340 Quiz Questions 1
The ability to take phenylthiocarbamiate (PTC) is a trait shared between all women. It is believed to be an adaption for detecting and avoiding glucosinolates during pregnancy.
False
The archaeological evidence of fire use places the time that humans first started using fire for cooking at 50,000 before present
False
The effects of the taste modifier, miracle berry (Sysepalum dylcificum) on taste perception is related to its activity on serotonin receptors in the brain.
False
The spice trade is relatively recent, and dates back to 1,000 years ago
False
The spice trade thrived during the Dark Ages in Europe
False
The majority of plants used in the preparation of fermented healthy beverages by the Gorani are from the ____ family, which are rich in flavonoids.
Rosaceae
Sweetness is the prefered taste for humans.
True
The taste and smell of foods helps us to perceive and avoid toxic foods.
True
The temperature at which a food product is fermented influences the rate of microbial growth in the ferment.
True
The tendency to eat substances other than the "normal food" (normal being defined within a specific cultural context) us known as pica behavior.
True
Water-soluble or hydrophilic xenobiotics pose a relatively minimal threat to the organism ingesting them
True
To be considered a "supertaster" you must have more than ____ papillae:
30
____ are the most ubiquitous plant allelochemicals and are a constituent of most food
flavenoids
__ is the Arbereshe term for edible weedy vegetables
Liakra
The unpalatable nature of a food may reflect the absence of _____ or presence of _______.
positive stimuli / Irritating or unpleasant principles
The high _____ content of acorns can be removed by various methods, including boiling, leaching, and pulverizing, among others.
tannin
Cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases are a major class of enzyme that metabolize xenobiotics.
true
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are a major class of enzyme that metabolize xenobiotics.
true
A __ plant is protected from human actions that may harm it, is liberated from competition with other species, or is planted in areas other than prepared seed beds
Managed
The milestone in early human evolutionary history was key in enabling the modification of the character of foods, assuring their safety and preservation
Management of fire
All of the following are physiological adaptations to environmental toxins except:
Neophobia
This is a mechanism by which organisms protect themselves from toxiccompounds. It is involves use of smell to detect potential poisons.
Olfaction
Many current disease have a dietary basis.
True
Approximately ___% of the world's plants are threatened with extinction
20
Zingerol and Shogaol are pungent compounds in:
Ginger
A __ plant is genetically modified species completely dependent on humans for survival
Domesticated
Seed banks are a cost-effective means of long term ______ plant conservation
Ex-situ
Why was the Svalbard chosen for seed vaulting?
(All); local coal supply provides an ample source of energy, Svalbard is deemed as secure location, cold climate and permafrost are ideal
How many seeds can the Svalbard seed vault store at max capacity?
2.25 billion
How many plants are needed for Progation/Restoration
10,000+
You must have at least ___ sample for genetic diversity
45
US vegetable crops now have less than ___% of the diversity that existed just a century ago
7
Approximately ___% of antibiotics used in the US are used on farms
80
Smell is ___ % of what we taste.
80
The Amymara evaluate potatoes by taste for glycoalkaloid content and classify them into two groups: 1) too high or 2) ____
Acceptable
Vinegar is made via the ____ acid fermentation pathway
Acetic
Traditional societies such as the Amymara domesticated plants so that nearly all toxic plant secondary compounds were removed from their diets
False
All of the following are examples of primary metabolites EXCEPT:
Alkaloids
Dietary and lifestyle shifts associated with agriculture have been linked to all of the following health problems EXCEPT:
Alzheimer's disease
Johns used all of the following methods to test his hypothesis about Amymara potato domestication except
Ancient DNA genetic testing for evidence of potato domestication
Using plants as medicine is dependent on language, and thus unique to humans
False
______ spearheaded the creation of the Svalbard seed vault, which was built into the permafrost in norway to serve as a long term seed preservation measure
Cary Fowler
Which of the following spices was not typically used in Egyptian Mummification?
Basil
What causes bread to rise?
Carbon Dioxide
Which of the following is a limitation of the conservation of seeds?
Certain seeds are heterogeneous, viability is reduced with passage of time, its is difficult to maintain clones, seeds are susceptible to insect or pathogen attack
What did Fowley mean when he told the Peruvians that soon they would "run out of mountain" to plant their potatoes?
