HISTORY 21 FINAL

Escalation in Vietnam

1965: large-scale bombing of NV, 200,000 combat troops sent to SV → constantly more being deployed over the next 3 years Tons of soldiers are getting killed and Americans aren't so on board anymore 1968: NV launches most aggressive attack on SV sending in 85,000 troops Media starts portraying the Vietnam War in a negative way so American citizens raise doubts By 1968: 400,000 troops are in Vietnam Johnson begins peace talks with the North More money going to military, meant less money for social programs in the US → Johnson's Great Society wasn't working out

START:

Context: at the end of the cold war ○ First proposal was by President Reagan in May 1982 - He proposed a dramatic reduction in strategic forces in two phases (SALT III). - 1st phase: reduce nuclear weapons - 2nd phase: introduced similar limits on heavy bombers and their warheads ○ In July 1991, Gorbachev and Bush signed the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), which committed their countries to reducing their nuclear arsenals by 25% ○ Bilateral treaty between the United States and USSR on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms ○ Entered into force in December 1994 ○ It's final implementation in the late 2001 resulted in the removal of about 80% of all strategic nuclear weapons then in existence

19th Amendment

Context: during and after WWI - women were shown economic independence during WWI so they started wanting the same rights men had, pushing them to protest for women's voting rights ○ Passed by Congress on June 4, 1919 ○ Ratified on August 18th, 1920 ○ Guarantees all American women the right to vote - Several generations of women suffrage supporters lectured, wrote, marched, lobbied, and practiced civil disobedience to achieve this change of the constitution ○ Men HAVE women the RIGHT to vote, they may have fought for it but eventually it came down to the true notion that men had to give it to women ○ One Tennessee legislature was left to decide in the split vote; the ONE final vote and he had a note from his mom telling the man to do the right thing so he did and passed it ○ During women's movement, the roaring 20s - a time of the new woman and change in society

Women's Education:

More educational opportunities for women beginning in the late 19th century

Rosie the Riveter

WE CAN DO IT! ○ With American men leaving the workplace to fight on the European front during WWII, women are left at the home front to fulfill their positions ○ WWII Propaganda advertised the permission and urgence for women to join the masculine workforce in order for America to keep up with war production ○ As women joined these positions the classic housewife image changed into a practical, masculine, American worker ○ Rosie the Riveter was one piece of propaganda that urged on this strong, independent, dedicated type of woman ○ This particular piece of propaganda left a lasting impact on the role of women in the workplace and serves as the inspiration women needed to cross the lines of typical gender roles and hold the same positions as men in work and society

Appeasement

the policy of making concessions to the dictatorial powers in order to avoid conflict, governed Anglo-French foreign policy during the 1930s. It became indelibly associated with Conservative Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain.

New Immigration

○ 1880s-1920s ○ From Eastern/Southern Europe and China/Japan "Push" and "pull" factors forced people out of their home countries ○ Push: famine, escape religious, political or racial persecution ○ Pull: work with consistent wages in US ○ Wave caused major urbanization and congestion of slums with poor immigrants ○ New immigrants became the urban working class ○ New immigrants had distinctive physical features, foreign languages, unfamiliar religions which made them easy targets for discrimination → racial nationalism

Jane Addams

○ A pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author and reader in the women's suffrage and world peace ○ Created the first Hull House in 1889 ○ Content: Era of Teddy Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, Jane Addams was one of the most prominent reformers of the Progressive era ○ She helped America address issues that were concerning to mothers (needs of children, local public health, and world peace) - If women were to be responsible for cleaning up their communities and making them better places to live, they needed to be able to vote to do so effectively ! (HER IDEA) ○ In 1931, she became the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize

Moral Majority:

○ A prominent American political organization associated with the Christian right and Republican party ○ Founded in 1979 by Baptist minister Jerry Falwell; dissolved in the late 1980s. ○ Played a key role in the mobilization of conservative Christians as a political force and particularly in Republican presidential victories throughout the 1980s ○ Basically a ploy to intertwine religion and politics ○ It crusaded against what it viewed as "negative" cultural trends: legalized abortion, the women's movement, and the gay rights movement ○ It lobbied for prayer in public schools, increased defense spending, a strong anticommunist foreign policy, and continued American support for the State of Israel ○ Fundamentalists of the Moral Majority came about because they were alarmed by a number of developments that, in their view, threatened to undermine the country's traditional moral values ○ Organization quickly grew to several million members

Phyllis Schlafly

○ AGAINST the ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) ○ DID NOT WANT WOMEN TO WORK ○ She called feminists: "a bunch of bitter women seeking a Constitutional cure for personal problems" ○ True and accurate statement (she was smart and calculated with what she said), but filled with negativity toward stopping the women's movement ○ She said if this passes, then women will have to fight in the military and everyone flipped about that idea ○ President Carter responded: women and men would be drafted equally BUT put in appropriate jobs; no women will be on the front line ○ She said we would have to have unisex bathrooms, gays and lesbians would "take over" and men would become involved with abortions ○ All of her comments made people feel scared and angry about women obtaining rights ○ She said these things purposely to get people to "Stop ERA" (her slogan)

Racial Profiling:

○ Act of suspecting or targeting a person of a certain race based on a stereotype about their race ○ Context: black lives movement ○ Speculation that blacks are being targeted by law enforcement officers simply because they acted upon stereotype knowledge

Black Power:

○ After Martin Luther King Jr. is murdered, America exploded into episodes of violence - Riots - Businesses are destroyed and looted ○Due to black frustration, black power emerges. ○ Black power: the power of African Americans to unit as a political force and create their own institutions apart from white dominated ones - Live apart from whites and solve problems by themselves - Seen as more radical ideals - Wanted equality and justice

Voting Rights Act:

○ Although African Americans had the right to vote and the 24th amendment prohibited poll taxes, white citizens met voters with protests and violence ○ "Bloody Sunday": 1965 - marchers crossing the Edmund Pettus Bridge encountered a cordon of state police, wielding batons and tear gas; the violence shown by the white population was on TV screens across the US Johnson introduced bill to Congress Voting Rights Act of 1965: ○ Prohibited states and local governments from passing laws that discriminated against voters on the basis of race ○ Literacy tests outlawed ○ 250,000 African Americans register to vote; by 1967 the majority of African Americans had registered ○ Final stride towards voting rights for everyone - getting rid of the constant obstacles that were blocking African Americans from voting

