History 1010 Sparacio FINAL
the public sphere
a theoretical framework proposed by sociologist Jurgen Habermas which explains how europeans utilized the marketplace as a means to exchange views and knowledge outside the control of the state
the consumer revolution
a title referencing the period between 1600 and 1750 in western europe during which was observed a marked increase in the consumption of luxury goods and products from all economic and social backgrounds
Niccolo machiavelli
advised rulers to think of governance as a process that demanded practical responses to fluctuating circumstances
interregnum
after the public execution of charles I in 1649 CE, England experienced a period of continuous internal warfare referred to as this
head-right system
an incentive for colonial settlement in English Virginia that granted 50 acres of land to any colonist who paid for his own (or anothers) transatlantic trip
the scientific revolution
an intellectual movement between 1543 and 1687 CE that derived elemental explanations through the use of observation and calculation - usually associated with the printing of Nicholas Copernicus
renaissance humanism
an intellectual movement concerned with exploring the world and humanities place within it. it encouraged a focus on rational explanations for secular problems. considered a period of "rebirth"
scholasticism
an intellectual movement during the 13th and 14th centuries CE undertaken largely by scholars and theologians in universities and religious orders who attempted to synthesize reason and faith - some identify the roots of it as early as Charlemagne's imperial court
the enlightenment
an intellectual movement of the 18th century that believed the scientific method of observation and conclusion could be applied to the analysis of economics, politics and social organization in order to devise the most appropriate practices
private charters
grants of exclusive rights and privileges - main mechanism for early english colonization in the Americas
Richelieus agenda
guaranteeing the crowns supremacy equating the crowns power with the moral health of the people cultivation of thought the kingdom as under threat by agents of disorder
spanish colonization
in 1550 CE Spain abolished the encomienda system and replaced it with the repartifmiento system
printing press
invented by Johannes Gutenberg - can be considered the most important "agent of change" in early modern European history
madrasas
islamic model that european universities are believed to have been based off of
haciendas
large scale farms - the spanish and Portuguese forced thousands of native americans to work in mines, including the important silver mine at Potosí or these
monasticism
the practice of monks or nuns living together, often in isolation to reinforce the separate of religious affairs from politics and economics - in western europe some were established with the specific purpose of spreading Christianity. preserved knowlege, as monks and nuns worked dutifully to transcribe secular and spiritual works
ming dynasty
the rise of this dynasty saw a momentary emphasis on maritime expeditions - after the expeditions under imperial eunuch Zheng He, the fleet was decommissioned by emperor Yongle. officials installed the civil service examination system in order to strengthen political centralization
bureaucratic dynasty
solution crafted by Hong Taiji - incorporate relatives into the administrative apparatus of the state, thereby creating this.
the atlantic system
sometimes referred to as the triangle trade. this was an interconnected system that moved goods and people across the atlantic. europeans trafficked slaves from West Africa across the atlantic, where they old them for commodities in north and south america. there raw materials were used for manufacturing, with the processed goods being used to trade for more slaves in africa
entradas
spanish excursions into florida - relied on native laborers
what contributed to the "European Moment"
sustained practice of export-heavy economics by Ming China the rise of European intellectual movements the emergence of a European-dominated Atlantic system the increasing strength of various European state-building methods
indigenous new world diseases
syphilis
heliocentrism
the argument that the planets revolve around the sun
the middle passage
the experiences of slaves as they crossed the atlantic ocean. conditions on board slave vessels were wretched - slaves rarely had access to fresh air. the mortality rate attributed to the middle passage alone is estimate to be approximately 14%
Louis XIV "sun king"
the most prominent example of French rule by a patrimonial absolute monarch - because he constantly shifted his notions of favoritism, court culture and etiquette became highly competitive, a phenomena one scholar has referred to as "the civilizing process"
the long 18th century
the period between the end of the glorious revolution and the conclusion of the napoleonic wars - this era is defined by almost constant on-and-off warfare between the british and the french
dynastic bureaucracy
the state building method found in Qing China. imperial relatives - who often posed the most significant threat to the authority of the emperor were turned into a service elite, which neutralized their overall political influence while still incorporating them into the emperors state agenda
patrimonial absolute monarchy
the state-building method found in france between the 16th and 18th centuries. it refers to the weak power claimed by the assembly relative to the power and influence exerted by the monarchy. instead the crown ruled effectively through the use of networks characterized by patron-client relationships
bureaucratic constitutional monarchy
the state-building methods found in england and britain. it refers to the mutual checks on administrative power concurrently exerted by assemblies, doctrine and the monarchy
Chateau de Versailles
the theatre in which court rituals were performed and vertical ties of patronage confirmed
the columbian exchange
the transfer of peoples, animals, plants and diseases between the new and old worlds. contributed to the growth and development of Ming China, as it brought precious metals and foodstuffs that allowed demographic increase
consumer revolution
the widespread ability to by populuxe items imported from the far corners of the world
middling sorts
western european society experienced an expanding class of prosperous commoners in the 17th and 18th centuries. at the forefront of what scholars generally refer to as consumer revolution
repartimiento system
a system of spanish colonization adopted after 1550 CE that allowed native americans to earn wages and be recognized as legally free, although still subject to a fixed amount of labor per year
natural history
a discipline interested in the biological and geological sciences. during the enlightenment, the desire to collect and collate data regarding the natural world resulted in the creation of information networks and societies that would share discoveries and arguments
the great divergence
a framework scholars have sued to explain the "european moment" that characterized European dominance in world history between 1750 and 2000 CE. the roots of this phenomenon can be found in Chinese and european decisions made between 14000 and 1750 CE
montesquieu
a french lawyer contirbuted to this critical examination of outside cultures with his major works persian letters and the spirit of the laws
shatter zone
a large region of instability in eastern North American that existed from the late sixteenth through early eighteenth centuries and was created by the combined conditions of the structural instability of the Mississippian world and the inability of Native polices to withstand the full force of colonism; the introduction of old world pathogens and the subsequent serial disease episodes and loss of life.
