HIST 240 Final UNC
Lucas Alamán
(1783-1852) statesman and historian, conservative intellectual, founding father of Mexican conservatism along with Augustine Iturbide (reader #41)
Ayotzinapa, 2014
43 male students from the Ayotzinapa Rural Teachers' College were forcibly abducted and then disappeared in Iguala, Guerrero, Mexico. They were allegedly taken into custody by local police officers from Cocula and Iguala, in collusion with organized crime.
Anastasio Bustamante
A "compromise conservative" who was vice president to Vicente Gurrero, Bustamante, backed by the army, led a revolt against Gurrero when Guerrero tried to retain emergency powers after defeating the Spanish invasion of 1829. He was the first conservative president since the overthrow of the Spanish. He was unable to bring stability, instead establishing a military dictatorship. Repression of the Yorquinos increased; the legislative and judicial bodies were bullied into staying in line with the executive branch; and the free press was suppressed, only allowing pro-government presses to publish. He also executed Vicente Gurrero for treason in 1831. In 1832, his presidency was overthrown by General Santa Anna..
Benito Juárez, La Reforma
A Zapotec Indian, Jurez initially studied for the priesthood but later took a law degree and became a legislator, a judge, and a cabinet minister. He led La Reforma, a liberal political and social revolution in Mexico, and, when liberal forces gained control of the national government in 1855, he was able to implement his ideas. In 1857 he was elected head of the Supreme Court, which, under a new constitution, placed him first in the order of presidential succession.
Manuel González
A close ally of Proferio Diaz, he helped secure Diaz's rise to power, becoming Diaz's secretary of war. When the first Diaz term of presidency ended, he stepped down and threw his support behind Gonzalez for the presidency. Gonzales won, but continued the Diaz policies, even giving Diaz a cabinet position. The Gonzalez presidency was marked by corruption and overspending, but also worked to expand the railway system and organize agriculture. At the end of his term, Diaz ran again, and the Gonzalez term is considered a part of the Diaz era.
Juan Álvarez
A guerilla captain who ran an anti-government rebellion in Guerrero state in the mid 1850's with the aid of Benito Juarez. Successful, Alvarez was elected provisional president. This marks the beginning of the period in Mexican history known as The Reform, starting with the passage of the law Ley Juarez, which sought to reform institutions. It angered conservatives and caused a rift among the liberals, eventually ending with Alvarez and most of his cabinet resigning..
Gadsden Purchase, 1854
A piece of land, 29,670 miles of land purchased from Mexico in 1853 to provide a southern route for a transcontinental railroad and the final extension of the southern border of the United States.
Pancho Villa
A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.
Chapultepec, park and castle
A site in the final battle in the Mexican American War. The Mexican army had been pushed back by General Winfield Scott to the city of Churubusco, where General Santa Anna tried to hold the line. When Scott's forces moved in, they quickly overwhelmed Santa Anna's forces, who fled to the Chapultepec castle and attempted to fortify it with land mines. The mines failed and Scott's forces decimated the remaining Mexican fighters, young cadets who would be known as the Ninos Heroes.It was the bloodiest encounter of the war and ended it with the US in charge.The site is now a national park, and every Sept. 13th, on the anniversary of the battle, pilgrimages are made to the park in their honor.
King Carlos IV of Spain
AKA King Charles IV: Ruled Spain after Charles III but was a relatively ineffective king. Upon Napoleon's invasion of Spain, he was imprisoned and abdicated the throne to his son, Ferdinand VII, imprisoned alongside him. Napoleon put his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne. This threw New Spain into confusion, because they did not want to be ruled by Napoleon/France, but with King Ferdinand imprisoned he was not governing. This upended the political systems in New Spain.
King Fernando VII of Spain
AKA King Ferdinand VIII - see above for origin story. Upon reclaiming throne in 1814, he immediately abolished the 1812 Constitution.Not only did he face continued unrest in Mexico, but in the Carribean and Central and South Americas. In 1820 restored and accepted the 1812 Constitution, causing some conservative criollos to join the movement for independence.
Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
After Juárez' death in 1872, Lerdo became president of Mexico, only to be immediately challenged by Porfirio Díaz, another of Juárez' lieutenants. Opposed by provincial chieftains who resented Lerdo's increasingly centralized government, by the church for his connection with the anticlerical reforms of Juárez, and by progressives who criticized his failure to undertake public works, Lerdo was driven into exile by an uprising led by Díaz in 1877.
Adams-Onis Treaty
Agreement in which Spain gave up all of Florida to the United States
Antonio García Cubas
Combined older cartographic methods with new technologies to illustrate precise geographical coordinates; Drew the Carta general de la Republica Mexicana - the first map published of the Mexican Nation state in 1857
Emiliano Zapata
Betrayed and assassinated in 1919. His people were among those recruited by Madero during his revolt against Diaz, with promises of land reform and support for indigneous people.Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately defeated and assassinated.
Comisión Geográfica-Exploradora
CGE, dedicated to the surveying of land founded in 1877. Put science and the military at the service of the state. Had a strong emphasis on accurate mapping and statistics, those within the CGE were trained in techniques where they would have local knowledge and then go out and map the land with mathematical calculations. There was a politcal patronage to president diaz: to study surveying and get appointed to the mapping commission you had to get an appointment from the president.
PRM, Partido de la Revolución Mexicana
Cardenas altered the PRN to create PRM. umbrella for military, labor, agrarian and popular Cardenas seen as it's supreme leader and tried to brand themselves as the party for all deserving Mexicans were represented
Partido de la Revolución Institutional (PRI)
Changed name to this in 1946 to Partido Revolucionario Institucional. It now represented business and industrial communities as well as economists and technicians corporatists structure of interest groups: campesinos urban labor and amorphous sector of middle class organizations still for weak federal government to rule through single party. Corruption so blatant by president Aleman in 1946 left the party looking bad. He amassed mansions and massive amount of luxury cars. 1985 earthquake the government failed to respond to with rapid support and emergency rescues further brought the party down in the eyes of the people. Also years of devaluation of the peso before and during this time. Stong divisions in the party occurred at this time
Cortes de Cádiz and Constitution of Cádiz
Colonies outside of mexico that were ruled by spain formed this group. Made by the military juntas a different colonies to figure out what to do in the absence of King Ferdinand VII. Gathered in Spain and worked together to form a constitution for 2 years and this resulted in the the Constitution of 1812. This constitution was a liberal constitution and declared representation in Spain for the colonies. Criollos liked it as it gave them more power and recognition.
EZLN (Zapatistas of Chiapas, 1994)
Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional: Launched 1/1/94 when NAFTA agreement officially went into effect. Agrarian reform and education and respect for indegneous languages and way of life. Named after Emiliano Zapata. San Andreas Accords.
Partido de Acción Nacional (PAN)
Elections in 1988 however saw several PAN people elected as in gubernatorial races and to the legislature. IT was the first time in many years candidates other than PRI candidates had won and fulfilled the new elected PRI president that he was committed to fair elections.national action party, founded in '39, only held power 2000-2012, a bit more independent, but grounded in "christian democracy."
El Paso, TX (formerly El Paso del Norte, New Mexico)
Founded as El Paso del Norte (at what is now Ciudad Juárez, Mexico) by Spanish Franciscan friars at an important mountain pass, the area became a small agricultural producer though most settlement was south of the river where modern Mexico lies. The city was considered part of New Mexico under Spanish Conquerors and was tied economically to Santa Fe, New Mexico and the Chihuahuan mining districts of San Felipe El Real and San José del Parral. The Texas Revolution when Texas revolted from Mexico, which itself had recently become independent from Spain, did not involve paseños as the region was a part of Chihuahua. However, after Texas' annexation by the United States the boundary of the state was claimed to include what would become this important trading center.
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleon III
French president and emperor (1808-1873, r. 1848-1870) he came to power in the election of 1848 where he won decisively. He declared himself Emperor in 1851 and his rule was highlighted by the rebuilding of Paris and an aggressive foreign policy (as shown in Italy and Mexico). He was removed from power following the Franco-Prussian War; Napoleon III is the last monarch to rule France.