Pullman Strike

○ America is in the heart of the Industrial Revolution - urbanization, consumer culture, and unfair working conditions are prevalent ○ union strike against the American Railway Union on Pullman, Illinois ○ Pullman runs the town - high rent, follow his ideals, hired only ppl that lived in town ○ Eugene V. Debs started the riot (president of American Railway Union) ordered rail workers throughout the country to stop handling any Pullman cars ○ retaliation and riots 51 dead, 500 arrested ○ Significant in that the strike was the first big fight back against the large business tycoons, was the beginning of the labor unions, and raised the question of worker's rights

Vietnam War Protests

○ Baby boomers were entered college campuses to "find" themselves and were unhappy with the university's rigorous system of required courses. ○ Students for a Democratic System (SDS) was formed demanding student participation in university governance - would do "teach-ins" to talk about the pros and cons of war ○ At UC Berkeley, Berkeley's Free Speech Movement was created to resolve the issue of prohibited political activities on campus ○ These student groups influenced students on college campuses throughout the country to join the protest against the war in Vietnam ○ Hippies were also a group that protested the war in Vietnam, asking for personal freedom ○ Marches

G.I. Bill:

○ Before WWII had even ended, Congress passed the GI Bill which gave eligible honorable veterans: - a year's worth of unemployment compensation - the opportunity to pursue higher education - low-interest loans to buy homes or start businesses. ○ Dramatic increases in men going to college which paved the way for increases in blue and white-collar jobs, increasing the amount of middle class citizens ○ The GI Bill eased the return of veteran's back home, created a bigger qualified workforce through education, improved the financial status of Americans, and improved the standard of living.

World War II Fire Bombings

○ Bombing technique used to destroy urban areas like suburbs ○ Massive firebombing raids in Japanese and German cities consistently killed more civilians than any contemporary nuclear weapon could have ○ when used in massive numbers over a small area, it would create a raging inferno which destroyed life and property with greater rapidity than any technology under the control of man ○ The Bombing of Tokyo was done via firebombs (air raid)

Arsenal of Democracy

○ Britain and France declare war on Germany. Instead of staying neutral, FDR knows that in order for Britain and France to win against Germany the US would have to supply them with weaponry ○ The Arsenal of Democracy was a slogan that FDR used during a radio broadcast announcing that he would help Britain but not involve the US in the actual fighting ○ The speech called for national effort from the American people to be onboard for the plan of helping Britain - as the people that would be working in war production were the American people ○ Significant in that the speech marked the beginning of real involvement of the US in WW2 and called upon every type of American citizen to join the war effort with full force

Multicultural Cabinet

○ Bush was a pretty conservative dude so it was shocking that his cabinet was the most diverse we have seen yet - Latinos, asians, women ○ It was a move towards a "post-racial America" ○ Perfect example of the attempt to represent people of color within the confines of color-blind discourse ○ Showed that inclusion was happening at all levels, even in politics ○ However, they performed so poorly that it was almost as if Bush was making a high-stakes argument against affirmative action

New Woman

○ Came around in the 1880s/1890s ○ She was nicknamed the "new woman" or the "gibson girl" - The fashion had changed, more colors, more skin, accentuate features, acted more flirtatious, etc. - The culture and the expectations were to have an hourglass figure, and the fashion reflected this by accentuating big busts/butts, and keeping the waist skinny ○ Women wear the corset and it would push in her ribs and because it pushed the ribs, it would squish her internal organs and lungs = why they would faint all the time - Caused some internal damage by trying to conform to societal expectations ○ Growth in the number of feminist, educated, independent career women in Europe and the United States ○ Pushed the limits set by the male-dominated society

Civic Nationalism

○ Civic nationalism arises after the wave of immigration from 1890-1920 as immigrants are coming for new opportunities in America - striving for equal freedom and opportunity embodied by the American Dream ○ values of freedom, tolerance, equality, and individual rights for all backgrounds ○ the promise of economic opportunity and political freedom to all citizens ○ Significant in that the idea of civic nationalism was is in a give and take pull throughout the 20th century - a good majority of American citizens continued to fight against racial nationalism for civic Lead to things like: ○ Civil Rights ○ Desegregation in Education/Public

1965 Immigration and Nationality Act

○ Context: At the height of the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, the restrictive immigration laws were seen as an embarrassment by President JFK who called the then-quota-system "nearly intolerable" - After he was assassinated, Lyndon Johnson signed the bill ○ The 1965 act scrapped national origins quota system in favor of hemispheric ones, the country cap was changed so every country had the same (20,000/yr) ○ Visa preferences to family reunification (with many more family members included) and job skills ○ Certain relatives continued to be exempted from quota counts (parents of citizens were added, to minor children and spouses) - It wasn't a radical bill, it just made things equal thus changed things dramatically ○ focused on immigrants' skills and family relationships with citizens or residents of the U.S. Numerical restrictions on visas were set at 170,000 per year, not including immediate relatives of U.S. citizens, nor "special immigrants

Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA):

○ Context: Clinton campaigned as an economically conservative New Democrat, he was trying to be socially liberal - After he won the 1992 election, he promised to end the 50 year ban on gays and lesbians serving in the military - However, after he took office in 1993, he amended his promise in order to appease conservatives - Led to policy of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" - Active duty lesbians/gays in the armed forces were to not discuss their sexual orientation if they were asked and if they did, they would be dismissed from military service ○ Signed into law by Clinton in September 1996 ○ Defined marriage as a heterosexual union and denied federal benefits to same-sex couples ○ It also allowed states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages granted by other states ○ When Clinton signed the bill, he was personally opposed to same-sex marriage ○ Nevertheless, he disliked DOMA and later called for its repeal ○ He also later changed his position on same-sex marriage ○ Clinton said one thing and did another to appeal to conservatives

Cambodia and Laos:

○ Context: Vietnam War ○ From the beginning of the Vietnam War, the NLF (National Liberation Front) had used bases situated just inside the borders of neighbouring Cambodia. ○ For many years US military advisers had wanted these bases to be bombed. President Lyndon B. Johnson had rejected this strategy as he feared it would undermine the anti-communist government of Prince Sihanouk. ○ Soon after becoming president, Richard Nixon gave permission for the bombing of Cambodia. ○ In an effort to avoid international protest at this action, it was decided to keep information about these bombing raids hidden. Pilots were sworn to secrecy and their 'operational logs' were falsified. ○ The bombing didn't destroy the bases so in 1970, Nixon sent troops in to "finish the job" - The invasion of Cambodia provoked a wave of protests in United States (4 students killed when National guardsmen opened fire @ Kent State) - 450 colleges closed in protest against the killings ○ The arrival of US marines in Cambodia also created hostility amongst the local population. - The Cambodian communist movement, the Khmer Rouge, had received little support from the peasants before the United States invasion. - Now they were in a position to appeal to their nationalist sentiments and claimed that Cambodia was about to be taken over by the United States. During 1970 and 1971, membership of the Khmer Rouge grew rapidly. ○ Laos, another country bordering Vietnam, was also invaded by US troops. - As with Cambodia, this action increased the support for the communists (Pathet Lao) and by 1973, they controlled most of the country.

