History 3

Sacred Band

Elite Theban infantry formed about 378, consisted of 150 pairs of lovers

5. Why did the Athenians decide to move the treasury of the Delian League from Delos to Athens?

In order to keep it safe from Persia

Babylon

Under Alexander, Babylon again flourished as a centre of learning and commerce. But following Alexander's death in 323 BC in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar, his empire was divided amongst his generals, and decades of fighting soon began, with Babylon once again caught in the middle.

The Peace of Philocrates

is the name given to the peace treaty concluded in 346 BC between Athens and Macedon under Philip II. Philocrates was the name of the main Athenian negotiator of the Treaty.

Hippodamus

the father of urban planning, plans for cities were characterized by order and regularity

Olympias

was a Greek princess of Epirus, daughter of king Neoptolemus I of Epirus, the fourth wife of the king of Macedonia, Philip II, and mother of Alexander the Great.

Hephaistion

was a Macedonian nobleman and a general in the army of Alexander the Great was Alexander's closest friend

Pelopidas

was an important Theban statesman and general in Greece

Revolt of Mytilene

was an incident in the Peloponnesian War in which the city of Mytilene attempted to unify the island of Lesbos under its control and revolt from the Athenian Empire

Cleitus the Black

was an officer of the Macedonian army led by Alexander the Great. He saved Alexander's life at the Battle of the Granicus and was killed by him in a drunken quarrel several years later

Pindar

- An ancient Greek lyric poet, his works is the best preserved

Aristophanes

- a comic dramatist, his storylines were firmly grounded in the culture and politics of his day, he wanted peace and he wrote about it

Thessaly

: after Philip II of Macedon was appointed Archon of Thessaly, and Thessaly was thereafter associated with the Macedonian Kingdom for the next centuries. Thessaly later became part of the Roman Empire as part of the province of Macedonia

Second Athenian Confederacy-

A voluntary organization led by Athens, which many Greek states joined, some at the inception in 377 and others later

8. How did Alexander die? Who had motive to kill him and why?

Alexander fell ill at a party. Aritstole and Antiper who Alexander had decided to replace as his regent in Europe. Also any military man whom he discharged.

4. What did Alexander do to the city of Thebes? The palace of Persepolis?

Alexander stormed and destroyed the city of Thebes. The palace was burned down.

Gordion knot

Alexander the Great attempted to untie the knot. When he could not find the end to the knot to unbind it, he sliced it in half with a stroke of his sword, producing the required ends (the so-called "Alexandrian solution"). That night there was a violent thunderstorm. Alexander's prophet Aristander took this as a sign that Zeus was pleased and would grant Alexander many victories. Once Alexander had sliced the knot with a sword-stroke, his biographers claimed in retrospect[4] that an oracle further prophesied that the one to untie the knot would become the king of Asia.[5]

Darius III

Alexander the Great began his invasion of the Persian Empire and subsequently defeated the Persians in a number of battles before looting and destroying the capital Persepolis, by fire, in 331 BC. With the Persian Empire now effectively under Alexander's control, Alexander then decided to pursue Darius, but Darius was killed by a satrap, who was also his cousin, named Bessus before Alexander reached him

Gedrosian desert

Alexander the Great crossed the area after sailing south to the coast of the Indian Ocean on his way back to Babylon. Upon reaching the Ocean, Alexander the Great divided his forces in half, sending half back by sea to Susa under the command of Nearchus. The other half of his army was to accompany him on a march through the Gedrosian desert, inland from the ocean. Alexander lost most of his army.

Proskynesis

Alexander the Great proposed this practice during his lifetime, in adapting to the Persian cities he conquered, but it failed to find acceptance amongst his Greek companions (an example can be found in the court historian, Callisthenes) - and in the end, he did not insist on the practice. A way of bowing to someone of higher rank

Persepolis

Alexander the Great sent the main force of his army to Persepolis in the year 330 BC by the Royal Road. Alexander stormed the Persian Gates (in the modern Zagros Mountains), then quickly captured Persepolis before its treasury could be looted. After several months Alexander allowed his troops to loot Persepolis

5. What did Athens do to maintain its empire during the conflict with Sparta? Which strategies proved particularly successful? Which ones backfired?