Victoriano Huerta
He was a Mexican military officer and President of Mexico who was also leader of the violent revolution that took place in 1913. His rise to power caused many Mexicans to cross the border as well as angering the United States who saw him as a dictator. came of age under Proferio Diaz and became an enforcer, using force to quash rebellion. During the fifth rebellion against Madero, he appointed Victoriano Huerta to head a government offensive against the rebels, which Huerta was very successful at.When the sixth revolt against Madero, led by Felix Diaz (nephew of Proferio), laid siege to Mexico City, Madero again charged Huerta with ending it
Ferdinand Maximilian von Habsburg
In addition to the imperialist ambitions of Napoleon III or France, the Hapsburg dynasty had visions of restoring their earlier global empire. Ferdinand's tragic adventure in Mexico reflected the dual ambitions and influences of French and Hapsburg territorial designs in the Americas.
Labor strike in Cananea, Sonora, 1906
Labor conditions under the Diaz regime were very poor, and labor unrest began to become more prevalent (part of a global movement largely caused by the industrial revolution). In 1906, workers at the Cananea Consolidated Copper Company went on strike. They initially submitted their grievances to the owner, Colonel William Greene, and when he refused to address them, they shut down work. This led to physical violence, as they pressed forward and were attacked by site managers.
Maya pueblos of Yucatán
Mayas rebelled in 1847, when U.S invasion of Mexico was in full force
Constitution of 1824
Mexican constitution that established a states' rights government.Valentiín Gómez Farías chief spokesman for the federalist. Collapse of empire=3 man junta governing Mexico Needed to have election elect congress to form a charter and make constitution big question was should we be centralist or federalist (more autonomy and state representation rather all focos on president or head leader) Centralist=clergy, military, hacienda owners federalist=criollos, mestizos looking to french revolution and usa ideals . came out of the hardships that mexico was enduring during the early 1800s such as mining producting declining, investment capital being scarce, infrastructure destroyed during the wars for independence and not result, and the fall of agricultural outful which led to shortages of food and rising prices. Argues for shared sovereignty by the nations and the states, the states had more power, established a separation of power, made the president be elected by state legislation, catholicism remained the religion of the land
Antonio López de Santa Anna (1794-1876)
Mexican general and politician. Leader of Mexico at the time of the battle at the Alamo. Taken prisoner at San Jacinto, he signed the Treaties of Velasco, which granted Texas its independence and recognized the Rio Grande as the boundary.Army officer and statesman. He was a central figure in many rebellions. Became president twice. First after a little bit after independence from Spain. Believed in the importance of military and keeping order through military force. In 1829, he defeated the Spanish invasion. In 1832, he overthrew the Bustamante government, and was elected president the following year.
José María Morelos
Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1815.Mestizo priest who developed and led second rebellion this time in souther mexico. It occurred after Hidalgo was killed. More talented militarily. Organized Congress of Chipalcingo (1813). Many of his ideas formed the first legal code of Mexico. He was able to bring more groups together. (Reader #33)
CTM (Confederation of Mexican Workers)
One of the main corporatist groups that made up the PRI
Opata Indigenous people of Sonora
Opata Indians in Sonora protest loss of communal lands, 1831 We Indians, in the epoch of liberty, live more oppressed than when we were subjugated to colonial rule.
Casa del Obrero Mundial
Organized and promoted labor strikes (which made madero go against them). Had "anarchist roots": anarchy here refers to one of the main labor ideologies of this time- an emphasis on local and local organizations along with direct action by workers."House of the World Worker" was created during Madero's presidency. He made small labor reforms to appease the peasantry.
Cholera epidemic of 1833
Part of the global second Cholera epidemic which began in 1829.Killed thousands of people and caused the government to lock down Mexico City, where it was worst.
Plan de San Luis Potosí, 1910
Plan and argument for Madero's revolution, framework for a new constitution. Published in San Luis Potosi. See Madero entry for more information.
