chpt 11 education

institutions creating good and effective citizens

achieved when the culture is transmitted from one generation to the next

The deschooling movement

aims at providing students with a situation in which they will maximize their learning.

direct correlation between level of education

and voter participation.

compensatory programs

are aimed at disadvantaged pupils. They focus on skills such as reading and speech and attempt to offer an intensive program of help so that the disadvantaged pupil can approach the level of others in the school. Some compensatory programs are remedial. reduces number of students per teacher

Equalized for socioeconomic status."

good part of the Page 342differences that were observed among the groups was really rooted in different socioeconomic backgrounds.

The slowest students may be bored because they cannot

grasp the materials

the most common manifestation of deschooling today is

homeschooling. People decide for various reasons to teach their children at home rather than send them to the schools

A strong relationship exists between levels of education and

income

The report concluded that millions of American students have teachers who

lack the minimum requirements set by the states to teach in public schools

The effects of labeling on children's achievement are dramatized in an elementary school experiment that showed that teachers' expectations about the intellectual abilities of their students were reflected in the students' IQ scores

(Rosenthal and Jacobson 1968).

A Texas survey found that:•

68 percent of the elementary teachers had students who were promoted to the next grade even though they had failed the class•61 percent of middle-school and junior-high teachers had students who moved on without repeating a course they had failed

"Individualism" means that

Americans expect their schools to be the means to individual advancement, and this belief translates into such attitudes as "I should be able to choose the kind of school—public or private—that my children attend without being penalized by the tax system" and "I should be able to veto any policies or practices that I deem harmful to my child's education."

"Egalitarianism," means that

Americans expect their schools to help equalize opportunities for all students, and this belief translates into such attitudes as "Poor schools should get as much money as rich schools" and "No child should be denied entrance into any school because of the child's color or social standing."

Children do not have equal educational opportunities if they:•

Attend schools with unequal resources•Are forced to drop out at some point because they cannot pay for the cost of their education

cognitive development.

Certain characteristics of the lower-strata family tend to depress

In short, religious ideology is pervasive throughout the educational process, and for that reason critics charge that the

Christian schools not only fail to address the issue of mediocrity, but also increase the amount of miseducation in the nation. promote racial segregation. outmoded methods of teaching.

Without a safe environment, teachers find it difficult to teach and students find it difficult to learn. Unfortunately, a considerable amount of crime and violence exists in the schools.

Education doesn't yield a high payoff when students are bored.

In the early 1970s, a contradiction developed between education and the economy•

Educational attainment outstripped the capacity of the economy to absorb the graduates into jobs commensurate with their training

quality enhancement measures

Lengthening the number of days in the school year could help poor children, who lose ground in the summer when they lack the intellectual demands of the classroom (Entwisle and Alexander 1992). Establishing standards-based education, which includes testing and accountability for meeting minimum standards in subject areas, has yielded gains in student achievement in a number of states (Editorial Projects in Education Research Center 2006). Improving the school atmosphere by ensuring student safety and making schools drug- and gun-free could facilitate learning (Ingersoll and LeBoeuf 1997). Providing all children with the opportunity to attend preschool can enhance both their emotional and intellectual well-being, and can be particularly helpful to those from disadvantaged backgrounds (Scott and Delgado 2005; Arnold et al. 2006). Finally, placing all children in small classes can improve performance, because from kindergarten on those in small classes do better academically than those in large classes

dropping out

Males are more likely to drop out than are females. Students in the lower socioeconomic strata are more likely than those in higher strata to drop out. And minorities have higher rates than do whites.

egalitarianism

Many educational problems are difficult to resolve because they involve a conflict of value between the value on individualism and the value on

The educational system is marred by mediocrity•

Millions of American students have teachers who lack the minimum requirements set by the states to teach in the public schools•American students are behind those of a number of nations in math and science•Critics charge that religious schools increase the amount of miseducation in the nation

Employers reward educational attainment only when they believe it will contribute to the employee's productivity

Over a lifetime, the total income of those with a bachelor's degree or more will be much higher than the total income of those with only a high school diploma

Schools with such an atmosphere are most likely to be found in the urban ghetto or other dominantly low-income area

School atmosphere in which the motions of teaching and learning continue, while the students are more concerned about surviving than learning•

students are safer at school than away from school. That is no longer the case. crime and violence has decreased since early 1990s

Students aged 12 through 18 experienced 850,100 nonfatal victimizations at school. About 43 percent of the victimizations were thefts; the remainder were violent incidents of assault. 7 percent of students in grades 9 through 12 reported being threatened or injured with a weapon, such as a gun, knife, or club, on school property. About 5 percent of students said they avoided at least one school activity or class or one or more places in school because they feared being attacked or harmed. 22 percent of students in grades 9 through 12 said that drugs were offered, sold, or given to them. 22 percent of 12- to 18-year-old students reported having been bullied at school; this is a lower figure than those reported in prior years, but it still means that one of every five students experiences bullying. 31 homicides and 6 suicides of school-age youth (ages 5-18) occurred at school during the year.

In 2014, according to a national survey, students aged 12 through 18 experienced 33 nonfatal victimizations per 1,000 students at school and 24 per 1,000 students away from school

The survey reported the following about school victimizations from the year 2012 to 2013•Students aged 12 through 18 experienced 850,100 nonfatal victimizations at school. About 43 percent of the victimizations were thefts; the remainder were violent incidents of assault• 7 percent of students in grades 9 through 12 reported being threatened or injured with a weapon• 5 percent of students said they avoided at least one school activity or class or one or more places in school because they feared being attacked or harmed•22 percent of students in grades 9 through 12 said that drugs were offered, sold, or given to them•22 percent of 12- to 18-year-old students reported having been bullied at school•31 homicides and 6 suicides of school-age youth occurred at school during the year

college finances

There is not sufficient money to provide scholarships and loans for all students who would like to go to college, and the cost of attending college has risen rapidly. For a number of decades, now, the cost of a college education has been rising much faster than the overall cost of living.

crab bucket syndrome

This syndrome refers to the fact that inner-city students who try to free themselves from the culture of gangs, drugs, and violence and do good work face enormous pressure, harassment, and even violence as others try to pull them back into the bucket.

