History 202 STUDY GUIDE Exam 2 JAN 30TH
How did the Progressives manipulate environmental conditions to improve social life?
- Children: compulsory education laws, outlaw child labor-Urban life: tenement regulation, public parks, recreation, factory safety, public sanitation (power, water), city planning and zoning-Regional: public health (south)
What was the most outstanding domestic achievement of Roosevelt's New Deal administration?
As of this writing, Social Security, by any measure the outstanding domestic achievement of the Roosevelt administration, serves 54 million beneficiaries.
What was the CIO? Who joined it?
CONGRESS OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATIONS•INDUSTRIAL UNIONS•ALL WORKERS•REGARDLESS OF CRAFT SKILLS•REGARDLESS OF RACE OR SEX
How was the American South affected by World War I? What happened in the South after the war ended?
Cotton Crisis:•Boll weevil•Low Prices•1913 13 cents/lb•Aug 1914 10.6 cents/lb•Nov 1914 6.6 cents/lb•Decline in domestic cotton production•Carryover from 1.25M bales to 3.9M balesWorld War 1 Boom:•Rise in cotton prices to 27 cents/lb then to 37 cents/lb Nov 1920•Boom in oil-chemical industries•Federal dollars for shipyards, military bases•Electrical power, lumber, tobacco•Standard of living rose•Great Migration, 1.6 million
What was a "flapper"? How did she reflect "Broadway" values"?
Modern ValuesSecular and ScientificHedonism Pleasure-seekingConsumerismPop CulturePromotes Cultural Pluralism
According to Joshua Rothman, why didn't the more than 50,000 members of the Ku Klux Klan who paraded through Washington, D.C. wear masks?
Only could walk if their faces were uncovered; millions of Klan members in the US
When it concerned Americans' economic security, what concept did the New Deal of the 1930s establish?
The New Dealers did not think about government in the limited terms of their predecessors, as an agency of national defense and little else. They did not perceive it as an antagonist of the common man, an enemy of liberty, or an entity interested in its own growth for growth's sake. They understood that it was a powerful force and that its power could be exercised by inaction as well as action, to very different ends.
What historical claim has White House senior policy advisor Stephen Miller made about the recent "flow" of "unskilled labor" into the United States? What shift has Miller proposed about who does and who doesn't earn a green card? [Note: a green card gives the recipient permanent status in the United States.]
The United States is currently experiencing a "historic flow of unskilled immigration,"; "Does the applicant speak English? Can they support themselves and their families financially? Do they have a skill that will add to the U.S. economy? Are they being paid a high wage?"
According to Adam Hochschild, why did Woodrow Wilson have to get Americans "excited" about entering World War I. What was "one central part" of the propaganda the Wilson used to get Americans excited about the war?
The Wilson administration faced the problem of how they were going to get Americans excited about this war because, after all, nobody had attacked the United States. It was not, you know, something like Pearl Harbor in 1941. There was no attacks like the Sept. 11, 2001, attack. Nobody had attacked the United States. So there was a huge war propaganda operation. The Committee for Public Information, it was called. It was mounted by the government.
Even though public officials downplayed the 1918 influenza, how did ordinary people know it wasn't the "same old' flu? What happened to cities as fear of the virus heightened?
They knew because the numbers were staggering—in San Antonio, 53 percent of the population got sick with influenza. They knew because victims could die within hours of the first symptoms—horrific symptoms, not just aches and cyanosis but also a foamy blood coughed up from the lungs, and bleeding from the nose, ears and even eyes. ; And people knew because towns and cities ran out of coffins.
Did many of the first-generation white ethnic immigrants who came to the United States from 1830 to 1940 experience much upward mobility?
no
Explain how the New Deal created the modern political spectrum of left-liberal and right-conservative.
•"CONSERVATIVE" RIGHT = ANTI-NEW DEAL REPUBLICANS•"LIBERAL" LEFT = PRO-NEW DEAL DEMOCRATS
Identify the weaknesses in the USA's economy during the 1920s.
•"Sick" Sectors: Falling Prices-Wages•Coal, Textiles, Railroads, Agriculture•Saturated Markets by 1928•Automobiles, Housing•Low Purchasing Power•1/2 Families Live Below Subsistence•New Industries Undeveloped-Need Investment•Plastics, Aluminum, Chemicals, Aviation, Electronics
What were the features of the "blue-collar democracy" of the 1930s?
•AMERICANIZATION OF "OUTSIDERS"•WORKING-CLASS "ETHNICS"•2nd/3rd GENERATION "NEW" IMMIGRANTS•AFRICAN AMERICANS•WHITE SOUTHERN MIGRANTS
What was the function of George Creel's Committee on Public Information (CPI)?
