Histology Connective Tissue & Bone
Match the lamellae type to its description: 1. forms the osteon itself 2. between osteons 3. around outside and inside of bone a. Circumferential b. Haversian (Concentric) c. Interstitial
1b,2c,3a
The fibrous layer of perichondrium is made up of _____ and _____ fibers. The chondrogenic layer is made up of _____ that will differentiate into _____. a. progenitor cells b. fibroblasts c. chondroblasts d. type 1 collagen
1b,2d,3a,4c
Intramembranous bone formation (direct ossification): _____ differentiate into _____. These become _____ and begin producing small bony spicules. These fuse to form _____. The bone whish is initially produced is remodeled by _____ & osteoblasts. a. osteoclasts b. osteoblasts c. mesenchymal cells d. large pieces of bone tissue e. osteoprogenitor cells
1c,2e,3b,4d,5a
What is an isogenous group?
2-4 chondrocytes found in the same lacuna and are descended from a common ancestor.
When does a person's epiphyseal disc become ossified and no further growth is possible?
20s
What is the cellular material that occupies the spaces inside bone?
Bone marrow
What is similar to hyaline cartilage and is found in the external ear, auditory tube, and epiglottis/larynx?
Elastic cartilage
T/F Bone has isogenous groups.
F
T/F Bone, unlike cartilage, does not require a good blood supply.
F
T/F Cartilage never tends to wear and tear and never calcifies with age.
F
T/F Osteoblasts need gap junctions to prevent synchronized function.
F
T/F The nutrition of cartilage comes from blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves within the hyaline cartilage.
F *by diffusion from surrounding connective tissue
T/F Trabeculae weakens the bone because they diffuse stresses on the bone.
F *strengthen
What contains type 1 collagen fibers, has bundles of cartilage visible oriented in a "herring bone" pattern, the lacunae are spread out and contain isogenous groups, there is no perichondrium present, and it is found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, knee, and TMJ?
Fibrocartilage
What are series of concentric lamellae with a canal containing blood vessels and nerves in the center?
Haversian systems
Which of the following is part of non-sulfated GAGs and which are part of sulfated GAGs? a. hyaluronic acid b. chondroitin sulfate c. dermatan sulfate d. keratan sulfate e. heparan sulfate f. haparin
NONSULF: a.
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T/F All 3 types of cartilage have type 2 collagen.
T
T/F Bone grows only by apposition (no interstitial growth - can add bone on outside but not on the matrix).
T
T/F Cartilage originates from mesenchyme.
T
T/F Cementum, dentin, and bone are all connective tissues.
T
T/F Compact bone is made up of periosteum and endosteum layers.
T
T/F Connective tissue is composed of cells and extracellular matrix.
T
T/F Even though calcified cartilage forms as a precursor to bone development, bone is NOT calcified cartilage.
T
T/F Ostogenic/osteoprogenitor cells come from mesenchyme.
T
T/F The cartilage forming in the epiphyseal disc can be divided into zones beginning at the region farthest from the metaphysis.
T
T/F The matrix components of hyaline cartilage includes fibers, ground substance, territorial matrix, and interterritorial matrix.
T
T/F There are both sulfated and non-sulfated GAGs.
T
What is a chondroblast that is completely surrounded by matrix? a. condrocyte b. chondroblasts c. lacuna
a.
What is a loose connective tissue also called "embryonic" connective tissue and it gives rise to connective tissue cells and elements? a. mesenchyme b. mucous c. areolar d. reticular e. adipose
a.
Which component of bone matrix includes type 1 collagen fibers, GAGs, osteocalcin, osteonectin, and osteopontin (bone proteins)? a. organic b. inorganic
a.
Which kind of dense connective tissue contains mostly collagen fibers, the cells are mostly fibroblasts, contains little ground substance, an the ribers are arranged in bundles of various orientations. Ex. fascia, dermis, periosteum, perichondrium, and organ capsule a. irregular b. regular
a.
Which method of cartilage growth is from the outside and increases the amount of matrix laid down under the perichondrium. a. appositional growth b. interstitial growth
a.
