HIST EXAM 1

Aztecs

(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. - hierarchy system - Job specialization - population declined: 80-90% (war,famine,disease)

Great League of Peace - Five nations

- 1390 - Iroquain speaking people - Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas - after the Tuscaroras migrated from the South and joined in 1722, the Six Nations - Onondagas Chieftan: 3 daughters of his were killed but he didn't take revenge and made peace - Deganowidan went for Hiawatha (Onondaga chief)

Great Basin Foragers

- 400,000 square miles between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada - Drought: 900 - 1400 AD - Diet of fish and game animals - Moved around a lot - Hunting and gathering endured for 10,000 yrs

Cahokia

- 700 CE near the confluence of the Missouri, Mississippi, and Illinois rivers and occupied for about seven hundred years - had a population of between ten thousand and thirty thousand, or about the population of medieval London - the biggest settlement to have existed north of the Rio Grande - monk mound larger than pyramid of Giza - drought - 1300 decline

Midevil warm period

- 950-1250 CE - food surplus around the world - mound cities (Mississippian and pueblos rising to power)

Mississippian

- On rivers - introduce maze culture - Powerful chiefs from elite families collected tribute - contained temples, public buildings, and elite residences built atop earthen mounds that surrounded open plazas

Pyramid of the sun - Teotihuacan (Toltec)

100-300 CE - Astronomy

Pequot War

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

Panfilo de Narvaez

Spanish explorer who landed in Florida in 1528 and claimed Florida for Spain. In Florida, he looked for the Seven Cities of Gold (Cabece de Vaca), but was ambushed by Native Americans.

Syncretism

a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith (Virgin de Guadalupe)

Ecomienda System

whereby the authorities assigned Indian workers to mines and to plantation owners on the understanding that the recipients would defend the colony and teach the workers Christianity

Wampum Belt

shell beads woven into belts or strings used to record treaties and other agreements among different nations - presented as gifts

Origin from sky: earth divers

Sky woman becomes pregnant and was cast down onto turtles back to live on, she created earth from the mud she was on.

Treat of Paris 1763

ending the Seven Years' War. Under the terms of the treaty, France handed over to Britain all of its North American territory - Indians were stunned to learn that France had given up Native lands without even consulting them

Ute and Comanches

- advanced together in Southern plains - drove off apaches - raided Spanish - consolidated their position as horse and buffalo Indians on grasslands - dominated trade btwn NM and Louisiana - Comanche became dominant power in Southern Plains

Great Migration

- decline of Pueblo settlement - drought - Athabaskans: Apache and Navajo - same time as pueblos moved Athabaskans migrated to the Southwest. - relocating to more hospitable environments in response to changing climate conditions was also a regular part of life in the Southwest

Ocmuglee

- early Mississippian center (1000 CE) - large flat top pyramids - Massive complex city

Anasazi/Ancestral Pueblo

- emerged around A.D. 900 and reached its height between 1100 and 1300 - grew and stored corn, wove and decorated baskets, made pottery, studied the stars, and were master architects - Food - surplus - Sedentary - Kivas: round ceremonial spaces (underground =)

Paleo-Indians (hunter-gatherers)- Bands

- lethal projectiles, such as Clovis points flaked on both sides (spear point)-(Atlatl - throwing stick) - hunted Mammoths/mastodon/caribou - Head-Smashed-In buffalo jump in Alberta — the largest, oldest, and best-preserved buffalo drive site in the western Plains — Indians hunted and slaughtered buffalo for more than seven thousand years

Chumash Indians

- people of the Canoe - 3000 BCE - Diet from sea animals (food surplus) - rise of elites: wealthy family in terms of resource and access - Totem poles: elaborate family trees

Plymouth Bay (1620)

- religious freedom - Squanto: English speaking Indian

Paleo Indians Crops

- started around 5,000 BCE, women started learning about maze/corn

Line of Proclamation (1763)

- the Appalachians as the boundary line between Indian and colonial lands and stipulated - English claims everything east of this line and Indians claim everything west - to end warfare and unlicensed trade) - Englishmen are still settling in Indian territory - leads to American Revolutions

Chaco Canyon, New Mexico (Pueblo)

- the largest apartment building in North America until New York City surpassed it in the nineteenth century." - 1100 - 1300 CE peak - dozens of towns and 200 outlying villages

