History 101350 W Blosser

Native American culture centered on Chaco Canyon

Ancestral Puebloans

Cutural zone that developed along the Congo River and its tributaries. Common languages in this zone included Kikongo and Kimbundu.

Angolan Cultural Zone

Larger, heavy-hulled ocean going ships adapted from vessels used by Arab traders

Caravel

British admiral whose forces could not take Cartagena.

Edward Vernon

Former Salem minister who was accused of witchcraft. He was arrested at his home in Maine.

George Burroughs

Representative government established by the Virginia Company in 1618

House of Burgesses

Mythical water route through North America to the Pacific Ocean

Huron

Town whose marshy location and poor water resulted in high mortality rates for English residents.

Jamestown

Virginia woman who refused to marry the much older governor of the colony.

Lucy Burwell

Led an attack on Virginia settlements in 1622 that almost destroyed the colony

Opechancanough

Leader of the 1680 Pueblo Revolt in New Mexico. He coordinated the day of the attack by sending knotted ropes to outlying pueblos.

Pope

Name that English colonists used to refer to a group of Native Americans in Virginia and their paramount leader

Powhatan

Governmental complex housing Spanish soldiers that stood at the center of New World pueblos

Presidio

Royal decree that prohibited western settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains

Proclamation Line of 1763

Type of colony in which the King appoints the executive leaders

Royal

Society in which slavery is the predominant form of labor

Slave Society

The winter of 1609-10 when Virginia's population greatly declined.

Starving Time

Much-hated Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts whose home was destroyed by an angry mob.

Thomas Hutchinson

Venetian navigator who sailed for the English and likely landed within a few miles of Leif Erikson's Viking settlement

john cabot

French colonists deported from Nova Scotia; some found their way to New Orleans.

Acadians

Franklin's failed plan to promote colonial unity and cohesion during wartime.

Albany Plan Of Union

Cecil Calvert's law that gave religious toleration to Catholics and also promised death to anyone who denied the Trinity

An Act of Concerning Religion

Accused almost all ministers in Massachusetts of losing sight of the true gospel. Following banishment from the colony, this person died in a Native American raid in 1643.

Anne Hutchinson

Free Africans who lived on the Eastern Shore of Virginia in the 17th century. They owned a .250 acre plantation that included servants and 1 slave

Anthony and Mary Johnson

Name for those who believed that they were outside and above the power of religious authorities.

Antinomians

Throwing stick used by Paleo Indians to launch spears with greater velocity over longer distances

Atlatl

Group that rejected both infant baptism and the behavior of Virginia's gentry.

Baptists

English island colony that, in response to declining numbers of indentured servants, embraced slavery in the 1640s. This island later adopted a Slave Code that influenced other English slave regimes

Barbados

Former conquistador who became a monk. His book refuted Sepulveda and attempted to describe the horrors of Spanish violence against Native Americans

Bartolome de las casas

Anglo-American painter who memorialized Wolfe's death on the Plains of Abraham.

Benjamin West

Name of land bridge that may have connected modern day Alaska with Siberia providing migrants with an access point to the Americas

Beringia

Centralized administrative body that oversaw colonial affairs. Colonies employed lobbyists to represent their interests before thus body.

Board Of Trade

This woman had been accused of witchcraft before the Salem crisis. She also had a history of domestic violence with her first husband.

Bridget Bishop

Practice in which young unmarried couples were permitted to sleep together, often with a board between them.

Bundling

Spanish conquistador who stumbled across the American south and southwest for eight years before making it back to Mexico. He returned with stories of seven cities of gold.

Cabeza de vaca

sought to bind the King to certain laws regarding the treatment of nobles, church officials, and individuals.

Charter of Liberties

Movement of the commercial and economic center of the world from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic basin

Columbian Exchange

Puritan goal of being able to live off the fruit of one's labor and to pass financial security on to future generations

Competency

Series of alliances that united the English with the Iroquois.

Covenant Chain

Idea that held that women were legally covered by male identities

Coveture

African-American man enslaved by both the English and the Creeks. Freed by the British, he lived in Nova Scotia before settling in Sierra Leone.

David George

process by which discrete culture traits are transferred from one society to another, through migration, trade, war, or other contact

Diffusionists

Only obtainable from colonial governors and their councils.

Divorces

Super colony created by James II. Andros served as governor.