Which of the following are collagen fibers from the periosteum/tendons/ligaments that become embedded in the bone matrix and are fibers form the periodontal ligament that become embedded in cementum? a. sharpey's fibers b. vitamin C c. vitamin D d. PTH e. Calcitonin f. sex steroids
a.
Which of the following lays down new bone appositionally, increasing the bone's diameter? a. periosteal osteoblasts b. endosteal osteoclasts
a.
Which type cell is capable of differentiating into various types of connective tissue cells? a. mesenchymal b. fibroblasts/reticular c. collagen d. macrophages e. mast f. white blood g. fat
a.
Which type of bone cell is found in the deepest layer of periosteum, in the endoseum, and undergo cell division to give rise to osteoblasts? a. osteogenic/osteoprogenitor b. osteoblasts c. osteocytes d. osteoclasts
a.
Which type of bone is dense, is located in the peripheral part of a bone, and is laid down in Haversian systems (osteons)? a. compact b. spongy
a.
Which type of bone marrow consists of adipose tissue found within the medullary cavity and replaces the other kind of marrow as a person ages? a. yellow marrow b. red marrow
a.
Which type of collagen is the most widespread type (strongest) and is part of skin, bone, dentin, cementum, tendons, and ligaments? a. collagen type 1 b. collagen type 2 c. collagen type 3 d. collagen type 4
a.
Which type of compact bone layer is connective tissue covering bone with a fibrous layer and osteogenic layer? a. periosteum b. endosteum
a.
Which type of fat cell contains many small droplets and is usually found in rats, mice, and infants to generate heat? a. brown b. white
a.
Which zone of bone growth has chondrocytes that are not actively dividing or producing matrix? a. quiescent/reserve zone b. proliferative c. zone of maturation/hypertrophy d. zone of calcification e. zone of ossification
a.
What are the cells that secrete cartilage matrix? a. condrocyte b. chondroblasts c. lacuna
b.
What is a loose connective tissue that is found primarily in the umbilical cord? a. mesenchyme b. mucous c. areolar d. reticular e. adipose
b.
Which component of bone matrix includes hydroxyapatite(a type of calcium phosphate)? a. organic b. inorganic
b.
Which is not a type of lamellae? a. haversian b. spongy c. interstitial d. circumferential
b.
Which kind of dense connective tissue contains mostly collagen fibers, the cells are mostly fibroblasts, contains little ground substance, and the fibers are tightly packed in parallel bundles. Ex. tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses a. irregular b. regular
b.
Which method of cartilage growth is from within and increases the amount of matrix around lacunae? a. appositional growth b. interstitial growth
b.
Which of the following is required for collagen formation and for people with scurvy the bone matrix cannot be calcified? a. sharpey's fibers b. vitamin C c. vitamin D d. PTH e. Calcitonin f. sex steroids
b.
Which of the following resorbs endosteal bone, increasing the size of the marrow cavity? a. periosteal osteoblasts b. endosteal osteoclasts
b.
Which type of bone cell is found on both of periosteal and endosteal sufaces of bone, is basophilic because of the large amount of rER, communicates by gap junctions, and secrete the bone matrix? a. osteogenic/osteoprogenitor b. osteoblasts c. osteocytes d. osteoclasts
b.
Which type of bone is formed of interconnective trabeculae and has marrow spaces between trabeculae? a. compact b. spongy
b.
Which type of bone marrow consists of developing blood cells, contains reticular cells/fibers, and has abundant sinusoids (large-diameter capillaries)? a. yellow marrow b. red marrow
b.
Which type of cell is the most abundant type of connective tissue cell in the whole body? a. mesenchymal b. fibroblasts/reticular c. collagen d. macrophages e. mast f. white blood g. fat
b.
Which type of cells are elongated spindle-shaped with an elongated and flattened nucleus, they secrete fibers and ground substance, and found in all connective tissues "proper"? a. mesenchymal b. fibroblasts/reticular c. collagen d. macrophages e. mast f. white blood g. fat
b.
Which type of collagen is part of cartilage and the intervertebral disk? a. collagen type 1 b. collagen type 2 c. collagen type 3 d. collagen type 4
b.