Economy of the 1970s

○ Context: Vietnam war had just concluded and the U.S. economy was hurting ○ U.S. entered a recession Energy shortage ○ Worldwide oil shortage ○ Nations started to conserve their non-renewable oil supplies in hopes to have some still available in the near future ○ Gas prices rose, devastating western economy (including America) ○ Stagflation: high rates of inflation + economic recession ○ Gas went from 35 cents to 90 cents by the end of the 1970s High inflation ○ High demand and low supply of jobs, houses, cars, etc. ○ No federal reserve chairman ○ Prices kept rising and rising because everyone kept underestimating the inflation issues ○ 1960s policies left economic policy makers of the 1970s with "bad cards" High unemployment ○ Result of the women work force and combination of returning soldiers from Vietnam ○ 96 million workers ○ 3.3% unemployment to 8%, nearly reaching another depression

Cultural Conservatism

○ Cultural conservatism opposed everything: - Feminism - Abortion - Gay Rights - Prayer in school - Holidays: MLK Day, Columbus Day reflections ○ Shift in the canon away from Robert Frost to multiculturalism ○ Reagan might have also included opposition to working mothers, affirmative action, and support of gun control/death penalty/drug war ○ Claimed: "As polarized as we have been, we Americans are locked in a cultural war for the soul of our country"

March on Washington

○ During WWII, Americans are coming together on the homefront and are urged to support the war effort. Even as the population came together, American people of color still were not treated equally. ○ No matter how much patriotism and willingness one showed towards their country, it was not enough to guarantee equal treatment by white Americans Therefore, in order to ensure that African American service in the war would earn them opportunities of equal treatment after the war, labor leader A. Philip Randolph threatened President Roosevelt with a March on Washington ○ FDR created Executive Order 8802: to see that there was no discrimination in the defense industries - Effective in forcing industries to hire African Americans, it did not promise African Americans well-paid positions ○ The threat of a March on Washington showed that the US was threatened by the Civil Rights activism that was upon them.

Civil Disobedience:

○ During WWII, the Congress of Racial Equality used peaceful civil disobedience in the form of sit-ins to desegregate certain public spaces in Washington, DC and elsewhere ○ Saw it as a contribution to the war effort ○ These tactics carried on past WWII into the Civil Rights Movement protesting against segregated businesses, public spaces, education Peaceful/non-violent civil disobedience: ○ Was technically breaking the law, but was causing no harm by doing so ○ Sit-ins ○ Marches ○ Sitting in the front of the bus ○ Sleep-ins, read-ins, pray-ins ○ Using this tactic was significant because they caused absolutely no harm to spectators or citizens that were nearby - yet the violence was thrown back at the protestors shed light on the hatred towards African Americans giving protestors the upper hand

ExComm

○ Executive Committee of National Security Council: body of United States government officials that convened to advise President JFK during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 ○ Most famous for its meetings during the Cuban Missile Crisis ○ Smaller group than the National Security Council proper as well giving the President the flexibility to bring in outside advisors on an ad-hoc basis (meaning "for this situation") First meeting: Oct. 23, 1962 ○ It held 42 meetings with the President as wella s 2 supplemental meetings without the President

The New Deal

○ FDR wanted to stabilize economy after the Great Depression so when he was elected, he enacted bills and welfare programs to benefit the country/citizens Recovery, reform, and relief: ○ Recovery: temporary programs to restart consumer flow Ex: bank holiday, agricultural adjustment act (pay farmers subsidies, reduce crop surplus) ○ Reform: permanent programs to avoid another economic depression Ex: social security, federal deposit insurance commission ○Relief: immediate action taken to restore economy Ex: works progress administration (employ ppl to do public works projects) ○ Significant in that the acts and welfare programs that were enacted left a legacy of change and formed the new welfare state

Fred Korematsu

○ Fred one of the many Japanese-American citizens living on the West Coast of the United States after Pearl Harbor ○ After FDR issued Executive Order 9066 and authorized the Secretary of War and his military commanders to remove all individuals of Japanese ancestry from designated "military areas" and place them in internment camps ○ When such orders were issued for the West Coast, Korematsu became a fugitive because he did not join his family at the internment camps ○ The legality of the internment order was upheld by the United States Supreme Court in Korematsu v. United States, but Korematsu's conviction was overturned decades later after the disclosure of new evidence challenging the necessity of the internment, evidence which had been withheld from the courts by the U.S. government during the war ○ He was convicted and placed on 5 years probation and then sent to an internment camp in Utah with his family He was looked down upon by many Japanese for being a "troublemaker" rather than an activist - Most Japanese residents living on the West Coast cooperated with the government internment order, hoping to prove their loyalty as Americans, including members of the Japanese American Citizens League. - He was seen as a threat in the eyes of the Japanese citizens and Japanese Americans. - He would later describe feeling isolated because people recognized him and felt that if they talked to him, they would also be seen as troublemakers.

Stonewall

○ From the Gay/Lesbian Rights movie called "AFTER Stonewall (1999)" Stonewall riots in 1969 ○ Sudden invasion of good people into the riots ○ The riots in 1969 created the 30 years of gay rights activism ○ New York (Gay liberation front established) ○ Lesbian feminism, drag queens, etc (WE, not I) ○ The riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the LGBT community against a police raid that took place in the early morning of June 28, 1969 at the Stonewall Inn in New York City ○ Considered the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the US

Cold War:

○ Hypothetical war -- the cold war was the name given to describe the tension between the United States and the USSR ○ 1947-1991 ○ No actual fighting took placed between these two dominant countries but there were instances where we came close (i.e. Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuban Missile Crisis) ○ The United States and the USSR were fighting with "client states" to promote specific set of beliefs -- ex. Communism Causes: ○ Non-compliance of agreements made during the Yalta Conference of 1945 - Stalin made agreements with FDR but after FDR died, Stalin went back on his "promises" (many people believe that FDR just handed over Eastern Europe + Northeast Asia) ○ Americans feared a possible communist attack ○ Newly appointed President Truman hated Stalin ○ USSR feared America had an atomic bomb and that they would attack ○ USSR disliked capitalism and wanted to completely expand communism ○ US: Democratic, USSR: Autocratic/Dictatorship ○ Iron Curtain (Churchill, 1946): a political, military and ideological barrier created by the USSR; sealed off relations between the Eastern allies and Western non communist areas ○ NATO (Northern Atlantic Treaty Organization) Military restraint against Soviet Union Functioned with United States' military and financial aid Western bloc: USA, UK, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxemburg, France, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland, Greece and Turkey Eastern Bloc: Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania (WARSAW PACT) ○ US Government propaganda was churned out to convince average citizens of the dangers posed by the Soviet Union - Russians attacking Americans - Women being taken away