Athens went into a defensive mode and moved everyone into one area. They also relied purely on the fleet. This allowed the Athenian empire to survive when Sparta tried to attack. One strategy that was successful was when Athens marooned some Hoplites on Sphacteria, this caused the Spartans to panic. This eventually put an end to Spartans invasions of Attica.

Parthenon

Best known building of classical Greece, contained an Ionic and Doric elements in the architecture, private home of a divinity

6. What role did Megara play in the early years of the Peloponnesian War?

Friction was created because Athens accused them of harboring slaves and cultivating sacred land, Athenians passed decrees against Megara that were devastating to their economy

5. How and why did Alexander try to adapt customs from those he conquered, like the Persians? How did the Macedonians respond to these innovations?

He believed himself to be a god and adopted proskynesis which was greatly disapproved of by the Macedonians. He wanted to be a great king and so dressed like the Persians and took in some of their customs.

9. What were Alexander's possible reasons for travelling to the oracle of Zeus-Ammon at Siwah?

He may have hoped to equal his legendary ancestor Heracles, who was reputed to have visited the oracle, he may have desired to surpass the Persian king Cambyses, or he may have sought divine approval for the new city he was planning in Egypt.

6. Alexander deliberately sought ways of representing himself as a god. What myths did he use to assert his divinity, and how did he manipulate them? What would have been the benefits of associating himself with the gods?

He was believed to be the son of Zeus and this was because of a misunderstanding when he went to visit an oracle in Egypt. Many people would have a high respect for him and would not overthrow his power because of his divinity. He changed the myth of the Gordion Knot, saying when he cut it thunder and lightning occurred representing Zeus's happiness and pleasure in Alexander's success.

4. What political and ethical problems did Cimon's successful campaigns against the Persians create for the Delian League?

He was so successful that there became no need for the league, creating a division in who wants to stay in the league and creating animosity.

Temple of Zeus-Ammon:

Here Alexander believed to be the son of Zeus.

4. What were the secrets of Philip II's unusual success as a king of Macedon?

His use of diplomacy to prepare the way for his decisive military victories over the Paeonians and Illyrians in 358 set pattern for the rest of his reign. His quick attacks and ability to talk down enemies allowed for a chance of success. His weapon and military tactics, along with technology changed Macedon into a military power. He also had a loyal base of support for his policies home and abroad

7. "Philip's influence on contemporary Greek affairs was negative"(p. 492). Do you agree with this statement? Why/why not?

I do agree somewhat because through his rule he united Greece and created a Peace that was missing for many centuries. The negative part is that he created more problems by wanting to eliminate Persia. He created unrest between Greece and Persia.

Peltast

Lightly armed Greek soldiers who carried light throwing spears and small round shields

1. How did the Athenians' trading interests affect Athenian foreign policy in the decades leading up to the 'first' and 'second' Peloponnesian Wars?

New relationships were formed that led to new alliances. More and more colonies were being founded and creating new alliances with the Greeks. This created sides that would play a part in the wars.

6. Both Herodotus and Thucydides invented speeches when no real quotations were available. Although today's historians would be condemned immediately if they were caught doing such a thing, the ancient historians had rules for this practice. Under what circumstances does Thcydides justify using an invented speech and using what guidelines?

Political realism, closer to drama than history, he made sure they were as close as possible relating them to events in history. He did it if it was an important moment in the history. Hard to remember the speeches so he invented them.

