Hist 4

Guilt

(Martian Heidegger-Major concepts) happens if we do not exercise our personal freedom. Acceptance of the fact that at some time in the future we will be nothing cause anxiety; thus such acceptance takes courage

Concept of Throwness

(Martian Heidegger-Major concepts) recognizes limits on personal freedom. We are "thrown" into our personal circumstances and this is beyond our control such as whether we are female or male, short or tall, rich or poor, and so on. This determines the conditions under which we exercise our freedom.

two key points that Humanistic Psychology rejects

1.Rejects the notion that psychology should be entirely scientific, but rather sees humans as indivisible wholes. Any attempt to reduce them to habits, cognitive structures, or S-R connections results in a distortion of human nature 2.Rejects the goal of predicting and controlling human behavior Humans are much more than physical objects, therefore the methods employed by the physical sciences have no relevance to the study of humans

Be able to explain Maslow's Hierachy of Needs (this is not about listing the needs, but rather explaining how it works and what makes humans unique). COMP QUESTION

1.The goal is to become self-actualized(reaching one's potential) 2.First two levels are animalistic in nature 3.As progressing up the hierarchy toward self-actualization, the needs become more human and fragile in nature due in part to: *Self-actualization requires a great deal of honest knowledge of oneself, and most humans are fearful of such knowledge. *The role of others in providing unconditional positive regard *One's own fear of honest knowledge of one's self and of one's own potential greatness (Jonah complex)(self-sabotage) 4.Needs are arranged so that as one satisfies a lower need. One can deal with the next higher need.

list Ludwig Binswanger's 3 modes of existence

1.around world-the world of things and events 2.with world-interaction with other humans 3.Own world-person's private, inner, subjective experience His *Grounds of Existence* is similar to Heidegger's concept of throwness, which are the conditions under which one exercises one's personal freedom

Antecedents to Humanistic Psychology

By the mid-20th century, structuralism, functionalism, and Gestalt psychology had lost their distinctiveness as schools of thought. Only behaviorism and psychoanalysis remained influential. In the troubled times of the 1960s, the views of humans provided by behaviorism and psychoanalysis were viewed by many as incomplete, distorted, or both. Many were looking for a new view, one that emphasized the human spirit rather than strictly the mind or body - Zeitgeist (spirit of the times) This lead to Third-Force Psychology

Be able to compare and contrast May's concepts of normal and neurotic anxiety and explain self-alienation:

For May and other existentialists, the most important fact about humans is that they are free. Freedom brings with it responsibility and therefore anxiety. • Normal anxiety: conducive to personal growth because person exercise freedom to embrace life fully and to approach his/her full potential • Neurotic anxiety: results from fear of freedom and is not conductive to personal growth. The person living with neurotic anxiety lives his or her life in such a way that reduces or eliminates personal freedom - life conformity or withdrawal • Both deal with anxiety • Motivator vs. being defined by it • Self-alienation: occurs whenever people accept values dictated by society rather than those personally attained.

Deficiency motivated

If a person is functioning at any level other than self-actualization, he/she is said to be this. Person is seeking specific things to satisfy specific needs - perceptions are need-directed i. Deficiency motivation - motivation that is directed toward the satisfaction of some specific needs. Leads to...what one searched for. ii. Need-directed perception - perception whose purpose is to locate things in the environment that will satisfy that need.

Theory of Personality

Like Maslow, Rogers postulated an innate human drive toward self-actualization. Most people do not live according to the organismic valuing process, this do not become self-actualized because: e. There is a need for positive regard: the need for positive responses from the relevant people in one's life, but we receive this only if we act or think in certain ways. f. This sets up conditions of worth: the condition that relevant people in our lives place on us and that we must meet before given positive regard. This stunts the organismic valuing process/self-actualization.

