador to Chile)

A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.

The Hopi

A Native American tribe in the southwest who were farmers, lived in pueblos, and were excellent builders and potters. Descendants of the Anasazi.

The Zuni

A member of the Pueblo people living in western New Mexico

Congressional Reconstruction

A process led by the Radical Republicans that led to the usage of military force to protect blacks' rights. Presidential Reconstruction overturned. Federal Reconstruction Acts, 1867. General Phil Sheridan takes command

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

Bourbon reforms

A series of administrative and economic measures implemented by the Spanish crown in the eighteenth century to promote commercial and fiscal development in Spain and its colonies. Bourbon kings imposed far-reaching administrative and political reforms, known as the Bourbon reforms. One of these was to create new viceroyalties - one at New Grenada, and another at Buenos Aires. In addition, Charles III replaced the complex administrative system of the Hapsburgs with the intendancy system. This led to the replacement of corregidores with intendants, who were responsible to the crown, not the viceroys. Almost all intendants were Spanish-born peninsulares and not creoles (this was supposed to ensure loyalty to the crown). The intendants increased crown loyalty but also collided with prosperous Creoles. The Creoles then sought to further exert their pull through the regional and local councils, the cabildos. Charles III also sought to increase royal power by tightening crown control of the church. They also decreed the establishment of a colonial militia, which later became the source for the revolutionary armies. They also promulgated a Decree of Free Trade, which meant that the ports of Spanish America could freely trade with each other or Spain, but no one else. This benefitted Buenos Aires greatly. The Bourbon reforms overall were a great success.

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

George T. Ruby

African American leader of the Union League

Empresario Contracts

After Mexican Independence in 1821, the Mexican government contracted land agents or "empresarios" to help with the settlement of Texas. Between 1821 and 1835, ~41 empresario contracts were signed and permitted 13,500 families to come to Texas. Anglo Americans entered through these contracts.

The New Deal Farm Programs

Agricultural adjustment act, farm credit administration, rural electrification administration

Battle of Gonzales, 1835

Before Centralists armies from Mexico fought with Texans, the first Mexican military occurred at Gonzales. Lieutenant Francisco de Castaneda arrived on September 30, 1835. Morning of Oct 2, rebels fired upon government forces, Anglos called for Castaneda's surrender. Anglos proclaimed victory.

The reconquista

Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.

Women and the Chicana/o Movement

Central figures within the movement. Women connected women's issues to the movements larger cause. Women's rights and women's political representation in government was a movement issue. Many women strategically worked across racial/ethnic and political lines. Did Chicanas collaborate with Mexican American women (women who did not use the Chicana identity)? Yes.

_______ used captive Mexican women as hostages

Comanche, Wichita and other bands

Fransisco Pizarro

Conquered the Incas by capturing their leaders, the empire collapsed. (1532)

Politics during WWII

Conservative political and financial policy. Factionalsim. The TX regulars.

Why did Mexico allow immigration?

Create a buffer btw raiding Comanches and established Texas settlements. Spanish government set precedent. Mexico lacked power to occupy vast territory in the Far North. Liberals did not want to support missions as colonizing institutions.

Middle

Criollos: American-born Spaniards who ordinarily inherited European-born parents' possessions

Constitution of 1812

Death of Miguel Hidalgo in 1811 did not end New Spain's rebellion. Priest Jose Maria Morelos continued the movement. In 1820, military revolt coerced the king to reinstate the Constitution of 1812. Liberal rule. New Spain saw the power of a conservative/liberal coalition recognized Mexico's Independence

Blacks

Enslaved Blacks in Texas by 1836 was nearly 5,000. Most enslaved Blacks lived on Anglo plantations. Peculiar institution was in Texas, and whites sought to recreate it as it was in the U.S.

Cabeza de Vaca and Estevanico

Enslaved by band of costal Indians

Texas schools

Demanded for better public education: Gilmer-Aikin laws reorganization, inadequate funding. Higher education: growth industry, "G.I. bill of rights", National defense education act. The fight to end segregation: Texas Mexicans: American G.I forum Delgado v Bastrop independent school district. Texas African Americans: NAACP challenges admission policies. Sweatt v. painter.

Result of Columbus' voyage

Did NOT reach Asia, reached modern day Bahamas, named island San Salvador

Into the 1960s under Price Daniel

Divided democrats: liberal and moderate. Legislative battles: taxation issues, legislating ethics.