Constitution of 1857
Put mexicans in a bind if they swore allegiance to state they were excommunicated from the church.Set forth ideals of La Reforma; limited power of priests and military elites, guaranteed universal male suffrage and other civil liberties, such as freedom of speech
Fuero
Spanish institution that exempted clergymen and military personnel from having to stand trial in civil courts even if they were charged with violating civil law. Reform laws after kicking out Santa Anna 1853 Ley Juarez make it so the fueros rule no longer allowed this special protection. Significance of Fuero is also that in this early state of the republic modern, democratic, secular and capitalistic ideals were being put in place and dismantling of conservative rule and values being restructured (by Juan Alvarez provisional president, Ignacio Comonfort secretary of war, Melchor Ocampo, secretary of treasury, Miguel Lerdo de Tejada secretary of development and Benito Juarez, secretary of justice.
Lorenzo de Zavala
Spanish leader in the Texan revolution, later became vice-president of Texas. epresented the strength of liberalism. He helped draft the constitution for the first federal republic of mexico. Later in his career he worked to fight for the independence of Texas Helped with drafting Constitution of 1824 upset about Constitution of 1836 under Santa Anna and wanted autonomy and freedom for Texans and valued ideas of democracy and became vice president of Texas when Santa Anna came back to power.
Comanches: a native nation
The Comanche people were a North American Indian nation that occupied the area in what is now Texas. They were fierce fighters who adapted quickly to using horses and Spanish weaponry and were a constant source of aggression along the border. During the mid 1800's, they waged a series of raids against Northern Mexico.
Querétaro
The city of Querétaro was strategic in the development of events just before the start of the Mexican War of Independence. It was the site of the conspiracy among Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, Ignacio Allende, Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez and her husband the Corregidor of Querétaro Miguel Domínguez.
Plan of Iguala
Very much connected to Iturbide. 23 articles but its goal was to attract conservative support. Main points= 1 Independent Mexico from Spain, constitutional monarchy, 2 roman catholic religion and lots of privileges to clergy and the church, 3 criollos and peninsulares treated equally in the eye of state, distinctions abolished. To enforce this las Tres Garantías (the army of 3 guarantees) would be commanded by Iturbide
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 milliongave the US title to texas and ceded california and new mexico. Mexico got everything south of the Rio Grande and gave mexico 18.25 million (which was less than 1 years budget). So basically for 18.25 million mexicos territory was cut in half. This treaty left a hostility between mexico and the united states by reinforcing the worst stereotypes that each country held about the other. Additionally, a major clause in the treaty was that the US would protect the interests and properties of Mexican's who were living above the line of conquest - particularly those of the Mexican Californios. The US did not honor this clause and instead slowly killed and cheated both Californios and anyone else who had settled the state prior to US seizure. This is the root cause for much continued tension between California and Mexico.
Constitution of 1917:
Turned back Porfirian legislation to reclaim national sovereignty of land, water and subsoil (Article 27 of 1917 Constitution specifies this part). Took power of state over the church, priests must register at municipal level.Mexican constitution written during the revolution that is still in effect today
Valentín Gómez Farías
Vice President to Santa Anna, chief spokesman for the federalist. Part of liberal reforms that secularized education it was Lorenzo de Zaval that voted for that but under his leadership. Became President when Santa Anna stepped down. But when those new reforms in education and lessening military power and privilege grew under Farias Santa Anna brought in military and restored conservative values. Thinking he and military rule were the only things that could restore order. He kicked out Farias and took over. Abolished the role of the state to collect the tithe (one 10th of the annual produce or earnings that was collected by the church), abolished carious church properties and led the secularization of california missions. Essentially focused on secularization and taking power away from the church. Liberal president
Ciudad Juárez
Was known as El Paso del Norte during the French intervention in Mexico (1862-1867), Benito Juárez's republican forces stopped temporarily at El Paso del Norte before establishing his government-in-exile in Chihuahua. After 1882, the city grew, in large part, because of the arrival of the Mexican Central Railway. Commerce thrived in the city as more banks began operating, telegraph and telephone services became available, and trams appeared. These commercial activities were under the firm control of the city's oligarchy, which consisted of the Ochoa, Samaniego, Daguerre, Provencio, and Cuarón families. In 1888, El Paso del Norte was renamed in honor of Benito Juárez
Andres Molina Enríquez
Yucatan The Great National Problems
Matías Romero
a Mexican politician and diplomat who served three times as Secretary of Finance and twice as ambassador of Mexico to the United States during the 19th century
Miguel Hidalgo y Castillo
a Spanish Catholic priest, a leader of the Mexican War of Independence, and recognized as the Father of the Nation
The "Científicos" were:
a circle of technocrats who advised Porfirio Díaz.Used positivist scientific politics. Positivism believes in taking data in order to develop scientific thought, had the idea that as time moves things get better. The cientificos became a conservative political force.