Nicias

Political rival of Cleon, he was a general during the war, he wanted peace with Sparta and came up with a treaty that would end the war- it ultimately failed when Spartan allies refused to sign it

Porus

Porus fought Alexander the Great in the Battle of the Hydaspes River in 326 BC and was defeated. He then served Alexander as a client king

1. Were the Macedonians Greek? What is the evidence for and against?

Recent epigraphic discoveries suggest that "Macedonian" was a dialect of northwest Greek, Greeks viewed them as barbarians, the culture had little in common, lavish funerals, polygamy of Macedonian kings

3. What were the 'crimes' of Socrates?

Socrates is guilty of crime in refusing to recognize the gods acknowledged by the state, and importing strange divinities of his own; he is further guilty of corrupting the young

Alexander the Great:

Son of Philip II he invaded Persian-ruled Asia Minor and began a series of campaigns that lasted ten years. Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles, most notably the battles of Issus and Gaugamela. He subsequently overthrew the Persian King Darius III and conquered the entirety of the Persian Empire.i[›] At that point, his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea to the Indus River.

5. How did the Spartans manage to squander their victory and achievements in the Peloponnesian war so quickly after its conclusion?

Sparta continued to alienate their allies in mainland Greece by intervention in their domestic affairs. Their aggressive politics helped alienate their allies.

2. How did the respective military strengths and weaknesses of Sparta and Athens determine the course of the war?

Sparta was very land based, where as Athens dominated the seas. The two extreme match ups caused many indecisive battles. Spartans tried to threaten the Athenians on land, but their successful fleets allowed them to survive without farmland.

7. Why were the Athenians so upset after the Battle of Arginusae?

The Athenians were upset because the stranded crews in their fleet were abandoned and a storm came preventing them from being rescued. Many of the men died, and this caused a fight between the eight main generals.

5. What evidence do we have of his plans for conquered Greece?

The Corinthian League was created to legitimize his power. He wanted to maintain a common peace in Greece and to retaliate against the Persians for their invasions.

King's Peace

The agreement that ended the Corinthian War

Hydaspes

The battle is historically significant for opening up India for Greek political (Seleucid Empire, Indo-Greeks) and cultural influence (Greco-Buddhist art) which was to continue for many centuries.

Atom

The concept of an atom as an indivisible component of matter was first proposed by early Indian and Greek philosophers. In the 18th and 19th centuries, chemists provided a physical basis for this idea by showing that certain substances could not be further broken down by chemical methods, and they applied the ancient philosophical name of atom to the chemical entity

Megarian decrees

The decree banned Megarians from harbours and marketplaces throughout the large Athenian Empire, allegedly strangling the Megarian economy. The sanctions would have also affected Megara's allies and may have been seen as a move by Athens to weaken her rivals and extend her influence. The ban strained the fragile peace between Athens and Sparta, which was allied with the strategically located Megara.

1. What were some of the most significant immediate economic, demographic, and political changes affecting Greece in the early fourth century BCE?

The journey to Asia introduced psychological insights and new studies such as zoology and anthropologists. Athens dealt with economic difficulties.. There was daily inter-polis warfare. The politics remained the same, but many Greeks began to question the political setup and their relationship with the surrounding world.

Potidaia

The people revolted against the Athenians in 432 BC, but it was besieged during the Peloponnesian War and taken in the Battle of Potidaea in 430 BC. The Athenians preserved the city until 404 BC, when it was passed into Chalcidice.

9. How did the Greek natural philosophers and the sophists imagine a universe without the Greek gods? Why were the sophists, in particular, sometimes considered a threat to Athenian society?

The philosophers believed the world came together through material forces, atoms played a part in the universe. There ideas of law and the gods created mistrust among society.

8. What were the future ramifications of the punishment meted out at Melos? Within Athens itself, how was the treatment of the Melians justified, and how was it opposed?

The ramifications were that because the population was dispersed many went to Sparta and helped them win in the deciding battle. The people for it claimed that they were going to help the Spartans. It was to prevent a future revolt. It was opposed by people claiming that they were being to harsh and it was unnecessary violence.