Aftermath of the war

Division and confrontation. Disintegration of Army and government

Majority of blacks lived near___

East Texas

Purpose of Columbus' voyage

Economic and political gain; also religion

Haden Edwards

Empresario ordered to leave Texas by Governor Victor Blanco after a dispute over land titles in East Texas. Declared that the Nacogdoches area was an independent nation called the Republic of Fredonia.

Politics

Gov Richard Coke unanimously re-nominated by the Democratic state convention in 1876. Coke resigned and then went on to serve as one of Texas' US senators until 1895. Republicans held power in Texas, black voters composed the majority of the party's constituency. (NOT THE SAME REPUBLICAN PARTY OF TODAY) Norris Wright Cuney, African American from Galveston claimed leadership of the Party. White men's associations used intimidation and election fraud to preclude the election of Af Americans to local offices. The Greenback Party, first third party to challenge the Democratic hegemony. Party organized in response to federal monetary policies. Courted the Republican Party and recruited from the more-radical farmers in Texas. Prohibitionists, Knights of Labor, Grangers, Framers' Alliance. In short while the increasing discontented farmers organizations would serve as that instrument, pushing Dem Party into accepting moderate reforms and mobilizing a viable third party, one that demanded more radical solutions to the problems facing the state.

State politics (1935-1938)

Gov. James V. Allard: financial woes, social security and the elderly, repealing prohibition. National politics: Anti-new deal democrats, a return to individualistic values.

State politics 1929-1933

Gov. Ross Sterling damaged by controversy, majors independents and hot oil, agriculture. A second "ma" Ferguson administration, political despair and Fergusonism, Texas rehabilitation and relief commission, charges of corruption renewed.

Redeemer election of 1873

Governor Richard Coke's victory. Texas and the "New South" vision.

Marques de Rubi

He gathered information and his recommendation set the groundwork for the New Regulations of Presidios of 1772.

The State Colonization of law of March 24, 1825

Help the people of Coahuila and Texas. Encouraged farming and ranching in the state. Stimulation of commercial activity. Permitted immigration of Anglo Americans into Coahuila and Texas. Heads of families qualified sitio of grazing\ land (4,428.4 acres) and labor (177.1) of farming land. Immigrants exempted from paying tariffs or custom duties. All new residents not already Mexican citizens to take an oath declaring they would abide by federal and state constitutions and promise to observe Christian religion.

Jovita Idar

Her family published La Cronica in Laredo. Ida led the Liga Feminil Mexicaniats. The Liga is likely the first well-known 20th century effort that tejanas created to work on behalf of the mexicanorigion population in the state. Liga was created to promote free education for Texas Mexican children, it also organized social, cultural, and charitable events. Leonar Villegas de Magnon and Jovita Idar publicly condemned the maltreatment of Mexicans by U.S. authorities.

Factors kept population from growing rapidly

High infant mortality rate, Warfare with Indians, Farming methods, Diet and Hygiene, Lack of doctors and hospitals, and Diseases

Tejanos

Hispanic Texans, many of them descendants of the first colonizers throughout the Spanish period. Urban Settlement: San Antonio, Goliad, Nacogdoches, RGV, Laredo. Worked as merchants, tradespeople, tailors, blacksmiths, barbers, rancheros. Elite: government bureaucrats, successful merchants, rancheros, and others from prominent families. Erasmo and Juan N. Seguin, Jose AntonioNavarro, Jose Maria Balmaceda. Catholicism remained among Mexican Texans.

Jovita Gonzalez

In South Texas, folkartist, educator, historians, and writer, Gonzalez responded to the Tejano experience in the era of violence and cultural loss from another perspective. As one of the first university-educated Tejana intellectuals in the 20th century, Ginzalez ultimately turned writing about Texas Mexicans into a powerful tool of resistance against efforts to erase them from the historical records.

Demographic growth occurred because of immigration from

Interior of new Spain

Texas and World War II

Japanese attack pearl harbor. State support for the war. Armed forces partcipation. 750,000 (12,000 women) Miniority discrimination. Black Texans demanded equality. Texas military posts expand. Wartime industrial. Home front issues.