George Kelley

Major Concepts The cornerstone of Kelly's position: whether or not a person has a psychological problem is mainly a matter of how that person views things Construct systems - The goal of humans is to reduce uncertainty through construct systems to predict future events. Ex) "If I cry, my mother will come." Constructive Alternativism Modes of therapy: Self-characterization - a self-description in how a person views oneself, the world, or others. Fixed-role therapy - where clients would assume a role distinctly different from their self-characterization

Existential Psychologists - Rollo May

Major Concepts i. The Human Dilemma ii. Normal versus Neurotic Anxiety iii. Myths iv. A healthy myth includes all four elements v. Gave rise to narrative therapy

Existential Psychologists - Ludwig Binswanger

Major Concepts i. Three modes of existence ii. Grounds of Existence iii. Meaning in One's life

Existential Psychologists - Martin Heidegger

Major Concepts. For him, humans are always becoming something other than what they were; we exist to change. How that happens is an individual matter. i. The Daisen ii. Authentic & Inauthentic Life iii. Guilt iv. Concept of Throwness

4 function of May's myths

Narrative patterns that give significance to one's existence. Provide the major vehicle for giving meaning to life. Serve four functions by: 1. Providing sense of identity 2. Providing sense of community - most important because encourage sense of kinship to avoid becoming isolated 3. Supporting our moral values 4. Providing a means of dealing with the mysteries of creation.

Being perception

Perception that embraces fully "what is there" because it is not an attempt to locate specific items that will satisfy needs.

Third-force psychology

Primary reasons humanism developed is the response to the shortcomings of behaviorism and psychoanalysis, and the sufferings of the 1960's. Assassinations, Viet Nam war, women's rights. The lack of a soft way of dealing with people. i. Assumes that humans are free to choose their own type of existence ii. This was a reaction to the shortcomings (as they saw them) of behaviorism and psychoanalysis to deal fully with the human condition. iii. What was needed, based on these psychologists, was a model of humans that emphasized their uniqueness and their positive aspects. This third force combines the philosophies of romanticism and existentialism and is called humanistic psychology. iv. The most important cause of behavior is subjective reality - a person's consciousness v. Most important cause of human behavior is one's own subjective reality

Comparison of Existential and Humanistic psychology

Shared beliefs include : i. Humans have free will are responsible for their actions ii. The most appropriate method to study humans is phenomenology iii. To understand humans, they must be studied as a whole iv. Living an authentic life is better than living an inauthentic one Differences include: i. Humanists assume that humans are basically good, while the existentialists view human nature as essentially neutral ii. Humanists believe the major motivation in life is the actualizing tendency, while existentialists believe that only the motivational force is the "will to meaning".

Rollo May's "The Human Dilemma"

The dual aspect of human nature being that we are both objects and subjects of experience. Objects in the sense that we do not sense that we exist physically, therefore things happen to us. Subjects in the sense that we do not simply have experiences, we interpret, value, and make choices regarding our experience.

Unconditional positive regard

The only way to avoid imposing conditions of worth on people is to give them unconditional positive regard can become a fully functioning person.

Existential Psychologists

Two ontological questions: What is the nature of human nature? What does it mean to be a particular individual? Probes meaning of human existence.

According to Rogers, explain what is needed to become a fully functioning person

Unconditional positive regard

Viktor Frankl's book

Was about his expereince as a concentration camp inmate. Was about finding meaning in all forms of existence, even the most brutal ones, and thus, a reason to continue living. Lead to Existential therapy

Inauthentic life

a life lived in accordance with values other than those personally and freely chosen. Is absent of urgency because inevitability of death is not accepted.

COMP - Explain hierarchy of needs. Don't give levels. How it works and what makes humans unique.

a. The goal is to become self-actualized (reaching one's potential) b. First two levels are animalistic and basic in nature c. As progressing up the hierarchy toward self-actualization, the needs become more human and fragile in nature due in part to: i. Self-actualization requires a great deal of honest knowledge of oneself, and most humans are fearful of such knowledge. d. The top 2 are about being a seeker. e. Needs are arranged so that as one satisfies a lower need, one can deal with the next higher level.

Basic Tenets of Humanistic Psychology - know 3

i. Little of value can be learned about humans by studying nonhuman animals. ii. Subjective reality is the primary guide for human behavior. iii. Studying individuals is more informative than studying what groups of individuals have in common. iv. A major effort should be made to discover those things that expand and enrich human experience. v. Research should seek information that will help solve human problems. vi. The goal of psychology should be to formulate a complete description of what it means to be a human being.