Which type of compact bone layer is the inner surface of bone (lining the marrow cavity) and is formed of active osteoblasts or bone lining cells (inactive osteoclasts) and active osteoclasts? a. periosteum b. endosteum
b.
Which type of fat cell contains one large droplet which fills the entire cell? a. brown b. white
b.
Which zone of bone growth includes cells that are undergoing mitoses and line up in distinct columns and these cells are larger than those in the quiescent zone? a. quiescent/reserve zone b. proliferative c. zone of maturation/hypertrophy d. zone of calcification e. zone of ossification
b.
What is the term for the rapid communication in osteocytes that detect changes in pressure and forces in the bone and communicate it to osteoclasts/blasts?
bone remodeling
Match the word with the spot in the statement: _____ are the main component of ground substance. They are macromolecules composed of a core protein to which ______ are attached. GAGs are long-chained polysaccharides which have a sugar called _____ as their basic unit. a. glycosaminoglycans b. glucosamine c. proteoglycans
c,a,b
What is a loose connective tissue that is relatively thin and sparse collagen fibers, has abundant ground substance, allows for diffusion or oxygen and nutrients, as well as waste products and COs, and is found under epithelia covering body surfaces? a. mesenchyme b. mucous c. areolar d. reticular e. adipose
c.
What is an extracellular fluid that includes all body fluids located outside of cells, tissue fluid (interstitial fluid), blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, and comrises nearly 20% of body weight? a. cells b. fibers c. ground substance
c.
What is the chamber that chondrocyte are found in? a. condrocyte b. chondroblasts c. lacuna
c.
Which is not a characteristic of bone? a. it is a typical connective tissue which consists of cells and matrix b. provides support and protection c. inhibits movement d. is a storage site for calcium and phosphate
c.
Which is not true about bone remodeling: a. bone is constantly being remodeled b. remodeling takes place along lines of stress to keep the bone strong c. bone is rarely remodeled d. the proccess goes form resorption by osteoclasts, new bone is laid down by osteoblasts, and as osteoblasts become embedded in matrix, they become osteocytes.
c.
Which matrix component of hyaline cartilage is a zone surrounding chondrocytic lacuna, containing high concentration of sulfated proteoglycans? a. fibers b. ground substance c. territorial matrix d. interritorial matrix
c.
Which of the following is not a type of bone? a. compact b. spongy c. dense
c.
Which of the following is not a type of cell that is a part of connective tissue? a. mesenchymal b. fibroblasts/reticular c. collagen d. macrophages e. mast f. white blood g. fat
c.
Which type of bone cell is an osteoblast surrounded by matrix, located in the lacuna within bone matrix, has little rER or Golgi, the processes extend in the canaliculi, the adjacent cells are connected by gap junctions, and the role is to maintain bone matrix and regulate bone remodeling? a. osteogenic/osteoprogenitor b. osteoblasts c. osteocytes d. osteoclasts
c.
Which type of collagen is part of the pulp, blood vessels, and reticular fibers? a. collagen type 1 b. collagen type 2 c. collagen type 3 d. collagen type 4
c.
Which zone of bone growth includes cells becoming very large and their cytoplasm fills with glycogen and the matrix is compressed into narrow bands between the columns of cells? a. quiescent/reserve zone b. proliferative c. zone of maturation/hypertrophy d. zone of calcification e. zone of ossification
c.
What are the two other names for spongy bone?
cancellous or trabecular
What is composed of reticular fibers/cells, forms a support for other tissue elements, and are a type of fibroblast? a. mesenchyme b. mucous c. areolar d. reticular e. adipose
d.
Which matrix component of hyaline cartilage is a zone between lacunae, has lower concentration of sulfated proteoglycans? a. fibers b. ground substance c. territorial matrix d. interritorial matrix
d.
Which type of bone cell has large multinucleated cells, forms resportion lacunae ("Howship's") on bone surfaces, attached to bone by a sealing zone ("clear zone"), contains abundant mitochonria and lysosomes, Gogli and rER, and vesicles, and the role is bone resorption? a. osteogenic/osteoprogenitor b. osteoblasts c. osteocytes d. osteoclasts
d.