Macedon

The rise of Macedon, from a small kingdom at the periphery of Classical Greek affairs, to one which came to dominate the entire Hellenic world, occurred under the reign of Philip II. For a brief period, after the conquests of Alexander the Great, it became the most powerful state in the world, controlling a territory that included the former Persian empire, stretching as far as the Indus River

Lyceum

The school founded by Aristotle in Athens, major center for scientific study

Academy

The school founded by Plato at Athens, famous pupil Aristotle

Thebes

Theban forces ended the power of Sparta at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC under the command of Epaminondas. The Sacred Band of Thebes (an elite military unit) famously fell at the battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC against Philip II and Alexander the Great

6. What were some of the criticisms of democracy by Athens' great Classical age philosophers?

Their criticisms stated that people cannot manage themselves, they were unable to live together before, and there was too much conflict. People need to have political wisdom- not everyone has it. They say democracy leads to tyranny and everyone becomes corrupt.

7. What was the significance and purpose of the banquet at Opis?

There was a mutiny that forced Alexander to return from his campaign in India. Here at the banquet he took an oath of unity before Persians and Greeks to reduce the mutinies. He still ended up betraying hid own army.

7. Look at the justification for female Guardians in Plato's Republic. To what extent is Plato making an argument for female equality? What about this proposal might shock one of Plato's Athenian readers?

There will always be women who are better than men. Natural gifts are found in both sexes. Every occupation is suited for both. Some women are natural guardians and so they should be educated. This could shock readers because he recommends that women should be educated and treated in a similar way to men. They are treated equally.

Callisthenes

They first met when Aristotle tutored Alexander the Great. Through his great-uncle's influence, he was later appointed to attend Alexander the Great on his Asiatic expedition as a professional historian.

6. How did Macedonian relations with Persia differ from those of Greece? What benefits did Macedon derive from Persia?

They had a better relationship than the Greeks, they helped each other more, They had better preparation for invasions

7. What expectations did respectable Athenian husbands have of their wives in the fifth century? 7. What expectations did respectable Athenian husbands have of their wives in the fifth century?

They were to primarily remain indoors. During war women picked up some of the tasks of men

9. How did the rise of non-aristocratic politicians like Cleon affect Athenian government? What were the objections to this new class of politicians? And why were they able to gain power?

They would command respect, he was an influential speaker, they were able to gain power because of a lack of leadership during the war time- Pericles had died. People did not like him because he instilled mistrust in many Athenians.

1. Survey the events (and pretexts) that led to the renewed outbreak of hostilities between the Athenian and Spartan alliances. What part did considerations over 'sea power' play in the resumption of the war?

Through the Delian League Athens became very powerful and aggressive over seas. Eventually an empire was formed and it began forming alliances with other sea powers that were against Sparta's alliance. This caused tension. Athens even intervened in a battle with Corinth ( a notable Spartan Alliance) that was unnecessary.

Sophocles

a poet known for the tragedies Oedipus Tyrannus the most famous tragedy antiquity

The four hundred-

a revolutionary movement during the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta that overthrew the democratic government of ancient Athens and replaced it with a short-lived oligarchy known as The Four Hundred.

Acropolis

a settlement built upon elevated ground chosen for the purpose of defense.

The battle of Arginusae-

an Athenian fleet commanded by eight strategoi defeated a Spartan fleet under Callicratidas. The battle was precipitated by a Spartan victory which led to the Athenian fleet under Conon being blockaded at Mytilene; to relieve Conon, the Athenians assembled a scratch force composed largely of newly constructed ships manned by inexperienced crews. This inexperienced fleet was thus tactically inferior to the Spartans, but its commanders were able to circumvent this problem by employing new and unorthodox tactics, which allowed the Athenians to secure a dramatic and unexpected victory

Isocrates

an ancient Greek rhetorician, was one of the ten Attic orators. Brought rhetoric and philosophy to education.