Postwar Suburban Development

○ In 1940, the rate of homeownership in the United States was 43.6% -- by 1960, it was almost 62 %. ○ Many of these newly purchased homes had been built in the new suburban areas that began to encircle American cities after the war. Although middle-class families had begun to move to the suburbs beginning in the nineteenth century, suburban growth accelerated rapidly after World War II, because... - During WWII, the U.S. had suffered from a housing shortage, especially in cities with shipyards or large defense plants. Now that the war was over, real estate developers and contractors rushed to fill that space - this unused land on the outskirts of larger American cities was the perfect place for new homes for middle class families and blue-collar workers who took advantage of low-interest mortgages offered by the G.I. Bill - Houses went up fast because they used prefabricated construction techniques pioneered during World War II, which allowed houses complete with plumbing, electrical wiring, and appliances to be built and painted in a day. - Largely white populations ○ First suburb was Levittown, New York (1947) - houses all looked the same ○ Levitt (the developer) used restrictive language in his agreements with homeowners to ensure that only WHITES would live in his communities Suburbs grew by 46% between 1950 and 1960 ○ The transition from urban to suburban life exerted profound effects on both the economy and society

The Second Wave

○ In the 1960s and 1970s ○ Liberal Feminism: Older Women -National Organization for Women (NOW) demanded "full participation in the mainstream of American society NOW, exercising all the privileges and responsibilities thereof in truly equal equal partnership with men" - Wanted to work within the institutions and make them better (They don't want to end marriage, they wanted men to fully participate / they don't want to end capitalism, they want equality) - According to liberal feminists; More laws and regulations would create more equality - More common to have this "type" of feminists and they did typical lobbying/protests ○ Radical Feminists: Usually younger women/students, "shared a deep-seated conviction...that the personal was political - that is, problems customarily understood as personal and private were often rooted not in the individual but rather in society and culture" ○ Criticized marriage = it's basically prostitution, all sex in patriarchal society is rape when men are dominant and women are permissive in society ○ Criticized military and capitalism ○ Showed up at Miss America pageant and crowned a sheep as a demonstration to show women were being treated as animals/objects to be shown off ○ Some radicals were extremely intense and very scary (kinda ruined the image of the feminist) ○ BOTH used consciousness raising groups (That's 70 Show) ○ Seemed like personal problems but it was due to a broader system of discrimination

HIV/AIDS crisis

○ In the early 1980s, doctors noticed young gay men in large cities (SF and NY) were being diagnosed with, and eventually dying from, a rare cancer ○ Dubbed as "gay cancer" ○ GRID: gay related immune deficiency Although other people were dying from it as well (drug users) ○ The connection between gay men and HIV/AIDS led heterosexuals largely to ignore the growing health crisis in the gay community, wrongly assuming they safe from its effects ○ Federal government also overlooked the diseases and calls for more money to research and find the cure were ignored ○ Even after it became apparent that heterosexuals could contract the disease through blood transfusions and heterosexual intercourse, HIV/AIDS continued to be associated primarily with the gay community, especially by political and religious conservatives ○ The refusal/denial to treat the "ill" gay men is what lead the HIV to turn into AIDS which thus created an epidemic that could not be ignored ○ The Religious Right regarded it as a form of "punishment" for gays -- is this a ****ing joke i hate america lol ○ Reagan was reluctant to speak openly about the crisis even though PEOPLE WERE DYING The gay community began to organize its own response: GMHC, ACT UP

Black Lives Matter

○ International activist movement originating in the African-American community ○ Campaigns against violence towards Black people ○ BLM regularly organizes protests around the deaths of black people in killings by law enforcement officers ○ Also focuses on racial profiling, police brutality, racial inequality in the United States criminal justice system ○ Began in 2013 → #BlackLivesMatter ○ Result of acquittal of George Zimmerman in the death of Trayvon Martin ○ Continued with the deaths of Michael Brown, Sandra Bland, Eric Garner

Pearl Harbor

○ Japan wanted to take control of the Dutch West Indies for oil but knew the US would intervene, so Japan tried to negotiate with the US but America would always come back with counter proposals; Japan decided to go to war with US ○ Japanese attacked the US Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii ○ Two waves of attacks from six aircraft carriers ○ FDR asked Congress for a declaration of war, and a few days later Germany and Italy declared war on the US ○ Pearl Harbor is significant because it pushed the US into WWII; despite many attempts to stay out of the war and continue being neutral - this attack pushed America to their breaking point forcing them to join and kick ass

Containment

○ Military strategy to stop the expansion of an enemy ○ Best known as the "Cold War" policy of the United States and its allies to prevent the spread of Communism abroad ○ This policy was a response to a series of moved by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, Africa, and Vietnam ○ It let the opponent choose the place and time of any confrontation ○ George Kennan proposed the policy of containment ○ It later became known as the Truman Doctrine, as the President outlined these intentions with his request for monetary aid for Greece and Turkey

Marshall Plan:

○ On June 5, 1947, Secretary of State George Marshall announced the European Recovery Program ○ The purpose of sending aid to Western Europe was completely humanitarian (he said to avoid pissing off the Soviet Union) and even offered to aid the communist states in the east ○ Congress approved of Truman's request of $17 billion over four years to be sent to Great Britain, France, West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Belgium ○ The Marshall Plan created an economic miracle in Western Europe ○ By the target date of the program 4 years later, Western European industries were producing twice as much as they had been the year before war broke out ○ Some americans complained about the cost, but the nation spent more on liquor during the years of the Marshall Plan than they sent overseas to Europe! ○ The aid also produced record levels of trade with American firms, fueling a postwar economic boom in the United States ○ None of these nations of western Europe faced a serious threat of communist takeover for the duration of the Cold War

Bush's Strategic Doctrine:

○ On September 20, 2001, Bush declared a war on terrorism, blamed al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden for the attacks and demanded that the radical Islamic fundamentalists who ruled Afghanistan, the Taliban, turn bin Laden over or face attack by the United States. ○ This speech encapsulated what became known as the Bush Doctrine - The belief that the United States has the right to protect itself from terrorist acts by engaging in pre-emptive wears or ousting hostile governments in favor of friendly, preferably democratic, regimes. ○ Strategy of "preemptive strikes" as a defense against an immediate threat to the security of the United States ○ World leaders and millions of their citizens expressed support for the United States and condemned the deadly attacks.