The Pueblo Independence war 1680

- the most effective Indian resistance movements in American history - Pueblo peoples had endured Spanish persecution - Pope (medicine man) and Luis Tupatu (governor of Picuris Pueblo) lead resistance - They made plans to strike at a time when the Spaniards would be low on supplies - The Indians laid siege to Santa Fe for nine days and cut off the town's water supply - most pueblos moved to Navajos or Hopis

Spanish in South California

- try to convert natives - try to subdue natives with navy - established 18 Christian missions (over 1300 people)

Caddoan Mound Builders

-Eastern plains - creation stories: people emerged from the ground carrying corn - population peak: 1500-1600 - traded with Cahokia - 20,000 People

King Philip's War (Metacom)

1675 -76: A series of battles in New Hampshire between the Puritan and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion - largest conflict in NA (40% New England natives/5-10% English died) - Treaties used to acquire land

Kennewick Man

9000 year old skeleton that caused controversy between Indians and scientists on ownership of the past

exogamous (Paleo-Indians)

A social pattern in which members of a clan must marry someone from another clan, which has the effect of building political, economic, and social ties with other clans.

Requerimiento

A statement delicered in Spanish explaining the obligations of Indian people to the king of Spain and to the church and requiring their cooperation; Indians who failed to accept the statemtnt could be killed or enslaved

La Malinche (Dona Marina)

A woman who assisted Hernan Cortez in his conquest and later became his mistress. Her and his son is symbolically considered the first Mexican. She is depicted in Mexican

Jacques Cartier (1534) French

Access to northwest passage - first contact with Statacona and Hochelaga

Covenant Chain (1689-97)

An alliance between the Iroquois Confederacy and the anglo-Americans which sought to establish Iroquois dominance over all other tribes and thus put New York in an economically and politically dominant position among the other colonies - French campaigns struck Iroquois villages and starvation stalked the longhouses

Hohokam

Ancestors of modern Pima and Papago - lived in the Sonoran Desert in southern Arizona - Built massive irrigation systems to water fields - made possible to lived dispersed - created a web network society

Great Swamp fight

Attack by colonial militia on Narragansett Tribe's main fort; killed many Natives (women, children burned alive)

Powhatan

Chief of the Powhatan Confederacy and father to Pocahontas. At the time of the English settlement of Jamestown in 1607 Pocahontas and John Rolfe were wed, and there was a time of peace between the Indians and English until Powhatan's death. - helped Jamestown colonists

Emergence myths

Creation stories where spirits, holy people, tricksters, and the like start in a deep world of darkness and emerge into higher worlds until they reach earth fully developed. (Common)

Bering Land Bridge

Former ice age link between Siberia and Alaska. - 12,000 YA - associated to Clovis people 11,500 (benchmark for habitation)

Hernando de Soto (1539-1542)

Spanish Conquistador; explored in 1540's from Florida west to the Mississippi with six hundred men in search of gold; - had trained dogs - wreaked havoc on Indians

1607- Jamestown, Virginia

First permanent settlement by British in North America - backed by Virginia company as a financial investment - coastal logician people - colonist evidence of cannibalism

Albany Congress (1754)

Forging unity among British colonies (was a cultural encounter)

Juan Ponce de Leon

Spanish Explorer who discovered and named Florida while searching for the "Fountain of Youth"

food surplus

Enabled the growth of certain practices

Queen Anne's War 1702

English Vs. Spain - Spanish try to get native allies - English allied native people: made more indigenous slave trade , firearms trade -> more violence

Tuscarora

English allied natives attack these people and steel them into slave trade (overrun by trespassers) - left Carolina's and settle with Iroquois confederacy - became 6th nation

Black Legend

False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ.

The Caddos

Farming peoples - formed 3 loose confederacies: Hosinais (lived in Nechas and Angelina river valleys of E. Texas), Cadodachos and Nachitoches (lived in red river region in the North) - Trade networks - Spanish and French recognize their power and position and Cortes their allegiance

Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Samuel de Champlain (France)

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635) - transportable wealth -> trade for fur - mutually advantage trade - French imbedded themselves in Native Communities - beaver trade introduce fire arms

Fort Duquesne (1754)

French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops and was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict. - the source of the Ohio River — the forks

Treat at Easton

General John Forbes (English) - promised no settlements west of mountains without Indians consent - promised to establish fair and regulated trade

Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) 1756-63

Global war, that began in northern america War hit french and indigenous allies against the british and their indigenous allies Fought primarily on the frontiers Started over the dispute over rivers

wickiup

Great Basin - straw covered basin - can be taken down over and over

Earth Divers Myths

Humans being emerged from beneath the earth through fog into the 5th world - Lakota