Characteristics of Self-Actualized people: being vs. doing

i. Perceive reality accurately and fairly ii. Demonstrate great acceptance of themselves and others. iii. Exhibit spontaneity and naturalness iv. Need for privacy v. Tend to be independent of their environment and culture vi. Demonstrate continuous freshness of appreciation vii. Tend to have periodic mystic or peak experiences viii. Concerned with all humans ix. Tend to have only a few friends x. Have a strong ethical sense but do not necessarily accept conventional ethics xi. Have well-developed, but not hostile sense of humor xii. Are creative

Deficiency motivated

if a person is functioning at any level other than self-actualization, he/she is said to be deficiency motivated

Organismic-valuing process

innate, internal guidance system that a person can use to "stay on track" toward self-actualization (selecting goals based on our inner nature and person). This process may include any of the following principles/values (not on test): Authenticity, autonomy, internal locus of evaluation, unconditional positive regard for self, relatedness, openness to inner and outer experience. Called Ways of Being.

Be able to explain Carl Rogers "organismic valuing process"

innate, internal guidance system that a person can use to "stay on track" toward self-actualization (selecting goals based on our inner nature and purpose). This process may include any of the following principles/values

an "incongruent person" according to Rogers

is someone who is no longer true to his/her own feelings

Be able to explain what is meant by "flourshing."(fill in blank)

is used to describe people who are not only free from mental illness, but who are filled with vitality and are functioning optimally

Deficiency motivation

motivation that is directed toward the satisfaction of some specific needs

Kelly's Constructive Alternativism

people are free to choose the constructs they use in interacting with the world- they can view and interpret events in an almost infinite number of ways because construing them is an individual matter.

Being perception

perception that embraces fully "what is there" because it is not an attempt to locate specific items that will satisfy needs.

Need-directed perception

perception whose purpose is to locate things in the environment that will satisfy a need

Self-actualization

reaching ones potential

incongruent person

someone who is no longer true to his/her own feelings.

most important cause of behavior

subjective reality

According to George Kelly:

the goal of all humans is to reduce uncertainty through construct systems to predict future events

The Daisin

the person and the world are inseparable and described the relationship as the "being-in-the-world" "to be" means to exist in a dynamic process of interpreting and valuing one's experiences and making choices regarding those experiences

Being motivation

type of motivation that characterized the self-actualizing process. Not need-directed, but rather embraces the higher values of human existence

Being motivation

type of motivation that characterizes the self-actualization process. Not need-directed, but rather embraces the higher values of human existence.

Abraham Maslow

usually recognized as the one most responsible for making humanistic psychology a formal branch of psychology Maslow's key point - psychology should not stop trying to be scientific or studying those with psychological problems, but such efforts only tell part of the story. Psychology should attempt to understand those who are in the process of reaching their full potential - how they think and what motivates them

Authentic life

with the realization that we must someday die, the person gets busy and exercises his or her freedom to create a meaningful existence, an existence that allows for almost constant personal growth, or becoming. Involves a sense of urgency/anxiety.

compare and contrast what he means by the authentic and inauthentic life

• Both address death and anxiety • They differ on how you deal with anxiety and death

Provide 2 criticisms and contributions of Humanistic Psychology

• Expansion of psychology's domain • Development of positive psychology- explores positive human attributes

name 1 shared belief and 1 difference between the Existential and Humanistic Psychology

• Humans have free will are responsible for their actions • Humanists assume that humans are basically good, while the existentialists view human nature as essentially neutral

Be able to list 3 characteristics of a self-actualized person according to Maslow

• Need for privacy • Are creative • Tend to have only a few friends

According to Rogers, explain the 2 reasons why a person may not become self-actualized

• Positive regard: there is a need for positive regard, the need for positive responses from the relevant people in one's life, but we receive this only if we act or think in certain ways. • Conditions of worth: this set up conditions of worth, the conditions that relevant people in our lives place on us that we must meet before given positive regard. This stunts the organismic valuing process/self-actualization.

list the 2 primary ontological questions Existialism is concerned with

• What's the nature of human nature? • What does it mean to be particular individual?

Kelly's 2 primary therapy techniques

• self-characterization: a self-description in how a person view oneself, the world, and others • Fixed-role therapy: where clients would assume a role distinctly different from their self-characterization.