Hetairoi

an elite band of warriors and advisors who formed the retinue and personal bodyguard of the king

Euripides

an innovative playwright, critiqued the Greek society

Syracuse

became a very powerful city-state. Syracuse was allied with Sparta and Corinth

Agora

central spot in ancient Greek polis, assembly or gathering place

Nomos

convention

Democritus

formulated an atomic theory of the universe

8. How did Ephialtes and Pericles alter the role of the demos in Athenian government?

gave more power to the assembly and created jurors for those ostracized

Pages conspiracy:

hat a circumstance occurred which led him, in conjunction with some of his fellow pages, to form a conspiracy against the life of Alexander

Thrace

hrace designated the lands bordered by the Danube on the north, by the Euxine Sea (Black Sea) on the east, by northern Macedonia in the south and by Illyria to the west.[2] This largely coincided with the Thracian Odrysian kingdom, whose borders varied over time. During this time, specifically after the Macedonian conquest, the region's old border with Macedonia was shifted from the Struma River to the Mesta River.[3][4] This usage lasted until the Roman conquest

Anaxagoras

intellectual who viewed material objects as composed of infinitely divisible particles and conceived of their organization as the work of force

Sophists

intellectuals who taught and gave speeches during the later part of the fifth century

The Republic

is a Socratic dialogue written by Plato around 380 BC concerning the definition of justice and the order and character of the just city-state and the just man.

Phocis

is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the administrative region of Central Greece

Granicus

it was here that Alexander defeated the forces of the Persian satraps of Asia Minor, including a large force of Greek mercenaries led by Memnon of Rhodes.

Aegospotami

last major battle of the Peloponnesian War. In the battle, a Spartan fleet under Lysander completely destroyed the Athenian navy. This effectively ended the war, since Athens could not import grain or communicate with its empire without control of the sea.

Cleopatra

married philip ii against many people's wishes.

Doric

massive solid and plain architecture, columns on a base of a temple

Second Athenian League-

military and political union (symmachia) of a number of ancient Greek city-states under the leadership of Athens. The league was created for the purpose of fighting for domination in the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea straits, as well as for control of the northern markets and sources of raw materials, especially the regions of Thrace and the Black Sea area.

Illyrians

name "Illyrians" as applied by the ancient Greeks to their northern neighbors may have referred to a broad, ill-defined group of peoples, and it is today unclear to what extent they were linguistically and culturally homogeneous, were a group of Indo-European tribes who inhabited part of the western Balkans in antiquity and the south-eastern coasts of the Italian peninsula (Messapia)

Physis

nature

Roxane

princess and a wife of Alexander the Great.

Bessus

prominent Persian (Iranian) Satrap of Bactria in Persia, and later self-proclaimed King of Kings of Persia. According to classical sources, he killed his predecessor and relative, Darius III, after the Persian army had been defeated by Alexander the Great.

Hippocrates

referred to as the father of western medicine, created a school that established medicine as a profession

Metic

refers to a resident alien, one who did not have citizen rights in his or her Greek polis of residence

Gugamela

resulted in a decisive victory for the Macedonians and led to the fall of the Persian Empire.

Ionic

slender graceful and ornate, use of volutes, stand on base separate the shaft of the column

Phalanx

the first force of professional soldiers seen in Ancient Greece apart from Sparta. They were armed with longer spears and were drilled more thoroughly in more evolved, complicated tactics and manoeuvres. More importantly, though, Phillip's phalanx was part of a multi-faceted, combined force that included a variety of skirmishers and cavalry, most notably the famous Companion cavalry. The Macedonian phalanx now was used to pin the centre of the enemy line, while cavalry and more mobile infantry struck at the foe's flanks

Cleon

took over as a politician after Pericles died, he changed the Athenian position of defensive and turned the tactic to offensive, attacking Sparta directly.

Mousike

verbal and musical school, greek education that was grounded in poetry and music and identified a cultured person

Sarissa

was a 4 to 7 meter (13-21 feet) long spear used in the ancient Greek and Hellenistic warfare. It was introduced by Philip II of Macedon and was used in the traditional phalanxes of Philip II of Macedon as a replacement for the earlier dory, which was considerably shorter

Aristotle

was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology.