Delawares

In fact, the Delaware chief White Eyes led his people in making the Treaty of Fort Pitt in 1778, the first written Indian treaty concluded by the new United States. The Delawares and the U.S. Congress agreed to a defensive alliance - American Militiamen Murdered the Chief White Eyes

Cheyennes

Indian people who became nomadic buffalo hunters after migrating to the Great Plains in the eighteenth century - became middlemen in trading system that reached New Mexico to Canada

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

Spanish explorer who heard stories about the Seven Cities of Gold and set out to find them (squanto) - met quionoans told to follow Squanto

"Noble Savages"

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's term for indigenous peoples, who, he held, are naturally good

Umiak

Kayak - Inuit seal skin boat (arctic circle)

Migration route theories

Kelp highway: coastal migration route - found human remains in Montana - 12,600 YA

Six Nations Confederacy

Key players in the contest for North America - allies with French and British keeping covenant chain strong - 18th cent - Albany congress

Sunkawakan

Lakota word for horse, means sacred or powerful dog

Language evidence

Looking at how many language families are spoken now and track them back to the past. Approximate location of these families. - Cherokee language family is connected to Eroquain - California has the most linguistic variety in the Americas - Comanche was a common dialect for trade

Guns and Horses

Made it easier for Native Americans to hunt, and created more warfare. Brought by Europe. - Western Sioux: Lakota (migrated north and central plains and began to pressure other tribes for control over territory)

comanchee

Masters of horse culture

Joseph Grant

Mohawk chief who led many Iroquois to fight with Britain against American revolutionaries (most prominent allies of British)

Abenakis

North New England Natives - occupying a borderland between the two competing European powers. French and English - the French and implacable enemies of New England. The nineteenth-century historian Francis Parkman, describing the Abenakis at the time of the Seven Years' War

Rev. John Williams

Pastor captured by Mohawks, daughter Eunice was kept captive and was adopted and continued to live as a Mohawk - refused to go back

William Penn and the Quakers

Pennsylvania: peaceable kingdom: walking purchase (Indians agree to give land what quakers can walk)

Métis

People of mixed Native American and French Canadian descent

Chinampas

Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. - Tenochitlan - Aztec floating islands - food surplus

Chumash Indians

Santa Barbara: annual cycle of subsistence - hunting marine mammals, fish, shellfish, acorns (600,000 harvested), wild plants - Trade network - 30,000 people - 100 of languages - Acorns were the staff of life

2 great plain Indians

Sedentary farming tribes and Mobile Buffalo hunters

Great Basin Trade

Shells, obsidian, food, hides, fishing and hunting gear

linguistic diversity

Supports multiple migrations more than 12,000 YA

Horse Buffalo Complex

The buffalo hunted on horses provided a better living style for most plain Indians, brought increase polygyny in some societies - the source of power, prosperity, and freedom for plain societies - a source of conflict with competition between tribes jostling for positions and hunting territories

The Peaceable Kingdom

William Penn's vision of Pennsylvania inhabited by both Indians and Europeans

Irishman Johnson

Took Mohawk wife - mastered council fire diplomacy

The Dalles

Upstream of Columbia river - harvested salmon , 7000 YA - Ceremonial activity (fish sites) - "finest fisherman in the world" - Largest trade network in NA - women were taboos bc of menstruation

Diego de Vargas

commander of the Spanish army that recaptured New Mexico from the Pueblo people in 1692 (1643-1704) - encomienda was never re-established - 1680

3 sisters

corn, beans, squash

Clan Mothers

could decide the fate of captives, elect and remove council chiefs, and influence decisions for war or peace - molly brant - Mohawk wife of William Johnson

Hopewellian Culture merges 200-100 BCE

elaborate burial mounds and earthen architecture and developed greater ceremonial complexity. - culture spread through extensive exchange networks, and they obtained valuable raw materials from vast distances - serpent mounds begins to merge 800 BCE

Yamassee War (1715-1717)

in British-American colonial history, conflict between Indians, mainly Yamasee, and British colonists in the southeastern area of South Carolina, resulting in the collapse of Indian power in that area.

Beaver Arms

the mid-seventeenth century, Iroquois attacked the Huron people and their neighbors who lived in the Great Lakes region and raided as far afield as Quebec, New England, and the Carolinas. The Hurons were still reeling from the impact of a series of epidemic diseases, and the Iroquois assault in 1649 dispersed and destroyed their confederacy