Juneteenth

June 19th, the date celebrated as the anniversary of Emancipation Day for enslaved people in Texas

Irma Rangel

Kingsville, Texas. Life long Democrat. Former teacher, later attorney. Recruited to run for state representative in 1975 by Chicanas/Mexican American women involved in the Texas Women's Political Caucus. Elected to office in 1976 and lasted until 2003. Known for helping get the Top 10% Plan passed

Martin de Leon

The only empresario to found a Texas colony of Mexican settlers, given permission to establish a colony along the lower Guadalupe River in the town of Victoria.

West Texas

Now cities such as Abilene, El Paso, Amarillo, Lubbock

What were the causes of the Mexican revolution?

Only 2% of people owned land, economic dependency on the United States, economic inequality between rich and poor.

Texas rangers

Organized in 1874 under the post-Reconstruction Democratic governor Richard Coke. A Special Forces under command of Captain L.H. McNelly. Overall purpose was to protect the frontier by fighting Native Americans, cattle rustlers, tracking outlaws.

Top

Peninsulares: European-born Spaniards who dominated the higher political offices

Indians

Remained faithful to traditional lifeways (Comanches, Apaches, and Nortenos). Indian people maintained their independence, had to deal with Tejano militias and Anglo rifle companies instead of Spanish priests and royal armies. Tribes that Spanish had targeted by the 1820s perished due to wars and European diseases, displaced from native lands and driven into western regions.

Men outnumbered women

Result in Mesizaje

Santa Anna

Returns from retirement in May 1834. Abolishes the Federalist Constitution of 1824 and held elections for new Congress made up of Conservatives (Centralists supportive of military and the Catholic Church). Mexico prepared to send troops to Texas. Questions started to develop about Texas' relationship with Mexico.

Sheep herding

Sheep herding became popular but destroyed the land, this led cowboys to drive herds of sheep off cliffs

Cabeza de Vaca

Shipwrecked on what is believed today to be Galveston Island in 1528. After trading in the region for some six years, he later explored the Texas interior on his way to Mexico.

Event broke out in Hidalgo's parish at Dolores, Guanajuato, on September 16, 1810

Social revolution between the colony's elite and the downtrodden lower classes, former being criolloes wanted to gain independence from penisulares (European born Spaniards who dominated the higher political offices.)

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated Montezumas Aztecs empire and conquered Mexico (1521)

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Spanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring Panama

_______ alliance made the Spanish bitter enemies.

Spanish-Apache

Farmworkers Strike of June 1, 1966

Starr County melon strike demanded a minimum wage of $1.25 an hour and recognition of the Independent Workers' Association

Closing of the Open Range

Stockmen imported barbed wire around 1874 - fencing the range reduced grazing capacity. Freezes and droughts in the mid-1880s

The confederate front

Texans distinguished themselves as part of Texas units. Terry's Texas Rangers - Benjamin Franklin Terry. Ross's Texas Brigade - Lawrence Sullivan "Sul" Ross. Hood's Texas Brigade - John Bell Hood. Between 68,500 and 90,00 Texans served the Confederate cause. Galveston served as a key strategic site for both sides of the war. Confederates held the port city, Galveston, after several attacks by the Union by 1863. In the middle of 1863, Texas was in a state of lawlessness during the war. Organized bandits and cattle rustlers proliferated Comanche and Anglo relations were at a destructive height. In August 1865, federal authorities in Kansas signed a peace treaty with the Plains tribes, relinquishing much of West Texas west of the 100 meridaian to Comanches. The US govt soon reneged in the treaty and conflict on the frontier continued into the 1870s.

Politics in Antebellum TX

Texas Democrats, like Southern Democrats, demanded proslavery platform at convention in April 1860. Southern Democrats nominated Breckinridge and wrote the proslavery platform. Convention refused to include protection of slavery, party split along sectional lines. Northern democrats stayed with Stephen Douglas; Southern democrats nominated. Breckinridge and wrote the proslavery platform. Seven Deep Southern states organized for secession after Lincoln's election.

The War for Texas Independence (1836-45) causes

Texas by the 1830s was isolated, region of the weak, and incompletely formed Mexican nation. Economic reasons; Economic opportunity. Racism cause or conflict. US economy

Texas society

Texas was small but economically powerful land and slave holding elite. 15% population held all 75 % of property. Texas had a large middle class, nearly 60 percent of population who owned 26% of all wealth. Poorest white Texans were highly mobile geographically and economically.

