History 1010 Sparacio FINAL

the public sphere

a theoretical framework proposed by sociologist Jurgen Habermas which explains how europeans utilized the marketplace as a means to exchange views and knowledge outside the control of the state

the consumer revolution

a title referencing the period between 1600 and 1750 in western europe during which was observed a marked increase in the consumption of luxury goods and products from all economic and social backgrounds

Niccolo machiavelli

advised rulers to think of governance as a process that demanded practical responses to fluctuating circumstances

interregnum

after the public execution of charles I in 1649 CE, England experienced a period of continuous internal warfare referred to as this

head-right system

an incentive for colonial settlement in English Virginia that granted 50 acres of land to any colonist who paid for his own (or anothers) transatlantic trip

the scientific revolution

an intellectual movement between 1543 and 1687 CE that derived elemental explanations through the use of observation and calculation - usually associated with the printing of Nicholas Copernicus

renaissance humanism

an intellectual movement concerned with exploring the world and humanities place within it. it encouraged a focus on rational explanations for secular problems. considered a period of "rebirth"

scholasticism

an intellectual movement during the 13th and 14th centuries CE undertaken largely by scholars and theologians in universities and religious orders who attempted to synthesize reason and faith - some identify the roots of it as early as Charlemagne's imperial court

the enlightenment

an intellectual movement of the 18th century that believed the scientific method of observation and conclusion could be applied to the analysis of economics, politics and social organization in order to devise the most appropriate practices

private charters

grants of exclusive rights and privileges - main mechanism for early english colonization in the Americas

Richelieus agenda

guaranteeing the crowns supremacy equating the crowns power with the moral health of the people cultivation of thought the kingdom as under threat by agents of disorder

spanish colonization

in 1550 CE Spain abolished the encomienda system and replaced it with the repartifmiento system

printing press

invented by Johannes Gutenberg - can be considered the most important "agent of change" in early modern European history

madrasas

islamic model that european universities are believed to have been based off of

haciendas

large scale farms - the spanish and Portuguese forced thousands of native americans to work in mines, including the important silver mine at Potosí or these

monasticism

the practice of monks or nuns living together, often in isolation to reinforce the separate of religious affairs from politics and economics - in western europe some were established with the specific purpose of spreading Christianity. preserved knowlege, as monks and nuns worked dutifully to transcribe secular and spiritual works

ming dynasty

the rise of this dynasty saw a momentary emphasis on maritime expeditions - after the expeditions under imperial eunuch Zheng He, the fleet was decommissioned by emperor Yongle. officials installed the civil service examination system in order to strengthen political centralization

bureaucratic dynasty

solution crafted by Hong Taiji - incorporate relatives into the administrative apparatus of the state, thereby creating this.

the atlantic system

sometimes referred to as the triangle trade. this was an interconnected system that moved goods and people across the atlantic. europeans trafficked slaves from West Africa across the atlantic, where they old them for commodities in north and south america. there raw materials were used for manufacturing, with the processed goods being used to trade for more slaves in africa

entradas

spanish excursions into florida - relied on native laborers

what contributed to the "European Moment"

sustained practice of export-heavy economics by Ming China the rise of European intellectual movements the emergence of a European-dominated Atlantic system the increasing strength of various European state-building methods

indigenous new world diseases

syphilis

heliocentrism

the argument that the planets revolve around the sun

the middle passage

the experiences of slaves as they crossed the atlantic ocean. conditions on board slave vessels were wretched - slaves rarely had access to fresh air. the mortality rate attributed to the middle passage alone is estimate to be approximately 14%

Louis XIV "sun king"

the most prominent example of French rule by a patrimonial absolute monarch - because he constantly shifted his notions of favoritism, court culture and etiquette became highly competitive, a phenomena one scholar has referred to as "the civilizing process"

the long 18th century

the period between the end of the glorious revolution and the conclusion of the napoleonic wars - this era is defined by almost constant on-and-off warfare between the british and the french

dynastic bureaucracy

the state building method found in Qing China. imperial relatives - who often posed the most significant threat to the authority of the emperor were turned into a service elite, which neutralized their overall political influence while still incorporating them into the emperors state agenda

patrimonial absolute monarchy

the state-building method found in france between the 16th and 18th centuries. it refers to the weak power claimed by the assembly relative to the power and influence exerted by the monarchy. instead the crown ruled effectively through the use of networks characterized by patron-client relationships

bureaucratic constitutional monarchy

the state-building methods found in england and britain. it refers to the mutual checks on administrative power concurrently exerted by assemblies, doctrine and the monarchy

