340 Quiz Questions 1

The ability to take phenylthiocarbamiate (PTC) is a trait shared between all women. It is believed to be an adaption for detecting and avoiding glucosinolates during pregnancy.

False

The archaeological evidence of fire use places the time that humans first started using fire for cooking at 50,000 before present

False

The effects of the taste modifier, miracle berry (Sysepalum dylcificum) on taste perception is related to its activity on serotonin receptors in the brain.

False

The spice trade is relatively recent, and dates back to 1,000 years ago

False

The spice trade thrived during the Dark Ages in Europe

False

The majority of plants used in the preparation of fermented healthy beverages by the Gorani are from the ____ family, which are rich in flavonoids.

Rosaceae

Sweetness is the prefered taste for humans.

True

The taste and smell of foods helps us to perceive and avoid toxic foods.

True

The temperature at which a food product is fermented influences the rate of microbial growth in the ferment.

True

The tendency to eat substances other than the "normal food" (normal being defined within a specific cultural context) us known as pica behavior.

True

Water-soluble or hydrophilic xenobiotics pose a relatively minimal threat to the organism ingesting them

True

To be considered a "supertaster" you must have more than ____ papillae:

30

____ are the most ubiquitous plant allelochemicals and are a constituent of most food

flavenoids

__ is the Arbereshe term for edible weedy vegetables

Liakra

The unpalatable nature of a food may reflect the absence of _____ or presence of _______.

positive stimuli / Irritating or unpleasant principles

The high _____ content of acorns can be removed by various methods, including boiling, leaching, and pulverizing, among others.

tannin

Cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases are a major class of enzyme that metabolize xenobiotics.

true

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are a major class of enzyme that metabolize xenobiotics.

true

A __ plant is protected from human actions that may harm it, is liberated from competition with other species, or is planted in areas other than prepared seed beds

Managed

The milestone in early human evolutionary history was key in enabling the modification of the character of foods, assuring their safety and preservation

Management of fire

All of the following are physiological adaptations to environmental toxins except:

Neophobia

This is a mechanism by which organisms protect themselves from toxiccompounds. It is involves use of smell to detect potential poisons.

Olfaction

Many current disease have a dietary basis.

True

Approximately ___% of the world's plants are threatened with extinction

20

Zingerol and Shogaol are pungent compounds in:

Ginger

A __ plant is genetically modified species completely dependent on humans for survival

Domesticated

Seed banks are a cost-effective means of long term ______ plant conservation

Ex-situ

Why was the Svalbard chosen for seed vaulting?

(All); local coal supply provides an ample source of energy, Svalbard is deemed as secure location, cold climate and permafrost are ideal

How many seeds can the Svalbard seed vault store at max capacity?

2.25 billion

How many plants are needed for Progation/Restoration

10,000+

You must have at least ___ sample for genetic diversity

45

US vegetable crops now have less than ___% of the diversity that existed just a century ago

7

Approximately ___% of antibiotics used in the US are used on farms

80

Smell is ___ % of what we taste.

80

The Amymara evaluate potatoes by taste for glycoalkaloid content and classify them into two groups: 1) too high or 2) ____

Acceptable

Vinegar is made via the ____ acid fermentation pathway

Acetic

Traditional societies such as the Amymara domesticated plants so that nearly all toxic plant secondary compounds were removed from their diets

False

All of the following are examples of primary metabolites EXCEPT:

Alkaloids

Dietary and lifestyle shifts associated with agriculture have been linked to all of the following health problems EXCEPT:

Alzheimer's disease

Johns used all of the following methods to test his hypothesis about Amymara potato domestication except

Ancient DNA genetic testing for evidence of potato domestication

Using plants as medicine is dependent on language, and thus unique to humans

False

______ spearheaded the creation of the Svalbard seed vault, which was built into the permafrost in norway to serve as a long term seed preservation measure

Cary Fowler

Which of the following spices was not typically used in Egyptian Mummification?

Basil

What causes bread to rise?

Carbon Dioxide

Which of the following is a limitation of the conservation of seeds?