Which type of cells are NOT derived from mesenchyme, but from bone marrow, they might have an indented/kidney-shaped nucleus (or multinucelated), have lots of lysosomes with acid phosphatases, have phagocytic cells, and are involved in immune reactions? a. mesenchymal b. fibroblasts/reticular c. collagen d. macrophages e. mast f. white blood g. fat
d.
Which type of collagen is part of the basal lamina (basement membrane)? a. collagen type 1 b. collagen type 2 c. collagen type 3 d. collagen type 4
d.
Which zone of bone growth is when cells die and that cartilage matrix hardens? a. quiescent/reserve zone b. proliferative c. zone of maturation/hypertrophy d. zone of calcification e. zone of ossification
d.
What is involved in energy storage, insulation, cushioning, has twice the calorie density of carbs and protein, and has endocrine function? a. mesenchyme b. mucous c. areolar d. reticular e. adipose
e.
Which of the following is not a type of bone cell? a. osteogenic/osteoprogenitor b. osteoblasts c. osteocytes d. osteoclasts e. all of the above are types of bone cells
e.
Which of the following is not what is in cartilage? a. ground substance b. type II collagen c. type I d. chondroblasts/chondrocytes e. blood supply
e.
Which type of cells are NOT derived from mesencyme, but bone marrow, have large ovoid cells with spherical nucleus, cytoplasm with basophilic granules with histamine and heparin, and the granules are released in allergic reactions and are part of the immune system. a. mesenchymal b. fibroblasts/reticular c. collagen d. macrophages e. mast f. white blood g. fat
e.
Which type of fibers are part of the thin, delicate fibers are made of type III collagen and found in hte lymphoid tissues, connective tissues, and hemopoietic tissue? a. collagen type 1 b. collagen type 2 c. collagen type 3 d. collagen type 4 e. reticular f. elastic
e.
Which zone of bone growth is when bone is laid down on the spicules of calcified cartilage and is then remodeled? a. quiescent/reserve zone b. proliferative c. zone of maturation/hypertrophy d. zone of calcification e. zone of ossification
e.
What is the layer of hyaline cartilage that remains between the epiphysis and the diaphysis?
epiphyseal disc
Which type of cell includes neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells and leave the blood stream and go into the tissues to fight infections? a. mesenchymal b. fibroblasts/reticular c. collagen d. macrophages e. mast f. white blood g. fat/adipocytes
f.
Which type of fibers are not made from collagen, are thinner than collagen fibers, and allow tissues to stretch and return to their normal size and shape? a. collagen type 1 b. collagen type 2 c. collagen type 3 d. collagen type 4 e. reticular f. elastic
f.
What are the two things that make up the extracellular matrix?
fibers and ground substance
Which type of cell was made to store energy as droplets and can be either brown or white? a. mesenchymal b. fibroblasts/reticular c. collagen d. macrophages e. mast f. white blood g. fat/adipocytes
g.
Which type of fiber is the most abundant protein in the body, which have flexible, high tensile strength, it's a triple helix of alpha chains, and it is found in almost all connective tissues. a. collagen type 1 b. collagen type 2 c. collagen type 3 d. collagen type 4 e. reticular f. elastic g. collagen
g.
What is the term for the material that fills all the spaces between fibers and cells?
ground substance
What covers bony surfaces of most joints, joins ribs to sternum, forms the skeleton of the larynx, and provides a model for developing bones in the fetus? It also forms the growth plates of long bones.
hyaline cartilage
What is the term for the calcified connective tissue that makes bone very hard?
matrix
Most connective tissue derives from an embryonic tissue called _________. These cells are __________-- that is, they are immature cells that have the ability to turn into many other types of cells.
mesenchyme, undifferentiated
What is the region between the epiphyseal disc and the diaphysis? What is the calcified cartilage replaced by?
metaphysis, bone
What is the layer of connective tissue that frequently surrounds cartilage?
perichondrium
What is the term for the other parts of the cartilage model that begin to ossify after a bone has begun to form initially by endochondral ossification?
secondary ossification centers