Chateau de Versailles

the theatre in which court rituals were performed and vertical ties of patronage confirmed

the columbian exchange

the transfer of peoples, animals, plants and diseases between the new and old worlds. contributed to the growth and development of Ming China, as it brought precious metals and foodstuffs that allowed demographic increase

consumer revolution

the widespread ability to by populuxe items imported from the far corners of the world

middling sorts

western european society experienced an expanding class of prosperous commoners in the 17th and 18th centuries. at the forefront of what scholars generally refer to as consumer revolution

repartimiento system

a system of spanish colonization adopted after 1550 CE that allowed native americans to earn wages and be recognized as legally free, although still subject to a fixed amount of labor per year

natural history

a discipline interested in the biological and geological sciences. during the enlightenment, the desire to collect and collate data regarding the natural world resulted in the creation of information networks and societies that would share discoveries and arguments

the great divergence

a framework scholars have sued to explain the "european moment" that characterized European dominance in world history between 1750 and 2000 CE. the roots of this phenomenon can be found in Chinese and european decisions made between 14000 and 1750 CE

montesquieu

a french lawyer contirbuted to this critical examination of outside cultures with his major works persian letters and the spirit of the laws

shatter zone

a large region of instability in eastern North American that existed from the late sixteenth through early eighteenth centuries and was created by the combined conditions of the structural instability of the Mississippian world and the inability of Native polices to withstand the full force of colonism; the introduction of old world pathogens and the subsequent serial disease episodes and loss of life.

Qing Empire

a nomadic in origin hailing from Manchuria, north of the great wall of china that was completed to its current form under ming rule - because they were foreigners their rulers went to great lengths to reinforce traditional confucian teachings

the playoff system

a strategy utilized by indigenous groups around the world in order to push back against European colonial empires. The basic premise of this strategy was to play competing European colonial empires off one another, switching alliances and trade agreements in order to extract the most advantageous political or economic relationship, ideally guaranteeing political autonomy.

encomienda system

a system of spanish colonization that guaranteed the land worked by coerced labor

sedentary imperial societies

developed highly complex (meaning, multi-ethnic social hierarchies along class and gender, maintained infrastructure systems, and constructed monumental architecture)

reasons absolutism proved difficult to transplant

distance bureaucratic infighting warfare on the eurpean continent dependency on native americans

state-building methods

england: bureaucratic constitutional monarchy france: patrimonial absolute monarchy china: ming and Qing dynastic rule

manchus

followed a tradition of selecting a supreme leader through competition - created the most significant problem to political stability in Qing China: the question of how to deal with imperial relatives

newton

formulated mathematical laws that government all physical objects, including the law of motion and gravity

mestizos

persons of mixed heritage

indigenous new world plants

potatoes corn tomatoes vanilla cacao rubber tobacco

parliament

present-day UK - city of London

Tenochtitlan

present-day mexico

Bartholomeu Dias and Vasco de Game

protuguese explorers paved the way for European sea trade routes that bypassed Muslim middle-men by sailing around Africa

indian slave trade

slave raids through indian country usually related to efforts to restore cosmic balance after the death of a kinsman. At times required forced dislocation and displacement (diaspora). Captives often drawn from geopolitical conflict in Native America. Designation as a slave based on individuals' status as an outsider relative to kinship networks. Designation as a slave was not a permanent form of identity; opportunity for cultural adoption. By eighteenth century, resisted complete adoption of chattel principal.

atlantic slave trade

Always required forced dislocation and displacement (diaspora). Captives often drawn from geopolitical conflict within Africa. Designation as a slave became increasingly based on blood purity and phenotype (skin color). Designation as a slave became a permanent, heritable form of identity, passed between generations. By eighteenth century, had come to completely adopt the chattel principal.

consequences of atlantic system

The Transatlantic Slave Trade stifled economic development in Africa, fostering economic stagnation and political disruption over the course of at least three centuries. The practice of racial slavery and the implementation of the plantation complex spurred further settlement throughout the Americas in an effort to find land for the production of commodities (such as sugar). The goods produced by slave societies in the Americas became important markers of a new distinctly western European lifestyle — the conspicuous consumption of the rising number of "middling sorts."

Columbus

Working for the spanish crown, in an attempt to sail directly to Japan and China - made landfall in modern day Hispaniola, in the process "discovering" the americas

middle ground

an intercultural approach based on relative equality. a context of equal intercultural relations where diverse peoples adjust their difference through waht ammounts to a process of creative and often expedient misunderstandings. people try to persuade others who are different from themselves by appealing to what they perceive to be the values and practice of those others

mercantilism

and economic system based on the premise that the world has a fixed amount of wealth, which meant one country's wealth came at the expense of all others

diaspora

any group that has been dispersed outside its traditional homeland especially involuntarily

indigenous old world diseases

bubonic plague cholera common cold influenza malaria smallpox yellow fever

indigenous old world plants

citrus fruits apples bananas coffee onions wheat rice

settler colonialism

colonial policy in which large numbers of settlers claim land and become the majority population. in mot instances, this new majority attempts to engineer the disappearance of the original inhabitants everywhere except in nostalgia

english civil war

contestations over authority between the monarchy and parliament resulted in this

juan ponce de leon

led the first entrada searching for the fountain of youth.

conquistadors

lesser nobles who had no hope for advancement in the Old world, and traveled to America because of the allure of the encomienda system

intellectual movements

monasticism scholasticism renaissance humanism scientific revolution enlightenment thought

semi-sedentary societies

moved settlements to nearby lands every few years, supplementing cultivation with hunting, fishing and trapping. semi-sedentary societies depended almost exclusively on swidden agriculture

tamemes

native laborers

hunters and gatherers

non sedentary, traveled with few possession, and are believed to be relatively egalitarian communities

criollos

persons of European ancestry born in the colonies