Certain seeds are heterogeneous, viability is reduced with passage of time, its is difficult to maintain clones, seeds are susceptible to insect or pathogen attack

What did Fowley mean when he told the Peruvians that soon they would "run out of mountain" to plant their potatoes?

Climate change has been making the area warmer, so the potatoes had to be planted at higher altitudes

When available, humans prefer foods with the following qualities: dense, fat, fiber, and protein.

False

_____ is thought to be the historical center of origin for fermentation

China

All of the following are indigenous to the Mediterranean EXCEPT:

Cinnamon

Ingesting all the following are examples of pica behavior EXCEPT:

Coffee

Microorganisms in traditional Japanese fermented-food products include all of the following EXCEPT:

Coliform bacteria

Which of the following is the correct scientific name for myrrh?

Commiphora molmol, Burseraceae

Which of the following does the atlanta botanical garden undertake?

Conservation horticulture; Monitoring and research throughout the nation; seed collecting and banking; training, research, volunteer participation

Which of the following has had the biggest impact on reducing the use of antibiotics in the poultry industry?

Consumer pressure

Cultivated produce of the ground, while growing or when gathered

Crop

The cultivated produce of the ground, while growing or when gathered

Crop

_______ are aromatic leaves or seeds of non-woody temperate plants.

Culinary herbs

A species of plant that is known only as a cultivated form, not known to have a direct wild or uncultivated counterpart

Cultigen

Some pharmacological effects of spices rich in pungent compounds include all of the following except:

Decreased peristalsis

Throughout time and space, spices have served numerous roles, including all of the following except:

Detoxification of plant foods

Which of the following types of plants can only outbreed?

Dioecious

Inclusion of Antibiotics as growth promoters for chicken, pigs, and cattle

Disrupts the gut microbiome; contributes to the rise of antibiotic resistance; helps animals gain weight faster

What are the three E's of Millennium Seed Bank?

Endangered, Endemic, Economic

___ describes the science of fermentation in traditional diets, in which the food processing practice involves integration of traditional knowledge concerning wild environmental resources.

Ethnozymology

Characteristics of horticulture (extensive cultivation) include all of the following EXCEPT:

Extensive use of irrigation

"Functional" foods are those only eaten for specific therapeutic reasons

False

A result of John's study was the finding that the Amymara have five distinct categories for levels of bitterness which corresponds to glycoalkaloid levels in the potato

False

A single taste bud contains 50-100 cells that represent a single taste Sensation.

False

According to lecture, Strugaru and Johns, most traditional peoples deliberately avoid eating any wild foods that taste bitter, pungent, astringent, or sour.

False

All human ethnic groups classify tastes in the same way

False

Astringent compounds such as tannins elicit a sweet taste due to stimulation of the trigeminal nerve.

False

Classification of taste into five categories sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami is a cultural universal

False

Compared to other mammalian herbivores, primates show high levels of speciation in gut morphology.

False

Consumption of tannins may facilitate absorption of proteins and other nutrients across the gut barrier.

False

Contemporary human dietary physiology has little in common with that of ancestral humans

False

Early Greek medicine saw secular healing eclipsed by magico-religious healing.

False

Elaborate systems of traditional medicines seem to have emerged only in historical centers such as Ancient Greece and China.

False

Flavonoids are not antioxidants unlike phenolic compounds.

False

Humans make approximations of taste much faster than rats.

False

In the study on BMI and urban food deserts, the researchers found significant associations between distance to where respondents do their shopping with BMI. Specifically, the BMI increased for every mile of distance to the shopping location.

False

Ingestion of saponins typically lead to deadly outcomes

False

Low temperatures will reduce viability

False

Minimum number for genetic diversity is 25

False

Modern agriculture, which relies on monocropping systems, is considered a natural system

False

Neophobia, or the fear of new things as related to food, is at its lowest level during puberty

False

Omnivores exhibit intense neophilia, readily sampling unfamiliar foods.