The Cattle Kingdom

The Great Plains from Texas to Canada where many ranchers raised cattle in the late 1800's. Before Civil War Cattle roamed free in Texas. Origins of Texas Cattle Ranching Industry. Life/work of cowboys, stripped of the romanticism surrounding the image?The "long drive" — cattle trails. Stockyards. Cowboys and Cattlemen. Ranches.

The Nortenos

The Wichitas, the Comanches, and the Caddos, whom Spaniards called the Nations of the North

New deal recovery

The banking industry: restoration of public confidence, federal deposit insurance corporation. Relief measures: price codes, Wagner act, public works administration, works progress administration, civilian conservation corps, national youth administration, social security act (1935)

Texas and the great depression

U.S. economic weakness: An illusion of prosperity, market collapse October 23, 1929 (crash 29) Texans confront the depression: attitudes and resources, local and state inadequacy, uneven distribution and denial of relief.

Vaqueros / Cowboys

Vaqueros became wage laborers. Cowboys were independent, lived on the open range. New railroads expanded West and promoting the formation of towns.

violence and lawlessness

Vigilantism, Gunfighters

Presidential Reconstruction

Was the President's idea of reconstruction : all states had to end slavery, states had to declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S. Texas provisional government. Constitutional convention. Ex confederates in power.

Why was Texas known as the Empire State of the south?

because of cotton producing farms

Minorities and the new deal

charges of discrimination: rural blacks and relief, segregated housing and federal housing authority (FHA) mortgages. Pecan shellers strike, international ladies' garment workers' union strike, lulac, women and the 1930's.

Southern Anglos brought with them

cultural practices, gendered expectations, racial structures with enslaved blacks on agricultural plantations

Juan Bautista de la Casa, a military veteran, took up Hildago's grito for

independence, garnering the support of some of the soliders in Bexar presidio, members of the lower class, and local rancheros.

Bottom

mestizos, Indians, and Africans.

The constitution of 1876

written in reaction to Davis's administration, this constitution stripped the governor and legislature of certain powers and set aside land grants for education. Limits on power and spending. 1876 climate of opinion

The Compromise of 1850

resulted in the reduction of Texas land claims in New Mexico and the Plains in exchange for debt relief.

What was the central cause of the civil war?

slavery

Wealth created ____

social demarcations

Comanches

stole livestock, weapons, horses, tools, supplies, and items for living off the land and waging war

Dolores Huerta

taught farmworkers how to become citizens and how to vote; earned more money to buy food and clothing for them; worked with Cesar Chavez to form the National Farm Workers Association. Often viewed as a major female leader during the Chicana/o/x Movement years. Her work with Chavez and the Farmworkers Movement in California. She had been a school teacher prior to joining the movement. Co-founded the National Farmworkers Association later became the United Farm Workers. Known for "Si Se Puede!" Huerta directed the UFW's boycott during the Delano grape strike. What was the Delano grape strike? Rights of workers in agricultural fields to ensure better working conditions and more money

Expansionists were

the new threat

Bourbon reforms were in

the second half of the 18th century

By the 1850 and 1860s:

three-fourths of Anglo families were from the American South

Apaches

turned to kidnapping and adopting individuals of other Indian tribes

Reaction of radical reconstruction

violence

Priest from Dolores, Guanajuato, Miguel Hidlago y Costilla opted for

war against bad government that did not provide them representation. Remember the Bourbon Reforms!

Matt Gaines

was a former slave, community leader, minister, and Republican Texas State Senator. He made valuable contributions towards the establishment of free public education in the state of Texas.

Father Hidalgo

was defeated in battle on March 21, 1811 and was also executed

After the Revolution

◦ When Texas became a republic in 1836, its Anglo leaders claimed the land between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande. The political alliance between Anglo Texans and Texas Mexicans began unraveling ◦ Anglo violence against Tejanos increased during the Texas War for Independence, continued with Tejanos finding themselves unwelcomed in their homeland. ◦ Hostile environment prevailed after the Texas Revolution, Mexicans also began to lose political power. ◦ Moreover, from 1848 to 1885, over 80 percent of the land in South Texas changed hands, with many Texas Mexican families losing their property through lawsuits, sheriff's sales and questionable transfers of titles ◦ The King Ranch created out of previously Mexican-held land, dominated the ranching industry. ◦ After Texas joined the Union in 1845, US law upheld Tejanas right to inherit land in their own names. This entitlement was not lost on Anglo men, who could acquire economic power and political authority by marrying wealthy, land-owning women like Salome Balli and Petra Vela de Vidal