CROM (Regional Confederation of Labor)
a federation of labor unions in Mexico, it was an umbrella organization for both industrial workers as well as agricultural workers and peasants
Álvaro Obregón
a general of the mexican revolution who became president from 1920 to 1924
Huasteca Petroleum Company
a holding of the Mexican Petroleum Company. American Edward Doheny, who had drilled oil fields in California, purchased six hundred thousand acres of land in the Tampico/Tuxpan region and began drilling for oil. The Huasteca Petroleum Company was the name of the company holding those lands, and when he struck big on the commercially viable El Ebano gusher, the first in Mexico, he founded the overarching entity of the Mexican Petroleum Company.
Lay Lerdo
a law that wanted to create a rural middle class and revive the economy by removing restrictions of freedom of movement
Constitution of Apatzingán, 1814
a liberal constitution that was never adopted
Plutarco Elías Calles
a military general and politician. President Álvaro Obregón chose Calles as his successor and Calles was president from 1924-1928. He called for land redistribution and promised equal justice, more education, additional labour rights, and democratic governance.
José María Iglesias
as a Mexican lawyer, professor, journalist and liberal politician. He is known as author of the Iglesias law, an anticlerical law regulating ecclesiastical fees and aimed at preventing the impoverishment of the Mexican peasantry. From October 31, 1876 to January 23, 1877, he claimed the interim presidency of Mexico.
last French monarch, from 1852 to 1870
battle fought at Puebla, Mexico, between the army of the liberal government headed by Benito Juárez and the French forces sent by Napoleon III to establish a French satellite state in Mexico. The battle, which ended in a Mexican victory, is celebrated in the national calendar of Mexican holidays as Cinco de Mayo (5th of May). Credit for the Mexican victory is shared by a young officer (and future president), Brigadier General Porfirio Díaz, who succeeded in turning back a flank of the invading French army. Represents Mexico's determination to defeat foreign aggression
El Águila British Consortium
british and dutch company that along with Huasteca petroleum company which was a US conglomerate controlled 90% of the petroleum companies. This is important because it played an important role in the foregin interest of mexico
Centralist/Federalist
centralists- conservatives- strong central government control federalist liberals - more local (state) control autonomy this struggle plays a key role in the sequence of events that led to the Texas becoming an anglo province and an independent republic Needed to have election elect congress to form a charter and make constitution big question was should we be centralist or federalist (more autonomy and state representation rather all focos on president or head leader) Centralist=clergy, military, hacienda owners federalist=criollos, mestizos looking to french revolution and usa ideals
Francisco I. Madero
decided to oppose Diaz during 1910 election, from wealthy family from Coahuila, took reformist platform and was supported by millions of mexicans, Diaz delt with him in the usual way and rigged the election, moved to texas after unleashing "Plan de San Luis Potosi". When diaz stepped down, he took presidency
1883 Law of Colonization
extended the privatization of land, went beyond the disentailment of corporate property, empowered surveying companies to measure and divide large tracks of land and rewarded the company with ⅓ of the land surveyedduring the Porfiriato, Diaz gave foreign interests the opportunity to buy Mexican land
Ejidos
farmland owned collectively by members of a rural community
Flores Magón brothers
founded the mexican liberal party. Had deep roots in mexico, but were persecuted in both mexico and the united states and were imprisoned for a very long time. Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM) Flores Magón brothers founded the PLM anarchist roots direct challenge to Díaz
Lázaro Cárdenas
general in the Constitutionalist Army during the Mexican Revolution and a statesman who served as President of Mexico between 1934 and 1940. He is best known for nationalization of the oil industry in 1938 and the creation of Pemex, the government oil companyMexican president (1934-1940); responsible for large land redistribution to create communal farms; also began program of primary and rural education
Monroe Doctrine
legitimized US intervention into latin america by declaring that the US would not tolerate the colonization of Latin America by European powers.