False

Researchers have demonstrated that gardening activities have limited to no impact on the heath of gardeners

False

Roughly 15-20% of the population in the developing world is dependant on traditional medicine for their primary form of healthcare

False

Seeds are generally easy to grow, so it is not necessary for seed banks to know the details of the conditions seeds grow in

False

Tannins facilitate the absorption of proteins and other chemicals.

False

Taste perception in humans is determined purely by genetic factors.

False

The Hausa of Northern Nigeria have a dichotomous distinction between "wild" and "domesticated" plants

False

The species of bacteria used in the aging process for cheese has no impact of the final flavor of texture of the cheese product

False

The species of bacteria used in the aging process for cheese has no impact of the final flavor or texture of the cheese product.

False

There is only one fermentation pathway for the conversion of pyruvic acid

False

There is only one fermentation pathway for the conversion of pyruvic acid.

False

Modern industrialized diets are typically high in (select all)

Fat, Salt, Sugar

These plant compounds are responsible for plant colors (particularly yellows and oranges) and also often exhibit health benefits when included in the diet because of their antioxidant activity.

Flavonoids

What typically produces orange and yellow colors?

Flavonoids

A ____ is a vernacular naming system,and can be contrasted with scientific taxonomy.

Folk taxonomy

Which of the following have been found to be benefits of gardening?

Fostering healing and transformation, Producing quality food in nutritionally meaningful qualities, improving health, providing cultural services

The ___ theory of disease is the dominant paradigm in contemporary western medicine.

Germ

The highly pungent smell and taste of members of the Brassicaceae family (mustards, broccoli, etc.) is due to the ______content

Glucosinolate

The institutionalization of medical care includes all of the following developments EXCEPT:

Integration of folk-biological knowledge with biomedicine

Which is false about the Svalbard seed vault?

It has been built to last 500 years

_______ is the scientific name for the "mint" family plants such as basil, lavender, mint, thyme

Lamiacaea

This spice was once so highly valued in Europe that it was literally worth its weight in gold. The acquisition of ____ led to the eventual enslavement and murder of the native population in the Banda islands.

Myristica fragrans

Which plant was the major source for the spice trade between Europe and the Banda Islands?

Myristica fragrans Houtt., Myristicacaea

______ was the first to describe the crop centers of origin. This was based on the fieldwork conducted over many continents in which he investigated local landraces and varieties grown by farmers

Nikolai Valvilov

Massacre of the Banda people by the Dutch was precipitated by a struggle for control over

Nutmeg

Grains used in the making flours for bread come from the _____ plant family.

Poaceae

Antibiotic discovery began with the use of _____ after the discovery of its medicinal utility by Sir Alexander Fleming

Penicillin

In the TED talk on diet and cancer, it was noted that all of the following foods are linked to angiogenesis in cancer prevention EXCEPT:

Potatoes

Nondigestible food ingredients that encourage the growth and activity of favorable intestinal bacteria are called:

Prebiotics

Benefits of lactic acid bacteria consumption include all of the following EXCEPT:

Reduced risk of sleep disorders such as insomnia

Which of the following are nutritional advantages to fermentation (select all)?

Reduces cooking time, Diminishes toxicity, Improves food digestibility and nutritional availability

Which of the following are nutritional advantages to fermentation (select all)?

Reduces cooking time, Improves food digestibility and nutritional availability, Diminishes toxicity

______ were used in the context of Egyptian mummification, religious rites, as an oral health product and as an analgesic

Resins

Which of the following techniques of processing food was likely the first that used fire?

Roasting

Why are unpalatable food constituents included in the diet?

Select all: Pest resistance, Cultural identity, Traditional knowledge maintenance, Sensory variety, Necessity (it was all of the choices listed)

In some languages, one word can be used to describe two things of relevance to food. For example, in the Maragoli language of Kenya, the same verb is used to describe: _____ and _____.

Smell/ texture

Food _____ is the right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food

Sovereignty

Which plants are used to make traditional soy sauce? Select all.

Soy, Wheat

How did Nikoli Vavilov die?