War in Afghanistan

○ Osama bin Laden stripped of citizenship (1994) from Saudi Arabia and went to Pakistan/Afghanistan as a result ○ Aligned with Taliban, who we helped in the 1980s, became enemies in postwar ○ When soviets left in the late 1980s, the Taliban's power grew and gave a safe haven to bin Laden in Afghanistan (during Reagan Admin) - Founder of Al Qaeda ○ Sep 2008: Bush sent in 4,500 US troops to Afghanistan in the "quiet surge" - Obama takes office ○ Feb 2009: NATO countries pledge to increase military and other commitments in Afghanistan after US sends 17,000 more troops ○ Obama recommits to Afghanistan; 2009 says Afghanistan is the more important US front against terrorist forces (rather than Iraq) ○ Dec 2009: Obama boosts US troop numbers in Afghanistan by 30,000 = a total of 100,000 BUT will withdraw forces by 2011 ○ never did, they sent more

Malcolm X:

○ Participant in the radical ideals that emerged after Martin Luther King Jr's death ○ Famous member of Nation of Islam ○ Advocated the separation of white Americans and African Americans because of a belief that African Americans could not thrive in an atmosphere of white racism ○ Malcolm X leaves the Nation of Islam and finds the Organization of Afro-American Unity Goal: achieving freedom, justice, and equality "by any means" necessary ○ Killed by members of the Nation of Islam ○ Malcolm X had provided an intellectual basis for Black Nationalism and given legitimacy to the use of violence in achieving the goals of Black Power

Atomic Age:

○ Period following the detonation of the first nuclear bomb Trinity (July 26, 1945 during WWII) ○ The Trinity test and the ensuing bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan that ended World War II represented the first large-scale use of nuclear technology and ushered in profound changes in sociopolitical thinking and the course of technology development ○ Atomic power was seen to be the epitome of progress and modernity ○ Phrase was coined by William L. Laurence, New York Times Journalist -- soon became the official journalist for the Manhattan Project (sessions where the first nuclear weapons were developed) ○ His reporting before and after the bombings helped spur public awareness of potential nuclear technology - Motivated development of the technology in the U.S. AND Soviet Union - Soviet Union went on to test its first nuclear weapon in 1949

Reconstruction

○ Post civil-war period that attempted to rebuild the nation ○ At the time northerners wanted to punish the South, yet the south wanted to keep their way of life alongside slavery ○ Main goals: abolish slavery, readmit the south Confederate states Two conflicting views: ○ President johnson - no freedom for slaves; generous with pardoning southern states → ideals reflected in the Johnson's Reconstruction Plan ○Radical Republicans/Lincoln - wanted voting rights for black men; wanted to punish South → ideals reflected Lincoln's 10% Plan Successes: ○ Union restored in 1866 ○ 13th, 14th, 15th amendments all worked toward outlawing slavery, giving citizenship and voting rights to blacks ○ Civil Rights Act Failures: ○ Black Codes in south were state laws that maintained the structure of slavery ○ Failed at stopping KKK ○ Significant in that it shows America completely divided between two ways of life

Primary source

○ Provide first-hand testimony or direct evidence from a time period or event in history ○ Created by witnesses or recorders that were present at the event under study ○ created at the time under study ○ autobiographies, advertisements, diaries ○ Significant in that it gives us direct, unbiased knowledge of the time period

Post Racial America

○ Quote from slide: "The post-racial era, as embodied by Obama is the era where civil rights veterans of the past century are consigned to history and Americans begin to make race-free judgments on who should lead them. Post-racial began to come into vogue after Obama won the Iowa caucuses and faired well in the New Hampshire primary. The Economist called it a post-racial triumph and wrote that Obama seemed to embody the hope that America could transcends its divisions." For NPR News, in 2008 on Obama ○ 40 years after the Voting Rights Act, the US elected its first African American president

Reagan's Agenda

○ Reagan spoke the language of values and fiscal conservatism (balanced budget, tax cuts, limited government) ○ First 100 days: - Stimulate the sagging economy while simultaneously cutting both government programs and taxes - Increased defense spending as part of Soviet strategy - Reaganomics: based on a theory called supply-side economics; cut income taxes for the rich, which was supposed to motivate the rich to invest in businesses, factories, and the stock market in anticipation of high returns; this would lead to more jobs further down the socioeconomic ladder ○ Economic growth would also increase the total tax revenue (even at a lower tax rate) ○ Basically he was promising to cut taxes and balance the budget at the same time ○ Reaganomics also included the deregulation of industry and higher interest rates to control inflation ○ Reagan was successful at cutting taxes but failed to reduce government spending ○ Allocated a smaller share of the federal budget to antipoverty programs (food stamps, Medicaid, etc.) ○ He believed in federalism, free markers, and passed policies to encourage private business development ○ He greatly accelerated the nation's War on Drugs ○ In its effort to curb high inflation with dramatically increased interest rates, the Federal Reserve also triggered a deep recession ○ Inflation did drop but borrowing became expensive and consumers spent less ○ The Reagan years were a complicated era of social, economic, and political change, with many trends operating simultaneously and sometimes at cross-purposes. While many suffered, others prospered.

Strategic Defense Initiative

○ SDI, proposed in 1983 -- "Star Wars" ○ Called for the development of a defensive shield to protect the United States from a Soviet missile strike ○ Scientists argued that much of the needed technology had not yet been developed and might never be. Others contended that the plan would violate existing treaties with the Soviet Union and worried about the Soviet response. ○ The system was never built, and the plan, estimated to have cost some $7.5 billion, was finally abandoned. ○ Context: the cold war

Civil Rights Act:

○ The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a joint accomplishment of the goals John F. Kennedy had set during his presidency and Lyndon Johnson's expansion on economic opportunity and civil rights for all ○ The Civil Rights Act fit into Johnson's goal for a Great Society where every American citizen would share the opportunities of a better life that the US offered - where "liberty and justice for all" would have real meaning ○ During Kennedy's leadership, the bill has been stalled in the Senate by a filibuster, but Johnson broke this through his personal influence and memories of Kennedy Civil Rights Act of 1964: ○ Banned segregation in public spaces ○ Aid schools in desegregation ○ prohibited federal funding of programs that permitted racial segregation ○ Banned discrimination in employment based on race, color, national origin, religion, or gender ○ Was the most far-reaching civil rights act yet passed by congress ○ Civil Rights Act of 1968: prohibits discrimination in housing on the basis of race, color, national, origin, or religion