Climate change has been making the area warmer, so the potatoes had to be planted at higher altitudes
When available, humans prefer foods with the following qualities: dense, fat, fiber, and protein.
False
_____ is thought to be the historical center of origin for fermentation
China
All of the following are indigenous to the Mediterranean EXCEPT:
Cinnamon
Ingesting all the following are examples of pica behavior EXCEPT:
Coffee
Microorganisms in traditional Japanese fermented-food products include all of the following EXCEPT:
Coliform bacteria
Which of the following is the correct scientific name for myrrh?
Commiphora molmol, Burseraceae
Which of the following does the atlanta botanical garden undertake?
Conservation horticulture; Monitoring and research throughout the nation; seed collecting and banking; training, research, volunteer participation
Which of the following has had the biggest impact on reducing the use of antibiotics in the poultry industry?
Consumer pressure
Cultivated produce of the ground, while growing or when gathered
Crop
The cultivated produce of the ground, while growing or when gathered
Crop
_______ are aromatic leaves or seeds of non-woody temperate plants.
Culinary herbs
A species of plant that is known only as a cultivated form, not known to have a direct wild or uncultivated counterpart
Cultigen
Some pharmacological effects of spices rich in pungent compounds include all of the following except:
Decreased peristalsis
Throughout time and space, spices have served numerous roles, including all of the following except:
Detoxification of plant foods
Which of the following types of plants can only outbreed?
Dioecious
Inclusion of Antibiotics as growth promoters for chicken, pigs, and cattle
Disrupts the gut microbiome; contributes to the rise of antibiotic resistance; helps animals gain weight faster
What are the three E's of Millennium Seed Bank?
Endangered, Endemic, Economic
___ describes the science of fermentation in traditional diets, in which the food processing practice involves integration of traditional knowledge concerning wild environmental resources.
Ethnozymology
Characteristics of horticulture (extensive cultivation) include all of the following EXCEPT:
Extensive use of irrigation
"Functional" foods are those only eaten for specific therapeutic reasons
False
A result of John's study was the finding that the Amymara have five distinct categories for levels of bitterness which corresponds to glycoalkaloid levels in the potato
False
A single taste bud contains 50-100 cells that represent a single taste Sensation.
False
According to lecture, Strugaru and Johns, most traditional peoples deliberately avoid eating any wild foods that taste bitter, pungent, astringent, or sour.
False
All human ethnic groups classify tastes in the same way
False
Astringent compounds such as tannins elicit a sweet taste due to stimulation of the trigeminal nerve.
False
Classification of taste into five categories sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami is a cultural universal
False
Compared to other mammalian herbivores, primates show high levels of speciation in gut morphology.
False
Consumption of tannins may facilitate absorption of proteins and other nutrients across the gut barrier.
False
Contemporary human dietary physiology has little in common with that of ancestral humans
False
Early Greek medicine saw secular healing eclipsed by magico-religious healing.
False
Elaborate systems of traditional medicines seem to have emerged only in historical centers such as Ancient Greece and China.
False
Flavonoids are not antioxidants unlike phenolic compounds.
False
Humans make approximations of taste much faster than rats.
False
In the study on BMI and urban food deserts, the researchers found significant associations between distance to where respondents do their shopping with BMI. Specifically, the BMI increased for every mile of distance to the shopping location.
False
Ingestion of saponins typically lead to deadly outcomes
False
Low temperatures will reduce viability
False
Minimum number for genetic diversity is 25
False
Modern agriculture, which relies on monocropping systems, is considered a natural system
False
Neophobia, or the fear of new things as related to food, is at its lowest level during puberty
False
Omnivores exhibit intense neophilia, readily sampling unfamiliar foods.
False
Researchers have demonstrated that gardening activities have limited to no impact on the heath of gardeners
False
Roughly 15-20% of the population in the developing world is dependant on traditional medicine for their primary form of healthcare
False
Seeds are generally easy to grow, so it is not necessary for seed banks to know the details of the conditions seeds grow in
False
Tannins facilitate the absorption of proteins and other chemicals.
False
Taste perception in humans is determined purely by genetic factors.