Porfirio Díaz
one of Juárez's generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876 and dominated politics for 35 years.developed his military career through the reform wars and french wars, rules from 1876-1910, his plan for governance the first time he ran for president was called the plan de la noria in 1871- this was the plan that was to get rid of benito jaurez which set the stage for the military coup that gained him power in 1876
Constitution of 1836
part of the conservative counter reform to the liberal presidency of Valentin gomez. Made states become departments, made the central government dominant, restored clerical and military fueros, voters qualifications made by property and literacy qualifications.
Miguel Lerdo de Tejada
politician, author of the Ley Lerdo, and brother of Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada. Lerdo was deputy minister and later minister of development during the last presidency of Antonio López de Santa Anna (1853-1855). As finance minister for Ignacio Comonfort, Lerdo issued the Law Disamortizing Urban and Rural Property, commonly called the Ley Lerdo, on 25 June 1856
Revolution/Plan of Ayutla
radical legislative and constitutional reforms based on liberal ideas, changed the structure of property in mexico, expanded political citizenship to all adult men, a call for representative government, eventually lead an invasion from france, but the new constitution was upheld still
Partido Liberal Mexicano (Mexican Liberal Party)
the Flores Magon brothers founded the party. The party had a radical social agenda for organized labor. One of the plans they had was the Plan de San Luis (discussed below). Focused on two main social issues: poor living and working conditions of workers and the impoverishment of peasants and rural laboreres.
Guadalupe Victoria
the first president of Mexico. Some of his strengths include: international recognition of mexico within europe besides spain, loans secured from british banks, boundary treaty negotiated with the US and the Sabine River. His weaknesses include: spain would not recognize him, mexico assumed public debt from late colonial period, revenues sufficient to service the debt or cover current expenses, attempted coup by vice president Nicolas Bravo.
1884 Mining Code
the proprietor of surface land is the owner of all bituminous and other mineral fields; mining tax laws later revised in order to appeal to foreign investors
Vicente Guerrero
the second president of mexico (he usurped the presidency), he abolished African slavery in a law that was signed in 1829. He defended off an invasion by spanish troops. 2 years after his presidency began a conservatice group removed him from office (1830).
Ignacio Comonfort
was a Mexican politician and soldier. He became President of Mexico in 1855 after the outbreak of the Revolution of Ayutla that overthrew Santa Anna.Mexico´s first moderate president in 1855
Plan / Revolution of Tuxtepec (1876)
was a plan drafted by General Porfirio Díaz in 1876 and proclaimed on 10 January 1876 it was signed by a group of military officers Díaz signed the previous version of the plan in December 1875, which did not include the three most important articles that appointed Diaz as president. It disavowed Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada as President, while acknowledging the Constitution and the Reform laws, and proclaimed Díaz as the leader of the movement. Díaz later became the president of Mexico.
Agustín de Iturbide (1783-1824)
was a royalist general who changed his allegiances to become the first ruler of independent Mexico. Like many Creoles, or people of European descent born in the Americas, Iturbide feared that the insurgency would upset colonial hierarchies of race and class. In 1820, however, a liberal revolution in Spain caused conservative Mexican elites to reconsider the benefits of independence. Iturbide reached out to the insurgent leader Vicente Guerrero, and agreed to endorse legal racial equality in exchange for Guerrero's military support. Early in 1821 Iturbide released the Plan of Iguala, which is also known as the "Plan of the Three Guarantees" or "Plan Trigarante" because it called for Mexican independence, a wholly Catholic state, and the equality of all races. Iturbide's Army of the Three Guarantees soon forced Juan O'Donoju, the last viceroy of New Spain, to acknowledge Mexican independence in the Treaty of Córdoba. In 1822 Iturbide became the first emperor of Mexico, but a revolt led by Antonio López de Santa Anna forced Iturbide into exile in 1823. When Iturbide returned to Mexico in 1824, he was quickly executed.
Masonic Lodges
were in substitute for political parties during the Guadalupe Victoria Presidency York rites or Yorquinos= federalists and Scottish Rite= centralists Guadalupe Victoria was the first president of Mexico