Lysander

was a Spartan admiral who commanded the Spartan fleet in the Hellespont which defeated the Athenians at Aegospotami in 405 BC. The following year, he was able to force the Athenians to capitulate, bringing the Peloponnesian War to an end; he organized the dominion of Sparta over Greece in the last decade of his life.

Epaminonads

was a Theban general and statesman of the 4th century BC who transformed the Ancient Greek city-state of Thebes, leading it out of Spartan subjugation into a preeminent position in Greek politics. In the process he broke Spartan military power with his victory at Leuctra and liberated the Messenian helots, a group of Peloponnesian Greeks who had been enslaved under Spartan rule for some 230 years, having been defeated in the Messenian War ending in 600 BC

Socrates

was a classical Greek Athenian philosopher. Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon, and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes.

Issus

was a decisive Macedonian victory and it marked the beginning of the end of Persian power. It was the first time the Persian army had been defeated with the King (Darius III at the time) present

The Corinthian League:

was a federation of Greek states created by Philip II of Macedon during the winter of 338 BC/337 BC after the Battle of Chaeronea, to facilitate his use of military forces in his war against Persia

Agesilaus

was a king of Sparta, of the Eurypontid dynasty, ruling from approximately 400 BC to 360 BC, during most of which time he was, in Plutarch's words

Sphacteria

was a land battle of the Peloponnesian War, fought in 425 BC between Athens and Sparta. Following the Battle of Pylos and subsequent peace negotiations, which failed, a number of Spartans were stranded on the island of Sphacteria. An Athenian force under Cleon and Demosthenes attacked and forced them to surrender.

Pasusanias

was a member of Philip II of Macedon's somatophylakes, his personal bodyguard. He assassinated Philip in 336 BC, possibly at the instigation of Philip's wife Olympias, or even his son Alexander the Great. He was captured and killed

Plato

was a philosopher in Classical Greece. He was also a mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science

Alcibiades

was a prominent Athenian statesman, orator, and general. He originally supported athens, but after he was charged with a crime, fled to Sparta and helped them through the conflict.

Demosthenes

was a prominent Greek statesman and orator of ancient Athens. His orations constitute a significant expression of contemporary Athenian intellectual prowess and provide an insight into the politics and culture of ancient Greece during the 4th century BC. He encouraged Athens against Philip II

Argead House

was an ancient Greek royal house. They were the ruling dynasty of Macedonia from about 700 to 310 BCE. Their tradition, as described in ancient Greek historiography, traced their origins to Argos, in southern Greece (hence the name Argeads).[1][2] Initially, the rulers of the homonymous tribe,[3] by the time of Philip II they had expanded their reign further, to include under the rule of Macedonia all Upper Macedonian states

Third Sacred War":

was fought between the forces of the Delphic Amphictyonic League, principally represented by Thebes, and latterly by Philip II of Macedon, and the Phocians. The war was caused by a large fine imposed in 357 BC on the Phocians by the Amphictyonic League (dominated at that moment by Thebes), for the offense of cultivating sacred land; refusing to pay, the Phocians instead seized the Temple of Apollo in Delphi, and used the accumulated treasures to fund large mercenary armies.

Battle Chaeronea:

was fought in 338 BC, near the city of Chaeronea in Boeotia, between the forces of Philip II of Macedon and an alliance of some of the Greek city-states including Athens and Thebes. The battle was the culmination of Philip's campaign in Greece (339-338 BC) and resulted in a decisive victory for the Macedonians.

Melos

was fought in 415 BC between Athens and Melos. Melos had attempted to remain neutral in the Peloponnesian War, but Athens attacked and forced Melos to surrender

Alexandria

was founded by Alexander the Great in April 331 BC as Alexander's chief architect for the project was Dinocrates. Alexandria was intended to supersede Naucratis as a Hellenistic center in Egypt, and to be the link between Greece and the rich Nile Valley

Aeschylus

was the first of the famous tragedians of the fifth century Athens. Best known for the trilogy known as the Oresteia.

Thucydides

writer who wrote largely about his own time, influenced by Hippocratics , grew up when law was flourishing, looked at the world as human- centered. He was a historian