Dominion of New England

This series of Laws, issued by Governor Richard Nicholls, established trial by jury and freedom of religion but did not provide for an elected assembly.

Duke's Laws

Under Robert Barclay, this colony welcomed large numbers of Scottish Presbyterians. In the words of one historian this colony became "Scotland's first American colony."

East Jersey

British commander who died in a disastrous 1755 defeat within 10 miles of Fort Duquesne

Edward Braddock

Leader of the Virginia Company who instituted the headright policy and shipped thousands of settlers to Virginia

Edwin Sandy

Servant who testified against many accused witches. During the trials, she recanted her testimony and began to question the authenticity of other accusations. Following arrest and interrogation, she provided damning evidence against her employers.

Elizabeth Proctor

Process in which English landowners moved from producing grains to raising sheep. Large numbers of tenant farmers were dispossessed

Enclosure

1499 reform of the repartimiento system. Under this system, Spanish conquistadors were required to convert Native Americans to Christianity. Under the system, Natives were technically free tenant workers although, in reality, most Natives were treated as slaves

Encomienda

American General who seized Fort Ticonderoga

Ethan Allen

Term for women whose legal and economic identities were covered by their husbands

Feme Covert

Term for widowed women who were legally viewed as "women alone" and had economic and legal rights

Feme Sole

Colonial administrator who tried to invade Canada twice - but both times was let down by the British Navy. He got so mad that he, supposedly, stomped on his wig.

Francis Nicholson

After the case of Mrs. Sherman's pig, this legislative body became bicameral.

General Court

Ruling class in Virginia and Maryland. Its members were gentlemen

Gentry

Commander in Chief of the Continental Army. This man wanted the job so bad, he wore his uniform to Congress every day.

George Washington

Evangelist Nathan Cole went to hear

George Whitefield

Husband of an accused witch. He was pressed to death.

Giles Corey

Italian explorer who explored the east coast for France. He was later eaten by cannibals in the Caribbean

Giovanni da Verrazano

1688 political coup in which an absolutist Catholic king was replaced by two Protestant monarchs who agreed to rule with Parliament.

Glorious Revolution

Term for the early settlement of Massachusetts; it included more than 13,000 people

Great Migration

Allowed the grandchildren of church members to receive baptism in the Puritan church even if their parents were not members.

Halfway Covenant

Woman whose prize movable had her name painted on it.

Hannah Barnard

English woman captured by Native Americans. She murdered 10 of her captors and collected a reward for their scalps.

Hannah Duston

English sea captain whose exploratory missions gave the Dutch a claim to New York and the English a claim to northern Canada.

Henry Hudson

Ruthless conquistador that marched across the American south looking for gold. His violence against Native groups included killing runaway slaves on horseback.

Hernando de soto

Example of a stateless society

Igbo Peoples

Major source of contractual labor in Virginia and Maryland before 1660. These laborers were largely young and male.

Indentured Servents

Group of 5 Eastern Woodlands groups that banded together, after 1300, to promote peaceful coexistence.

Iroquois Confederacy

Swiss immigrant whose followers declared him to be God. He led a murderous religious cult that killed people who claimed to be modern incarnations of the Christian Trinity.

Jacob Weber

English philosopher whose ideas of balanced government greatly influenced William Penn's Frame of Government for Pennsylvania

James Harrington

Lengthy sermons that bewailed the Puritans' departure from the godly practices of their forbears.

Jeremiad

French reformer whose followers later took the names Huguenots, Presbyterians, and Puritans

John Calvin

Secretary and physician who drafted a form of government for Carolina

John Locke

Introduced West Indian Tobacco to Virginia

John Rolfe

Explorer who gave the name "New England" to the region. He mapped the area and may have brought deadly diseases with him.

John Smith

Artist whose seventy water colors captured the dignity and humanity of the Native Americans on Roanoke Island

John White

This man accused an outspoken woman of violating the 5th commandment.

John Winthrop

Supposedly gave his most famous sermon, ironically on the terrors of hell, in a monotone voice

Jonathan Edwards

French "ambassador" killed by Washington and his Native American allies in 1754. The killing of this man started the French and Indian War.

Joseph Coulon de Jumonville

Samuel Parris' successor as minister of Salem's church. This man brought peace to the town.