•Progressive Journalist George Creel•Pro-war Propaganda•Power of Publicity: Manipulate Public Opinion
Why was the 1918 influenza or Spanish flu "much scarier" than the usual flu?
•Very contagious, spread easily from person to person, and its death rate was higher than the usual flu•Killed the fittest "W-shape" mortality graph (19-34-year-olds 20x more likely to die than during previous flu epidemics
What was Progressivism? Who were Progressives? What was Christian Socialism? What was the Progressives' approach to social reform?
-Rejection of Laissez-Faire individualism or drift- New made middle class (created by industrial capitalism: new ideas about hygiene, child rearing, privacy and education: social work as a calling (vocation)
According to Adam Hochschild, what was the American Protective League? What were "slacker raids"?
American Protective League- This was an organization which by the end of 1917 had 250,000 members. And it was composed almost entirely of men. It was all white. And these were men who were a little bit too old to go to the front and fight. But they wanted to feel that they were battling for their country. And battle they did. I can actually read you a quotation from one member of the American Protective League, used when he described, with a couple of his comrades, beating up anti-war demonstrators in Grant Park in Chicago in 1917. slacker raids- they would sweep through, in large numbers - you know, thousands of members sweep through a major city like New York or Chicago - and arrest any young men, do citizen's arrests on any young men who couldn't produce a draft card, or who left their draft card at home or whatever.
According to Rothman, when was the Ku Klux Klan "easily" at its most popular in the United States?
During the 1920s, when its reach was nationwide, its members disproportionately middle class, and many of its very visible public activities geared toward festivities, pageants, and social gatherings
Most of the immigrants who arrived in New York City through Ellis Island after 1880 came from which region of the world? What were these immigrants largely searching for?
Eastern Europe; employment
Why did large numbers of early immigrants and their sons and daughters lack English-language skills, even after they had lived in the United States through the 1940s and 1950s?
English was still lacking in the 1940-50s due to the country language was spoke in the home, in the neighborhood; so, it was natural not to know English.
What type of immigrants came to the United States between 1830 and 1940? Were they the poorest peasants? Were most of them skilled or educated?
Instead, it was more often the displaced landowner or semi-skilled journeyman or artisan—someone who had already made the intermediary migration from countryside to town, and who had at least a modicum of exposure to small-city life—who made the journey. Studies of Italian immigrants in early 20th-century Rochester, Utica and Kansas City reveal a population of families that owned small homesteads in the old country, rather than day laborers or the very destitute. The same trend was evident in other cities and among other immigrant populations. Yet if they weren't the poorest of the poor, most immigrants were not skilled or educated.
What occurred in the aftermath of the 1911 Triangle Factory fire? What happened to the factory's owners? What did the factory reform commission accomplish? Who was its leader? How did the fire change the outlook of machine politicians from Tammany Hall?
Mass funeral for the unknown; Harris & max were tried for manslaughter but were acquitted;machine politicians from Tammany Hall began to see that working for the common good was a pathway of political success;emergence of a factory reform commission under the leadership of Al Smith;the emergence of new laws & regulations to control child labor & working conditions
Who was A. Mitchell Palmer? What was his platform when he campaigned for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1920?
Mitchell Palmer was the attorney general in the second part of Wilson's second term. I think what really changed him - he was a Quaker, by the way, and, you know, used thee and thou in his speech sometimes, had refused an appointment as secretary of war at the beginning of the Wilson administration because he was opposed to wars in general. But by 1919, he had his eye on the Democratic nomination for president in 1920, especially when it became clear Wilson was not going to be running again. And as the country's top law enforcement officer, he saw himself as the law and order candidate. Then, just as he was starting to think about all these things, his house was bombed, which also made him a victim in the public's eyes. He and his wife and daughter were not hurt, but their house was destroyed. The images of it were on front pages of newspapers all over the country.
What parts of American life were identified by their "Broadway" values?
Modern ValuesSecular and ScientificHedonism Pleasure-seekingConsumerismPop CulturePromotes Cultural Pluralism
Identify the groups and laws that reflected the conservative "Main Street" values of the 1920s.
Prohibition (18th Amendment 1919)Volstead Act 1920Twenty-first Amendment Repealed Eighteenth Amendment 1933Immigration RestrictionJohnson-Reed Act 19242nd KKKFundamentalism (Anti-Evolution Laws)
What were the three parts of the New Deal welfare state?