Anti-communism

○ The late 1940s and early 950s were a time of high hysteria -- American fears of internal communist subversion reached an all time high ○ Government loyalty boards investigated millions of federal employees, asking what books and magazines they read, what unions and civic organizations they belonged to, and whether they went to church. ○ Hundreds of screenwriters, actors, and directors were blacklisted because of their alleged political beliefs, while teachers, steelworkers, sailors, lawyers, and social workers lost their jobs for similar reasons. ○ More than 39 states required teachers and other public employees to take loyalty oaths ○ Some libraries and schools removed certain books from their shelves ○ Postwar Red Scare -- McCarthyism - Name derived from most famous anti-communist, Senator Joseph McCarthy ○ In March 1947, President Truman issued an executive order creating a Federal Loyalty-Security Program. - gave loyalty review boards the power to fire federal employees when "reasonable grounds" existed for belief that they were disloyal. - Evidence of disloyalty included not only treasonous activities, but "sympathetic association" with a long list of organizations deemed by the Attorney General to be "Communist, fascist, or totalitarian." ○ Also in 1947, The House of Unamerican Activities Committee summoned an array of actors, screenwriters, and directors to testify at public hearings, asking them about their own involvement with the party and pressing them to name others with Communist ties ○ In September 1949 Americans learned that the Soviet Union had successfully tested an atomic bomb ○ In 1950, China became communist ○ 1951: Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were found guilty of passing atomic secrets to Soviet agents and were sent to the electric chair ○ Anti-Communism continued into the 1960s, but after 1954 it lost much of its "popularity" ○ The turning point came when Senator McCarthy began to investigate Communists in the Army, and powerful Republicans (including the President) People decided he went to far and his hearings were investigated and broadcasted on ABC - His influence was destroyed with the Senate decision to censure him

WWII Propaganda

○ To increase the amount of men joining the military, women joining the workforce, and get American's to generally join the war effort - America created loads of propaganda ○ "Propaganda was used to drum up patriotism and support for the war effort" - OpenStax ○ Propaganda also tried to get Americans to see themselves as citizens of a strong, unified country due to the recent Great Depression ○ Propaganda also depicted new opportunities for ethnic minorities and women like desegregated army, opportunities in the workplace - both contributing to their demanding of greater rights after the war ○ WWII propaganda was significant in that it demanded the patriotism of Americans to join in the war effort ○ It's depicts the emotions/opinions of many on different sides during wartime -- most are primary sources ○ Many propagandas had the power/production power to influence the thoughts, beliefs, morals, ideas, etc. of many around the country

Multiculturalism:

○ Two different ideals emerged after the disruption of the Rooseveltian Nation → multiculturalists and new right/conservatives ○ rejected "melting pot" metaphors and policies of assimilation in favor or celebrating the diverse cultures of America's many racial and ethnic groups (Gerstle) ○ "Soft" multiculturalist: thought diversity was good; believed in cultural pluralism or that everyone is included; "cultural gifts of all the people" - Could be considered civic nationalists ○ "Hard" multiculturalists: radical critique of power and rejected nationalism itself; don't think any one culture is better than the other; see culture as a process - Don't fit into civic or racial nationalism

Gulf of Tonkin:

○ US destroyer USS Maddox conducted an intelligence-gathering mission in the Gulf of Tonkin, reported attack by North Vietnamese torpedo boats ○ Two days later: Maddox was struck again and USS Turner Joy was fired upon ○ North Vietnamese denied the second attack ○ Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - President Johnson is allowed to use military force in Vietnam without asking Congress for a declaration of war ○ Significant in that it increased the power of the US president dramatically and transformed the American role in Vietnam from advisor to combatant

Terrorism before 9/11/2001

○ US supported for Mujahedin "freedom fighters" in Afghanistan ○ Terrorism wasn't new to the U.S. but it was a new kind of terrorism ○ Terrorism wasn't new but US lacked political will to confront terrorism (including Al-Qaeda) in the 1990s 1979: Iran hostage crisis 1983 Bombing of the Embassy in Lebanon 1988 Pan Am Flight blown up over Lockerbie Scotland by Libyan terrorists 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing - Domestic Terror by Survivalist Timothy McVeigh (outlier !) 1993 WTC was bombed; by people connected to Al Qaeda 1998 Al Qaida Bombings of embassies in Tanzania and Kenya 2000 USS Cole off Yemen thought to be Al-Qaeda ○ Domestic terror against abortion providers; whole level of political terrorism, some justice department but more on the international level

Felon Voting Rights

○ Voting Rights Act of 1965 ○ Felons - 34 states bar for some time - Nationwide ⅛ black men cannot vote - In 2000 , Florida 31% of black men could not vote because of prior felony conviction - In 2012: Congress equalized penalties for crack and cocaine felonies

Treaty of Versailles

○ WW1 had taken an enormous economical, emotional, and geopolitical toll on the U.S. ○ Woodrow Wilson found US's involvement in the war as an opportunity to develop a moral foreign policy for the world ○ Treaty of Versailles was centered around the creation of the League of Nations ○ Significant in that the treaty ended the war between Germany and the Allied Powers and created the League of Nations which opened global communication between countries

Indian Reservations

○ Westward expansion and Manifest Destiny were in full force during the late 1880s, America was progressing in technology and moving up in the world → yet Native Americans were not moving accepting and moving along with progressing America ○ US government set forth many assimilation efforts towards Native Americans, one being Reservations ○ Dawes Act: allowed the US government to split up land and allocate it for Indian tribes ○ Significant in that the reservations is an example of America stripping a culture of their right of tradition and ideals and forcing them to assimilate to the American way of life

Hiroshima

○ With the urgency from Albert Einstein, FDR launched the Manhattan Project to begin atomic bomb research and test the first atomic bomb ○ President Truman and the American military prepared to use the atomic bomb by choosing appropriate targets, Hiroshima was chosen as the first choice. ○ "Little Boy" dropped on Hiroshima ○ Japan didn't surrender - "Fat Man" dropped on Nagasaki Killed upwards of 250,000 people ○ Japan eventually surrendered Significant in that the US was the first country to created nuclear weapons and the first to use them in combat ○ The bombing at Hiroshima was significant in the fact that it was widely debated. President Truman did not know about the Manhattan Project until FDR's death and may not have known how destructive the bombs were. Intentions for bombing a second time are unanswered.

Sit-ins

○ look at civil disobedience ○ Intended to desegregate public spaces ○ Used during WWII and carried on into the Civil Rights Movement ○ Non-violent civil disobedience ○ Sit-ins, sleep-ins, read-ins, pray-ins ○ Using this tactic was significant because they caused absolutely no harm to spectators or citizens that were nearby - yet the violence was thrown back at the protestors shed light on the hatred towards African Americans giving protestors the upper hand

Racial Nationalism

○ maximize the opportunities for "racial superiors" and limit those of the "racial inferiors" ○ only people held together by common blood and skin color and by inherited fitness for self government ○ context: slavery; wave of immigration 1890-1920; conflicting ideals from different cultures - wasn't just one American anymore ○ significance: embodies the typical racist during this time; possibly the fear from Americans of the idea that immigrants will screw up the democracy

Meeting of the UAW-CIO, 1955 what kind of source? merits/drawbacks? context/background? what do you know about the author/creator of source? bias? historical info the document conveys?