Joseph Green

Parties where young Puritans flirted and danced

Junkets

Native American leader Metacomet led this was against English settlers.

King Phillip's War

War fought to stop Louis XIV's expansionist ambitions in the Rhineland

King William's War

Portuguese traders who took African wives, adopted African cultural practices and became important cultural intermediaries

Lancados

Place where "the shot heard round the world" was fired in April 1775. Eight of Captain Parker's men died as a result.

Lexington

Royal governor who issued a proclamation freeing slaves that escaped to British lines and fought for the King.

Lord Dunmore

French fortress in the Bay of St. Lawrence that guarded the sea approaches to Quebec. Colonial forces captured it but were forced to return it to the French by treaty.

Louisbourg

Cultural zone in which Yoruba was the language of trade and diplomacy

Lower Guinea

Individuals who sided with Britain during the Revolution. About 100,000 of them left the United States at the end of the war.

Loyalists

In addition to the more well-documented transatlantic slave trade, a trade in slaves existed across this desert

MIddle Passage

Islamic kingdom ruled by Mansa Musa. It extended across much of the western Sudan

Mali

Settlements for runaway slaves

Maroon Communities

Reformer who challenged the Roman Catholic Church by arguing that people were saved by faith alone

Martin Luther

This woman accused a man of rape. The man did not deny the charge but the high standard of evidence and the practice of victim shaming meant that he was acquitted.

Mary Hawthrone

Servant who testified against many accused witches. During the trials, she recanted her testimony and began to question the authenticity of other accusations. Following arrest and interrogation, she provided damning evidence against her employers.

Mary Warren

Sachem who led the Pakanoket peoples. He joined the first Thanksgiving.

Massasoit

Document that formed a "civil body politic."

Mayflower Compact

Economic principle that measured a nation's wealth in terms of the gold or silver it controlled. Sought positive balances of trade.

Mercantilism

Method of transporting slaves from West Africa to the Americas

Middle Passage

Examples include Martha Ballard and Alice Tilly

Midwives

Colonial military forces composed of landholding men. They tended to be used for local defense.

Militia

Natural byproduct of sugar production released in the curing process

Molasses

When Spanish conquistadors arrived in New Mexico, they staged a play for Native Americans that reenacted this Native leader's defeat.

Montezuma

Form of conflict in which Native groups captured, tortured, and adopted individuals from other groups to replace dead or captured warriors.

Mourning Wars

Member of the governor's council who led a brutal war against Native Americans and rose up in open rebellion against the government of Virginia.

Nathaniel Bacon

This law, originally passed in 1651, was re-passed at the Restoration in 1660. It limited colonial trade to Anglo-American ships and specified certain valuable products that could only be shipped to England.

Navigation Act

Delaware prophet who encouraged Native Americans to revive their ancient ritual practices, stop using European goods, and unite in resistance to white claims on their land.

Neolin

Incredibly popular book that taught Puritans how to read and what to believe.

New England Primer

Short-lived colony, later incorporated into Connecticut, where strict Puritans found a home.

New Haven

His presented some controversial resolution to Virginia's House of Burgesses. His references to Caesar, Brutus, Charles I, and Cromwell had many in the crowd shouting "treason!"

Patrick Henry

Man who created a very misleading engraving of the Boston massacre.

Paul Revere

Autocratic leader of New Netherland who tried to block Jewish immigrants from settling in the colony

Peter Stuyvesant

Wives who killed their husbands could be charged with this crime

Petit Treason

Irregular tactics used by the French and their Native American allies on the colonial frontier. Today we would refer to these tactics as guerilla warfare.

Petite Guerre

Capital city laid out by William Penn. It featured streets named for trees as a reminder that it was in "Penn's Woods."

Philadelphia

Native Americans who forged a treaty with Maryland and accepted Jesuit missionaries

Piscataway

Daughter of a Native American leader, she married a white man and died in England. She told John Smith that the English were liars.

Pocahontas

Ottawa warrior who attacked Fort Detroit in 1763; other Native Americans similarly attacked other British forts at the same time/

Pontiac

As gifts from the king, all Middle Colonies started out as these types of colonies:

Proprietary colony

Puritan island colony in the Caribbean. Later taken by the Spanish

Providence island

Second century Greek astronomer whose atlas inspired Renaissance explorers

Ptolemy

Large religious movement for reform within the Church of England. Most members stayed within the Church of England

Puritanism

Radical religious group that believed in the "inner light." They practiced pacifism, rejected social distinctions, and allowed women to preach.