Social Security Act (1935)Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)Public Works (WPA,PWA)
How did the New Deal's predecessors, i.e. the previous Presidential administrations before Franklin Roosevelt took office, think about government?
The New Dealers did not think about government in the limited terms of their predecessors, as an agency of national defense and little else. They did not perceive it as an antagonist of the common man, an enemy of liberty, or an entity interested in its own growth for growth's sake. They understood that it was a powerful force and that its power could be exercised by inaction as well as action, to very different ends.
What was the Triangle Shirtwaist fire? How did it change New York City's Tammany Hall Democratic Party political machine?
The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, on Saturday, March 25, 1911, was the deadliest industrial disaster in the history of the city, and one of the deadliest in U.S. history.
What is the Greatest Generation's narrative? According to this narrative, what has happened to every subsequent generation since the Greatest Generation?
The narrative of the Greatest Generation is that they suffered through the ravages of the Depression but emerged stronger.; Franklin D. Roosevelt might have helped them back on their feet with works programs and Social Security, but they pulled together and lifted themselves still further. They fought a world war and won the war and the peace. They built cozy homes, went to college, raised families, and took them to church or synagogue every weekend. The Greatest Generation was independent and hardworking and grateful, while each generation since has grown lazier and greedier than the one before it.
What exceptional impact on history does Barry see in the third wave of the virus? Why was the virus less lethal after the third wave? Why did so many young adults die of the 1918 influenza?
This was lethal by any standard except the second wave, and one particular case would have an exceptional impact on history.; partly because many human immune systems now recognized it and partly because it lost the ability to easily invade the lungs. ; As it happens, young adults have the strongest immune systems, which attacked the virus with every weapon possible—including chemicals called cytokines and other microbe-fighting toxins—and the battlefield was the lung.
Who was Franklin D. Roosevelt? Why was he so popular? How did he change the meaning of the term "liberalism"?
WINNING PERSONALITYPOLITICSCOMMUNICATION"FIRESIDE CHATS"CONFIDENCE"THE ONLY THING WE HAVE TO FEAR IS FEAR ITSELF"FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS, MARCH 1933"Classical" Liberalism (18th-19th century)- •Self-rule (Republicanism) •Liberty •Free MarketModern Liberalism(20th Century)- Self-rule (Mass Democracy) Security Mixed Economy
According to Hochschild, what did the Espionage Act allow the U.S. Postmaster General Albert Burleson to do?
Well, they were basically intended to shut down dissent against the war because there were a lot of Americans who were skeptical. You know, should the United States really join this war in Europe? Here was the largest war and most deadly war the world had ever seen up to that point. The United States was not involved. We were on the other side of the ocean. Many Americans felt it was a mistake to go to war. Wilson however, President Wilson was very eager to go to war, and he pushed the Espionage Act through Congress. One of the things that allowed him to do was to shut down media that opposed the war. And media in those days meant newspapers and magazines. There was no internet, no radio, no TV. The Espionage Act gave to the postmaster general the power to declare a publication unmailable. And, of course, you know, newspapers and magazines depended on that. Daily newspapers, the mainstream daily newspapers, which pretty much supported the war, could still be sold on street corners and delivered to people's homes. But weeklies, monthlies, journals of opinion, the vast majority of the socialist press, the vast majority of the foreign language press had to travel through the mail.
According to Adam Hochschild, why did "this period of enormous repression" come to an end? What was its purpose? What organizations were "crushed"?
because in the eyes of those who were in control in this country, it had accomplished its purpose. its purpose was basically to crush progressive forces.. The Socialist Party
According to Joshua Rothman, what did the 1920s Klu Klux Klan encourage its members to believe? When and why did its membership begin to grow in the early 1920s?
bigotry, intimidation, harassment, and extralegal violence were all perfectly compatible with, if not central to, patriotic respectability
According to Louis Hyman, what are other forms of government economic power besides spending?
but in helping businesses overcome risk-aversion and finance new opportunities for growth.
What were the ways that the Lower East Side immigrant neighborhood contributed to New York City's development?
center for artists & musicians who received funds from wealthy new Yorkers
What industries provide an effective guide to the economy because of their "multiplier effect"?
commercial & home constructionautomobiles
What type of skills (both work skills and language skills) were possessed by most of the 40 million workers who immigrated to the United States from 1830 to 1940?
comprised largely of unskilled workers with minimal English-language proficiency.
According to John Barry, what is the most important lesson from 1918? What does its actual implementation depend on?
is to tell the truth. ; the character and leadership of the people in charge when a crisis erupts.