○ primary source ○ members of the UAW were debating a resolution that upcoming contract negotiations include the requirement that employers END customary discrimination in hiring and wages; based on sex and marital status ○ merits: tell you what arguments that person regarded as most persuasive with his or her constituency ○ drawbacks: doesn't tell you what the person in power actually thought; views may not be the majority of Americans' views context: ○ 1945-1965 was a period of conflict of the American mothers' role and debate on whether married women and women in general should work ○ women just had the opportunity to work in masculine work places after the war, bringing questions on the capabilities of women at the time ○ Cold War rhetoric insisted that the American man's success at supporting his wife and children with an individual "family wage" was proof of capitalism's superiority ○ conservatives that working women were strange and neurotic ○ working moms challenged the idea of a single family wage, which raised the standard of living upholding a woman's right to hold work outside the home stuff on source: ○ some members argued that women truly are the breadwinners; especially those with deceased or crippled husbands as they need to work ○ others said working women is fine, but married women should not be working ○ ex of one delegate: woman says husband lost his job, kids would go hungry - there should be no discrimination incase women suddenly need to work or want to have savings ○ choosing whether a woman can or cannot work is infringing upon their civil rights historical info: ○ with women working outside of the homes, the standard of living was raising to live like "decent human beings" - a one salary wage wasn't enough anymore ○ progression toward gender equality - enough happenings have happened in history for women to believe that they have a place outside of the home - "Where is our democracy in this country if a woman cannot be a free individual and make up her own mind?" ○ economic opportunity

Hugo L. Black for the majority in US vs. Korematsu, 1944 what kind of source? merits/drawbacks? context/background? what do you know about the author/creator of source? bias? historical info the document conveys? opinion of the supreme court in the records?

○ primary source ○ merits: concise summaries of the facts of the case and constitutional principles ○ drawbacks: did not reveal background factors, emotional issues, and other personal information ○ context: Fred Korematsu challenges wartime internment (Executive Order 9066) which led to this supreme court case; order was directed toward residents of CA< OR, and WA who were "enemy aliens" born in Japan or US citizens of Japanese descents; evacuate homes; FDR response to Pearl Harbor attack ○ context: US was paranoid that all Japanese were involved in espionage and posed a security threat to West Coast ○ Hugo Black: was a KKK member before he became a supreme court justice - during his term he became exceedingly pro-civil rights; huge supporter of FDR's New Deal; he is giving the opinion and statement of 6/9 supreme court justices on the court case opinion of Supreme Court in Records: ○ Korematsu went against military order which is wrong because we are in a time of war and the homefront should abide by the movements, even if they are "racial prejudice", that are happening to keep the country going smoothly ○ Korematsy should have not violated the petition because he posed a military danger ○ "hardships are a part of war" historical info: ○ the ruling of the case established the principle that the fed government has the constitutional authority to select a group of citizens, based on their national or ethnic origin, and evacuate them from their homes for the purpose of indefinite detention and ITS OKAY because apparently they were keeping America safe ○ war time efforts and orders tops the importance of being racially segregated ○ Pearl Harbor was the huge turning point for America during WWII

Bill Sanders "Can't You See I'm Trying to Fill a Hole?" Political Cartoon what kind of source? merits/drawbacks? context/background? what do you know about the author/creator of source? bias? historical info the document conveys?

○ primary source ○ merits: shows public opinions at the time; know immediately what the author is trying to convey ○ drawbacks: influencing America's opinion of the situation context: ○ Cold War ○ Reagan wants to cut back on government social spending ○ Reaganomics ○ spending tons of money on the military to prepare for a war that no one knows if it's going to happen ○ cut money on education, programs ○ when poor/old people are suffering author: Bill Sanders ○ political cartoonist ○ did cartoons on civil liberties and civil rights ○ served in US army ○ biased because it's just his opinion ○ missile looming over people - really killing the people not the opponent ○ a possible war is more important than you getting your food ○ save America from a war that might not even happen rather than saving the people that are dying right now ○ "Can't you see I'm trying to fill a hole?" trying to get military base so you need to fill a hole with missiles - they need to fill the hole in their stomach

Senator Sam Ervin speech on HR 7152 what kind of source? merits/drawbacks? context/background? what do you know about the author/creator of source? bias? historical info the document conveys?

○ primary source ○ people of the senate, persuading people to vote for/vote against Civil Rights Bill ○ merits: reveals what the speaker believes to be the most persuasive approach ○ drawbacks: lies and distortion; really biased context: ○ JFK had been working towards a Civil Rights act during his presidency, Lyndon Johnson had the ability to expand on it ○ the act fit into Johnson's goal of a Great Society where opportunities of a better life were offered to all ○ the bill was stalled in the Senate during Kennedy's leadership, Johnson was able to pull it through by personal influence and memories of Kennedy author/creator: Sam Ervin ○ democratic politician ○ legal defender of Jim Crow Laws and racial segregation ○ South's constitutional expert during the debate on civil rights ○ biased in that he personally believed in segregation for his argument against HR 7152 historical info: ○ racism was still highly prevalent in America, despite the progressive attitudes of presidents such as Kennedy and Johnson ○ equal amounts of people defending the bill and against the bill ○ the basic concepts of the Constitution are central to arguments both ways ○ public accomodations, desegregated public spaces was a central issue in the arguing for/against the act ○ people called upon the same points of the bill to argue for/against

Tuesday Oct. 16 ExComm Meeting what kind of source? merits/drawbacks? context/background? what do you know about the author/creator of source? bias? historical info the document conveys?

○ primary source ○ ExComm is trying to determine if the intelligence on the missles in Cuba is accurate and what action, if any, should be taken ○ ExComm: a committee that Kennedy made so help him figure out what to do during the Cuban Missile Crisis ○ merits: actual decision making, show real anxiety during the situation ○ drawbacks: not everything was taped, don't tell us Soviet side of situation ○ context: Cuban Missile Crisis: direct and dangerous confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union during the Cold War - came close to nuclear conflict 1961: Kennedy allowed funding for secret invasion on Cuba to take down Castro; boat landed on Castro; military waiting there for the Americans BAY OF PIGS U2 spy plane flies over Cuba Soviet Union was bringing missiles to Cuba ExComm is set up to help Kennedy figure out if America would go to war or not author/creator: ○ transcript of a recording of President Kennedy and the members of ExComm (Kennedy's brother Attorney General, General "Pat" Carter, Secretary of Defense) historical info: ○ Kennedy's thoroughness in assessing the situation and making a decision show that he was a thoughtful president that wanted the best for the US ○ shows that the Cuban Missile Crisis was a large ordeal - the closest America came to a nuclear war ○ evidence of why the Cold War lasted so long b/c of the constant back and forth between making a decision of doing something or doing nothing

Dr. Benjamin Spock, "Should Mothers Work?" what kind of source? merits/drawbacks? context/background? what do you know about the author/creator of source? bias? historical info the document conveys?