Qing Empire
a nomadic in origin hailing from Manchuria, north of the great wall of china that was completed to its current form under ming rule - because they were foreigners their rulers went to great lengths to reinforce traditional confucian teachings
the playoff system
a strategy utilized by indigenous groups around the world in order to push back against European colonial empires. The basic premise of this strategy was to play competing European colonial empires off one another, switching alliances and trade agreements in order to extract the most advantageous political or economic relationship, ideally guaranteeing political autonomy.
encomienda system
a system of spanish colonization that guaranteed the land worked by coerced labor
sedentary imperial societies
developed highly complex (meaning, multi-ethnic social hierarchies along class and gender, maintained infrastructure systems, and constructed monumental architecture)
reasons absolutism proved difficult to transplant
distance bureaucratic infighting warfare on the eurpean continent dependency on native americans
state-building methods
england: bureaucratic constitutional monarchy france: patrimonial absolute monarchy china: ming and Qing dynastic rule
manchus
followed a tradition of selecting a supreme leader through competition - created the most significant problem to political stability in Qing China: the question of how to deal with imperial relatives
newton
formulated mathematical laws that government all physical objects, including the law of motion and gravity
mestizos
persons of mixed heritage
indigenous new world plants
potatoes corn tomatoes vanilla cacao rubber tobacco
parliament
present-day UK - city of London
Tenochtitlan
present-day mexico
Bartholomeu Dias and Vasco de Game
protuguese explorers paved the way for European sea trade routes that bypassed Muslim middle-men by sailing around Africa
indian slave trade
slave raids through indian country usually related to efforts to restore cosmic balance after the death of a kinsman. At times required forced dislocation and displacement (diaspora). Captives often drawn from geopolitical conflict in Native America. Designation as a slave based on individuals' status as an outsider relative to kinship networks. Designation as a slave was not a permanent form of identity; opportunity for cultural adoption. By eighteenth century, resisted complete adoption of chattel principal.
atlantic slave trade
Always required forced dislocation and displacement (diaspora). Captives often drawn from geopolitical conflict within Africa. Designation as a slave became increasingly based on blood purity and phenotype (skin color). Designation as a slave became a permanent, heritable form of identity, passed between generations. By eighteenth century, had come to completely adopt the chattel principal.
consequences of atlantic system
The Transatlantic Slave Trade stifled economic development in Africa, fostering economic stagnation and political disruption over the course of at least three centuries. The practice of racial slavery and the implementation of the plantation complex spurred further settlement throughout the Americas in an effort to find land for the production of commodities (such as sugar). The goods produced by slave societies in the Americas became important markers of a new distinctly western European lifestyle — the conspicuous consumption of the rising number of "middling sorts."
Columbus
Working for the spanish crown, in an attempt to sail directly to Japan and China - made landfall in modern day Hispaniola, in the process "discovering" the americas
middle ground
an intercultural approach based on relative equality. a context of equal intercultural relations where diverse peoples adjust their difference through waht ammounts to a process of creative and often expedient misunderstandings. people try to persuade others who are different from themselves by appealing to what they perceive to be the values and practice of those others
mercantilism
and economic system based on the premise that the world has a fixed amount of wealth, which meant one country's wealth came at the expense of all others
diaspora
any group that has been dispersed outside its traditional homeland especially involuntarily
indigenous old world diseases
bubonic plague cholera common cold influenza malaria smallpox yellow fever
indigenous old world plants
citrus fruits apples bananas coffee onions wheat rice
settler colonialism
colonial policy in which large numbers of settlers claim land and become the majority population. in mot instances, this new majority attempts to engineer the disappearance of the original inhabitants everywhere except in nostalgia
english civil war
contestations over authority between the monarchy and parliament resulted in this
juan ponce de leon
led the first entrada searching for the fountain of youth.
conquistadors
lesser nobles who had no hope for advancement in the Old world, and traveled to America because of the allure of the encomienda system
intellectual movements
monasticism scholasticism renaissance humanism scientific revolution enlightenment thought
semi-sedentary societies
moved settlements to nearby lands every few years, supplementing cultivation with hunting, fishing and trapping. semi-sedentary societies depended almost exclusively on swidden agriculture
tamemes
native laborers
hunters and gatherers
non sedentary, traveled with few possession, and are believed to be relatively egalitarian communities
criollos
persons of European ancestry born in the colonies