According to Adam Hochschild, how did "the American establishment" react to the Russian Revolution?
it terrified the american establishment
According to Joshua Rothman, what are the explanations for the decline of the 1920s Ku Klux Klan?
its own leaders were involved in several scandals
According to Joshua Rothman, the typical Ku Klux Klan member of the 1920s belonged to which social class?
middle class
How did governments aggravate the horror of the 1918 pandemic? How did the Sedition Act aggravate the 1918 pandemic?
partly because of the war. For instance, the U.S. military took roughly half of all physicians under 45—and most of the best ones. What proved even more deadly was the government policy toward the truth.; making it punishable with 20 years in prison to "utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the form of government of the United State...or to urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of production in this country of anything or things...necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war."
How does "the myth of the redemptive Depression" recast the Great Depression?
recasts the greatest economic crisis of the 20th century as a purifying experience that brought people together and to God—or would have, if only Franklin Roosevelt had not interfered.
According to Adam Hochschild, what was the significance of the 1917 East St. Louis "riot"? Why was it "no coincidence" that the "worst racial warfare happened in 1919"?
significance of the 1917 East St. Louis "riot"- Let's start with 1917. Would you describe the white mobs that attacked a Black neighborhood in East St. Louis?HOCHSCHILD: Yeah. This was the first of these explosions of white violence. East St. Louis was a smoky, industrial city in Illinois across the river from St. Louis - a lot of factories there, steel mills, that kind of thing. And cities like this were a destination for people who were making the Great Migration. These were Black Americans who were fleeing the South, a region where they were stuck in miserable jobs as picking cotton, as sharecroppers, doing that kind of thing, and also a region where there was often, like, one lynching a week somewhere in the South. They fled to places like East St. Louis, where there were industrial jobs that paid better. no coincidence- I think it's no coincidence that the worst racial warfare happened in 1919. It was a time when 4 million men got released from the U.S. Army, the U.S. military - they came back to the United States. And there weren't enough jobs because the factories that had been making tanks and planes and machine guns and ships and so forth during the war had shut down. So Blacks and whites were competing for jobs. And for many white Americans, it was all too easy to blame Black competition for the fact that they couldn't get a job. So that produced the racial warfare then.
Why did white Protestant Americans join the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s? What were their anxieties? What did the Klan promise? If violence wasn't the attraction for most members of the 1920s Klan, what was? What did the Klan give its members?
that the country they had known and been accustomed to dominating was coming undone. They worried about an influx of eastern European immigrants who adhered to Communism and other supposedly subversive political creeds, about the seemingly growing influence of Catholics and Jews in American life, and about the migration of African Americans out of the South. e intellectual vogue for religious modernism, the expansion of political and sexual freedoms for women, and the perception that immorality, crime, and vice were all on the rise only confirmed the sense that the world was spinning beyond their control; the restoration of "true Americanism" and offered members a platform that demonized blacks; the restoration of "true Americanism" and offered members a platform that demonized blacks; the restoration of "true Americanism" and offered members a platform that demonized blacks; the sense that they belonged to something special, complete with secret rituals; handshakes; mystical-sounding titles, like Imperial Wizard and Exalted Cyclops; code words; and uniform
According to Adam Hochschild, what conflicts were dividing the United States in the years 1917-1921?
the great migration of Black people from the South moving to northern industrial cities. You have waves of immigrants including Jewish, Polish and Italian immigrants, who weren't thought of as white. And you have the rise of the labor movement.
What were the forces that drove people, capital and ideas to flow within and between national borders during the 19th and early 20th centuries?
the rise of commercial agriculture and the attendant trend of land consolidation, industrialization and growing international trade
According to Alison Greene, what argument is "one of the most toxic elements of the myth of the redemptive Depression"? This argument hinges on what "two essential beliefs about poverty and suffering."
the way it supports the argument, advanced fiercely in the welfare reform debates of the 1990s and spoken as obvious truth by many conservatives today, that the New Deal destroyed the careful and compassionate work of churches and voluntary associations; about poverty and suffering.
What do today's public health officials agree is their highest priority? What is another key step in pandemic readiness? What are the less glamorous measures "nonpharmaceutical interventions" that we can layer to reduce the impact of a pandemic outbreak?
to develop a "universal vaccine" that confers immunity against virtually all influenza viruses likely to infect humans; improving pandemic readiness is to expand research on antiviral drugs; hand-washing, telecommuting, covering coughs, staying home when sick instead of going to work and, if the pandemic is severe enough, widespread school closings and possibly more extreme controls.