○ primary source ○ column on whether or not mothers should work outside the home, because since the beginning of wwII there was a steady increase in women, especially mothers, going into workforce ○ merits: tell you what arguments that person regarded as most persuasive with his or her constituency ○ drawbacks: doesn't tell you what the person in power actually thought; views may not be the majority of Americans' views context: ○ 1945-1965 was a period of conflict of the American mothers' role and debate on whether married women and women in general should work ○ women just had the opportunity to work in masculine work places after the war, bringing questions on the capabilities of women at the time ○ Cold War rhetoric insisted that the American man's success at supporting his wife and children with an individual "family wage" was proof of capitalism's superiority ○ conservatives that working women were strange and neurotic ○ working moms challenged the idea of a single family wage, which raised the standard of living upholding a woman's right to hold work outside the home author: Dr. Benjamin Spock ○ American pediatrician whose child-rearing manual was first published in 1946 ○ 7th best selling book of all time ○ gave advice to mothers in the pages of popular magazines ○ no validity stuff on source: ○ suggested that women wanting to work for financial reasons doesn't make sense b/c the husband's money would suffice ○ believes that mother's are crazy to think that "the things they can earn are more important for their children than taking care of them themselves" ○ suggest women wanting accomplishment from a job don't need to look into the workforce because the job with the most fulfillment is that of motherhood ○ America is diminishing the diff. between men and women ○ mothers and teachers aren't showing girls that being a mom is a distinguished career ○ women should be brought up and educated in such a way that they will gain maximal satisfaction and enjoyment from rearing children historical info: ○ men feared that women would not continue the trend of women being mothers in the home - young girls would not value being and mother and will see it a chore instead of a virtue ○ showed that some Americans were pissed about the increase of the standard of living - felt that mothers should continue learning to live with one salary from the man ○ progression toward gender equality

Reagan's 1984 Campaign Ad "It's Morning in America" what kind of source? merits/drawbacks? context/background? what do you know about the author/creator of source? bias? historical info the document conveys?

○ primary source ○ merits: campaign tactics, supposed state of America at the time ○ drawbacks: biased - doesn't she the bad ○ context: Vietnam War was done so America needed to recover; the 70's were bad because the economy had high inflation, gas prices really high; high unemployment --> Reagan came in and established Reaganomics with low taxes, balanced budget, reduced government programs and everyone was living the American Dream but we also had lots of poor people, old people that weren't doing well w/o the programs; Reagan promised to do many things and carried through with most of them author/creator ○ Hal Ryney: American adveritising executive; he knew exactly what to say and how to say it; second commercial he did for Reagan historical info: ○ Reagan was extremely accepted and seen as a father figure to the American people - words and tone of voice were comforting SOURCE: ○ Reagan video - how good at public speeking he was, won the hearts of

Joe Majeski "Evolution" what kind of source? merits/drawbacks? context/background? what do you know about the author/creator of source? bias? historical info the document conveys?

○ primary source ○ merits: shows public opinions at the time; know immediately what the author is trying to convey ○ drawbacks: influencing America's opinion of the situation context: ○ showing the evolution of Reagan being stubborn toward going to nuclear with the Soviet Union, but after the Reagan-Gorbachev Summit great strides were made to mending the relationship between the Soviet Union and the US ○ The president at one point called the Soviet Union an "evil empire" had now been able to call them "allies" and sought to eliminate all nuclear weapons author/creator: Joe Majeski ○ political cartoonist ○ drew for the Wilkes-Barres Times leader, a privately owned newspaper in Pennsylvania ○ not too much info on him stuff about cartoon: ○ depiction of the president as a large neanderthal with a tiny head (no brain), big body (president power), hunched shoulders (doesn't care) and a large club saying "nuke em" because that was the original intent and attitude toward the Russians ○ "Nuke-em": from the radio accident that Reagan made to America and the Soviet Union leader ○ "Homo Evil Emprius Reaganus": recognition of Reagan calling the Soviet Union the "evil empire" ○ The 'Evolution' is shown by the president still with the same exaggerations and body depiction but now wearing a suit with his finger up asking if anyone would like to go to the ballet ○ appearance is still the same - portraying that he hasn't changed a lot but is making small strides historical info: ○ Reagan was under great scrutiny for his radio accident which ruined his reputation - America people didn't like it that he was joking about something so serious ○ the Reagan-Gorbachev summit was a turning point in moving towards the end of the Cold War, peace between US and Soviet Union (finally) - showed that Reagan was taking the situation seriously despite the jokes he has made in the past ○ depicts the evolution of Reagan throughout his presidency (83-88) going from hating Russia and focusing on his personal opinions to caring about the well-being of the US as a whole

Executive Order 9066

○ signed by Roosevelt on February 19, 1942 ○ gave the army power to remove people from "military areas" to prevent sabotage or espionage ○ directed at residents of CA, OR, WA, and some parts of Arizona who were "enemy aliens" born in Japan or U.S. citizens of Japanese descent ○ They had to evacuate their homes and report to an internment camp with one suitcase ○ This order was issued by FDR in response to Pearl Harbor attack ○ Although a study commissioned earlier by Roosevelt indicated that there was little danger of disloyalty on the part of West Coast Japanese, fears of sabotage, perhaps spurred by the attempted rescue of a Japanese airman shot down at Pearl Harbor by Japanese living in Hawaii, and racist sentiments led Roosevelt to act. ○ Japanese in Hawaii were not interned ○ This is an order that was characterized by many as the worst wartime mistake

Nuclear Deterrence:

○During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union each built a stockpile of nuclear weapons ○ Soviet policy rested on the idea that a nuclear war could be fought and won The United States adopted nuclear deterrence, the credible threat of retaliation to forestall enemy ○ Massive retaliation to deter Soviet aggression ○ To make its threat convincing, the U.S. during the 1950s developed and deployed several types of delivery systems for attacking the Soviet Union with nuclear weapons - Long-range manned aircraft carrying nuclear bombs - Land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads - Nuclear-powered submarines armed with nuclear ballistic missiles