Starvation, while imprisoned by his own country

During the Nazi siege of Lenigrad in WWII, the botanists working under Nikolai Vavilov died of _____ protecting the _____ seeds thier group had collected

Starvation; rice

Johns' hypothesis is that Aymara cultivators placed direct selection pressure on the chemical constituents of potatoes through their attention to ____

Taste quality

All of the following are positive aspects of non cultigens EXCEPT

They can be produced on a mass scale using intensive agriculture

Astringent compounds (e.g., tannins & saponins) create bitter tastes by astringent effects on the oral membrane and stimulation of the _______ nerve

Trigeminal

Albanians and Gorani share a similar pattern of use for wild flora for daily subsistence and medicinal practices

True

Allelopathy is the means of assuring that a plant keeps other plants out of its space and refers generally to the effects of chemicals released from plants on other species in geographic proximity.

True

Among the Hausa of northern Nigeria, medicinal knowledge of a plant is used to determine its appropriateness as a food

True

Ancient Berenike was a major maritime spice trade center

True

Animals, including insects and mammals, have been observed to use plants in self-medication.

True

Bacterial gut flora may help in metabolizing toxins prior to absorption across intestinal walls.

True

Capsicumsappis the most commonly consumed spice worldwide.

True

Consumers of an energy rich modern industrialized diet run the risk of malnutrition due to consumption of nutritionally deficient foods.

True

Consumption of high levels of glucosinolates over a long period of time can lead to the development of a goiter.

True

Consumption of high levels of glucosinolates over a long period of time can lead to the development of goiter.

True

Controlled fermentation of a food substrate can increase its nutritional value by decreasing toxicity and increasing vitamin levels

True

Crocus sativus L, Iridaceae was historically one of the most expensive spices. It continues to be sold at high prices per weight because it comes from the stigma of the plant.

True

Crop Diversity is founded in the diversity of seeds

True

During WWI more people died form infectious disease than battle wounds

True

During the 1700s in Europe, illness was primarily managed by women at home.

True

Ex-Situ is more static than in-situ

True

Folk taxonomy refers to the way that people classify things following a vernacular system

True

Gardening has been linked to improved individual health

True

Human traditional medicine can be found anywhere that humans have persisted.

True

In cases of limited food options or crop failure, wild foods otherwise considered marginally edible are frequently consumed.

True

In the Andes mountains, potato production has risen over 500 feet in altitude over the last 30 years

True

In the ancient world, pepper and cardamom were used, among other functions, to conceal the rancid smell and flavor of putrid foods.

True

Intensity of taste perception is linked to the number of taste buds you have.

True

Knowledge of poisons played a crucial role in development of medicine.

True

Knowledge of poisons played a crucial role in the development of medicine.

True

Many current diseases have a dietary basis.

True

Many current diseases have dietary basis.

True

One of the medicinal properties of myrrh is its analgesic effects

True

Plants belonging to the Mint family (Lamiaceae) - such as basil, mint, and oregano - are characterized by a rich chemistry of terpenoids.

True

Resveratrol is a naturally occurring compound found in various plants, including grapevines and peanuts.The resveratrol content of wine is related to the length of time the grape skins are present during fermentation.

True

Specialist species are often attracted to plant compounds that are toxic to non-specialized species

True

The Amymara are capable of making judgement with regards to potato quality based on their taste

True

The ability to taste PTC is determined by a single gene

True

The difference between poison and medicine is dose and intent.

True

The difference between spice and "food" products comes down to organoleptic qualities

True

When sampling for seed conservation, it is best to avoid less robust looking plants or plants that look different and have unique growth farms

True

Acetic acid producing bacteria are important in the production of:

Vinegar

What are the essential ingredients required to make bread? Select all.

Water, salt, flour, yeast

Which of the following are foods created via process of fermentation? Select all that apply.

White vinegar, Yogurt, Bread, Bleu Cheese, Soy Sauce, Red Wine

A __ plant may be used but is neither managed or cultivated

Wild

Which of the following describes the effects of eating a substance rich in tannins?

binds with proteins, reduces nutrient absorption