What group—Progressives, business leaders, or liberals—presided over the government of the 1920s?
wall street- government by business elites
In what ways did Southern religious leaders respond when President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal relief programs of the 1930s replaced local churches as the primary source of support for needy people?
welcomed it
According to John Barry, when does a pandemic occur? How was the 1918 pandemic virus different from the ordinary seasonal influenza virus? How does the mortality rate of the 1918 influenza pandemic compare to other pandemics such as AIDS or the bubonic plague?
when an entirely new and virulent influenza virus, which the immune system has not previously seen, enters the population and spreads worldwide.; infected cells in the upper respiratory tract, transmitting easily, but also deep in the lungs, damaging tissue and often leading to viral as well as bacterial pneumonias.; Wherever it began, the pandemic lasted just 15 months but was the deadliest disease outbreak in human history, killing between 50 million and 100 million people worldwide, according to the most widely cited analysis. An exact global number is unlikely ever to be determined, given the lack of suitable records in much of the world at that time. But it's clear the pandemic killed more people in a year than AIDS has killed in 40 years, more than the bubonic plague killed in a century.
What groups did the U.S. government target for repression during World War I? What was important about the Schenck and Abrams U.S. Supreme Court cases?
wives & mothers of army men•Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes: No Absolute Right to Free Speech, i.e. Shouting "fire" in a crowded theater•"Clear and Present Danger" Test
What was the 1935 National Labor Relations Act (also known as the Wagner Act)? What rights did it give industrial workers?
•BOOST ECONOMIC RECOVERY•"INEQUALITY OF BARGAINING POWER"•RIGHT TO VOTE TO JOIN A UNION•COLLECTIVE BARGAINING•NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
What is Keynesianism? How did it reflect New Dealers' attempt to build a new consumer economy?
•FISCAL ("TAX AND SPEND") POWER•MONETARY (MONEY SUPPLY) POWERGOALS: STABLIZE THE ECONOMYBOOST INVESTMENTINCREASE EMPLOYMENT
Why were Boston and Philadelphia the first cities hit hardest by the 1918 influenza?
•First to Boston Camp Devens (100 deaths per day in Sept.) and then to Philadelphia's Navy Yard and then to civilian population•Spread before distancing, quarantining, isolating measures enactedthe parade•"[W]hile influenza bled into American life, public health officials, determined to keep morale up, began to lie." John Barry
What are the legacies of the New Deal?
•MODERN LIBERALISM•"MIXED" ECONOMY•FREE MARKETS•KEYNESIANISM•FISCAL ("TAX AND SPEND") POWER•MONETARY (MONEY SUPPLY) POWER•WELFARE STATE•INDUSTRIAL UNIONS-BASIC INDUSTRY•MODERN POLITICAL SPECTRUM
What was "Wilsonianism"? Why did the Progressives support Wilson's call for the USA to enter World War I?
•President Woodrow Wilson•Declaration of War April 1917•USA fighting for "the ultimate peace of the world and for the liberation of its peoples" and thus guarantee the world would "be made safe for democracy•Wilsonianism•Progressives•Most Support War•Global and National Reform
What was "progressive conservatism"? What crises did the rural South face in the 1920s?
•Prosperity, civic activism, building boom, investment•Extractive industries, lumber products, oil and gas•Example: 10 Hydroelectric Dams, energy for 300 cotton mills in Carolina Piedmont
What was the "new" immigration? What do we mean by "assimilation"? Who were the "nativists"? Up until the 1920s, which was the dominant approach to immigration: restriction or Americanization?
•The Assimilation Question•Immigration Restriction? "Nativists"•Whiteness: Anglo-Saxon, Protestant•"Americanization"?•Employers' Provide Classes on American History, English•Progressives' Settlement Houses•US Policy: Americanization up to the 1920s•"Ethnics"; Ethnic Americans; Ethnic Vote•Promotes "100 Percent Americanism"•Reflects Political Strength of White Protestant "Anglo-Saxons"•Limit on Overall Immigration•National Quotas Favor Northwest Europeans
What was the urban political machine? Who were "muckrakers" and why were they important during the Progressive Era? What was the Progressives' criticism of the political machine?
•To Progressives, the Machine was a "Special Interest"•One Purpose: Make Money•Cities: "Boss" Politics•States: Corporations and Parties Control Govt.•Progressives' Ideal Government•Serve the "Public Interest"•Protect Citizen-Consumers with Professional Civil Servants•Urban Liberalism or Urban Socialism•"Muckrakers"•Investigative Journalists•Use Power of Publicity-Expose Social Problems
How did the New Deal promote modernization of the American South?
•tipped balance away from rural planters and toward urban business moderates