As a result, they may be unprepared to learn when they come to kindergarten. They lack the vocabulary and sentence structure skills necessary for success in school.

Thus, the position of the family in the stratification system has a close relationship to the educational attainment of the children. Parental educational attainment and parental influence and expectations for children strongly affect children's educational aspirations and achievement

Children who are disadvantaged by their social background when they enter school become even more disadvantaged as they progress through school

Two factors contribute to the disadvantage•Quality of teaching•Many instructors are teaching subjects for which they are not trained•Evaluation and labeling of ability•Labels can become a self-fulfilling prophecy that retards or stifles the achievement of able students

Inequality of Attainment•Ethnicity is not the only important variable in understanding attainment levels of America's minorities

Whites and Asians get far more education than do African Americans and Hispanics

fallacy of personal attack,

blaming the students rather than the system for their lack of achievement.

Gifted children may also suffer from

boredom

functions of education

create good and effective citizens. provide the individual with the possibility for upward mobility.

More educated people are also more likely to hold

democratic values and to support democratic practices.

affects achieving highest levels of income

economy, race, education

Every child has access to quality

education and is not deterred from maximizing that education by social background or economic factors. Social background factors include race, ethnic origin, sex, and socioeconomic status•Economic factors include the funding of education and the cost to the student

beliefs on education

education should produce citizens who will accept traditional values and protect the "American way of life" should equip the citizenry to reshape their society so that the flaws and inequities are eliminated. In any case, education has been held to be essential in the process of creating effective citizens in the republic.

voucher system

enables parents to use tax funds to send their children to private as well as public schools. Tax credit programs offer state tax credits for contributions to organizations that award scholarships to children from families with limited resources. In some states, tax credit scholarship programs send more low-income students to private schools than do voucher programs

ritualized deprivation

exists in classrooms. The teacher performs in a substandard fashion and may be with the children for only a short period of time. The building and facilities are substandard and contain little if anything to stimulate curiosity or motivate the intellect.student is more concerned about surviving the process than learning. urban ghetto

to assume that anyone can reach the highest levels of income by maximizing education is the

fallacy of non sequitur.

higher level of achievement in children

living with both biological parents and parents that get upset with low grades

Sufficient money is not available to provide

loans and scholarships for all students, and the cost of attending college has risen rapidly

The funding per child

makes a difference in the quality of teachers hired and the physical conditions of the schoolFunds available to school districts cannot be equalized because public education is financed largely by the property tax

Property tax funding

means that a school district populated largely by people from lower-income groups who live in cheaper homes will have a low tax base. School districts that encompass affluent areas, on the other hand, may actually have a lower rate of taxation Page 330but a much higher per-pupil income.

those most likely to benefit from education are already in the

middle and upper strata. In terms of mobility, the payoff from education is not equally likely for all groups.

reform of school financing-equal opportunity act

n 1997, the Vermont legislature passed the Equal Education Opportunity Act, which drastically increased the proportion of state money designated for public education and altered the taxation system (Proulx and Jimerson 1998). A statewide property tax now provides a general state support grant to school districts.

address problems of education

parental involvement is one of the crucial factors in children's educational attainment. Among other parental factors, having high expectations for the children's education, creating an educationally rich environment in the home, and helping with homework will make a difference in how much children achieve academically

education increases political

participation and understanding

schools increase quality of life by enabling

personal development

education enables

personal development. liberates people from bonds of ignorance and prepares them to maximize their intellectual, emotional, and social development

education provides

possibility of upward mobility

factor that has aided educational attainment

proliferation of two-year colleges.

one way to deal with the inequality is to equalize the money available to various districts. Such equalization cannot occur because public education is financed largely by the

property tax.

religious schools

since the schools teach pupils to think and behave in accord with particular religious doctrines (Wagner 1990), religious ideology enters into every facet of the curriculum. Such schools may teach creationism instead of (not along with) evolution and Darwinism.

increased student achievement

standards. Lengthening the number of days in the school year could help poor children, who lose ground in the summer when they lack the intellectual demands of the classroom (Entwisle and Alexander 1992). Establishing standards-based education, which includes testing and accountability for meeting minimum standards in subject areas, has yielded gains in student achievement in a number of states (Editorial Projects in Education Research Center 2006). Improving the school atmosphere by ensuring student safety and making schools drug- and gun-free could facilitate learning (Ingersoll and LeBoeuf 1997). Providing all children with the opportunity to attend preschool can enhance both their emotional and intellectual well-being, and can be particularly helpful to those from disadvantaged backgrounds (Scott and Delgado 2005; Arnold et al. 2006). Finally, placing all children in small classes can improve performance, because from kindergarten on those in small classes do better academically than those in large classes

Education achieves this function when it transmits

the culture from one generation to the next, that is, when it socializes the young into the basic values, beliefs, and customs of the society.

The higher the level of education,

the higher the reported happiness and satisfaction with life

higher the level of education,

the higher the reported happiness and satisfaction with life

The disparity between educational attainment and the skill demands of the workplace means that some workers are

underemployed.

A direct correlation exists between education and

voter participation

promises with education

vouchers, quality enhancement measures, efforts to reduce racial and ethnic inequality, and compensatory and other innovative programs. Some are quite controversial.

Minorities and the poor do not attain the same educational levels as

white males