Quakers

Religious group that believed that the "Inner Light" of God could be found in every person. They were heavily persecuted in England.

Quakers

War fought to prevent Philip V from becoming king of two major Catholic countries

Queen Anne's War

Term that describes Trenchard and Gordon

Radical Whigs

This accused witch was initially found not guilty. The judge, however, asked the jury to reconsider and they found her guilty.

Rebecca Nurse

Spanish war against Muslims

Reconquista

Statement that Spain required conquistadors to read to Native Americans.

Requerimiento

"Rascal" of an English sea captain whose 1536 voyage ended in cannibalism

Richard Hore

Writer who argued that family government was a model for the larger state

Robert Filmer

British captain who lost his ear to the guarda costa in 1731.

Robert Jerkins

Extreme separatist who questioned colonial charters because the settlers had not purchased the land from Native Americans.

Roger Williams

Held the exclusive right, among British traders, of buying slaves on over 5,000 miles of African coastline until 1698.

Royal African Company

Part of Salem that was more integrated into mercantile commerce. Many accused witches came from this part of Salem.

Salem Town

Part of Salem that remained committed to traditional agriculture. Led by the Putnam family, this part of Salem sought to become independent.

Salem Village

Proto typical new England architectural form. Its roof was steeper on one side than the other.

Saltbox

Edmund Burke's description of England's hands-off attitude toward its North American colonies.

Salutary Neglect

The only judge to repent for his actions in the witch trials. He did so after he interpreted the death of his daughter as a sign of God's judgment.

Samuel Sewall

On the gallows, this condemned witch called a minister a "liar" and told him, "If you take away my life, God will give you blood to drink!"

Sarah Goode

Town beggar known for her disorderly speech. Her daughter, Dorcas, later joined her in prison.

Sarah Goode

Woman who died after a 1742 abortion.

Sarah Grosvenor

Member of the Salem church accused of being a witch. Her appearance at the Salem church before her arrest caused her accusers to interrupt the service.

Sarah Osborne

An American victory in upstate New York, this battle was the turning point of the Revolution

Saratoga

Ship that took an unexpected detour to Bermuda in 1609.

Sea Venture

Society in which slavery exists alongside other forms of labor

Society with Slaves

English speaking Native American who had been to England twice by 1620. He assisted early Pilgrims.

Squanto

This tax was not applied to regulate trade but, rather, to generate revenue from the sale of paper.

Statement Act

Collective name for non Pilgrim immigrants who came over on the Mayflower

Strangers

Agricultural product that transformed the Caribbean economy in the 1640s

Sugar

Name of the Native group that encountered Columbus in the Caribbean in 1492

Taino

Man who erected a maypole and annoyed the Pilgrims

Thomas Morton

Author of Common Sense who denounced the king and called for independence.

Thomas Paine

Native American slave who made a witch cake. She became the first accused witch to confess.

Tituba

Colonial confidence man known for impersonating the wealthy people.

Tom Bell

Taxed Paper, Paint, Lead, and Tea

Townshend Duties

In this document, the pope drew a line in the Atlantic separating Spanish territories from Portuguese lands

Treaty of Tordesillas

Group of men who oversaw the established (Anglican) churches in Virginia

Vestry

Military tribunals without juries.

Vice Admiralty Courts

Parliament's claim that members of Parliament represented all residents of the Empire

Virtual Representation

Oliver Cromwell's plan to seize Spanish island colonies

Western Design

Governor of Virginia and one of 8 original proprietors of Carolina

William Berkeley

Virginia planter who made an enslaved boy drink urine after he wet the bed.

William Byrd 2

Archbishop of Canterbury who advocated Arminianism and removed Puritan critics from their pulpits

William Laud

Royal governor who established a court of Oyer and Terminer to try accused witches.

William Phillips

British Prime minister who came to power in 1756. He aggressively prosecuted the French and Indian War sending 9,000 British regulars to the colonies.

William Pitt

Chief Justice of the Court of Oyer and Terminer

William Stoughton

Unusual markings on a person's body that people believed were a sign of witchcraft

Witches Treats

`Crop that transformed the South Carolina economy

rice