False
The Hausa of Northern Nigeria have a dichotomous distinction between "wild" and "domesticated" plants
False
The species of bacteria used in the aging process for cheese has no impact of the final flavor of texture of the cheese product
False
The species of bacteria used in the aging process for cheese has no impact of the final flavor or texture of the cheese product.
False
There is only one fermentation pathway for the conversion of pyruvic acid
False
There is only one fermentation pathway for the conversion of pyruvic acid.
False
Modern industrialized diets are typically high in (select all)
Fat, Salt, Sugar
These plant compounds are responsible for plant colors (particularly yellows and oranges) and also often exhibit health benefits when included in the diet because of their antioxidant activity.
Flavonoids
What typically produces orange and yellow colors?
Flavonoids
A ____ is a vernacular naming system,and can be contrasted with scientific taxonomy.
Folk taxonomy
Which of the following have been found to be benefits of gardening?
Fostering healing and transformation, Producing quality food in nutritionally meaningful qualities, improving health, providing cultural services
The ___ theory of disease is the dominant paradigm in contemporary western medicine.
Germ
The highly pungent smell and taste of members of the Brassicaceae family (mustards, broccoli, etc.) is due to the ______content
Glucosinolate
The institutionalization of medical care includes all of the following developments EXCEPT:
Integration of folk-biological knowledge with biomedicine
Which is false about the Svalbard seed vault?
It has been built to last 500 years
_______ is the scientific name for the "mint" family plants such as basil, lavender, mint, thyme
Lamiacaea
This spice was once so highly valued in Europe that it was literally worth its weight in gold. The acquisition of ____ led to the eventual enslavement and murder of the native population in the Banda islands.
Myristica fragrans
Which plant was the major source for the spice trade between Europe and the Banda Islands?
Myristica fragrans Houtt., Myristicacaea
______ was the first to describe the crop centers of origin. This was based on the fieldwork conducted over many continents in which he investigated local landraces and varieties grown by farmers
Nikolai Valvilov
Massacre of the Banda people by the Dutch was precipitated by a struggle for control over
Nutmeg
Grains used in the making flours for bread come from the _____ plant family.
Poaceae
Antibiotic discovery began with the use of _____ after the discovery of its medicinal utility by Sir Alexander Fleming
Penicillin
In the TED talk on diet and cancer, it was noted that all of the following foods are linked to angiogenesis in cancer prevention EXCEPT:
Potatoes
Nondigestible food ingredients that encourage the growth and activity of favorable intestinal bacteria are called:
Prebiotics
Benefits of lactic acid bacteria consumption include all of the following EXCEPT:
Reduced risk of sleep disorders such as insomnia
Which of the following are nutritional advantages to fermentation (select all)?
Reduces cooking time, Diminishes toxicity, Improves food digestibility and nutritional availability
Which of the following are nutritional advantages to fermentation (select all)?
Reduces cooking time, Improves food digestibility and nutritional availability, Diminishes toxicity
______ were used in the context of Egyptian mummification, religious rites, as an oral health product and as an analgesic
Resins
Which of the following techniques of processing food was likely the first that used fire?
Roasting
Why are unpalatable food constituents included in the diet?
Select all: Pest resistance, Cultural identity, Traditional knowledge maintenance, Sensory variety, Necessity (it was all of the choices listed)
In some languages, one word can be used to describe two things of relevance to food. For example, in the Maragoli language of Kenya, the same verb is used to describe: _____ and _____.
Smell/ texture
Food _____ is the right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food
Sovereignty
Which plants are used to make traditional soy sauce? Select all.
Soy, Wheat
How did Nikoli Vavilov die?
Starvation, while imprisoned by his own country
During the Nazi siege of Lenigrad in WWII, the botanists working under Nikolai Vavilov died of _____ protecting the _____ seeds thier group had collected
Starvation; rice
Johns' hypothesis is that Aymara cultivators placed direct selection pressure on the chemical constituents of potatoes through their attention to ____
Taste quality
All of the following are positive aspects of non cultigens EXCEPT
They can be produced on a mass scale using intensive agriculture
Astringent compounds (e.g., tannins & saponins) create bitter tastes by astringent effects on the oral membrane and stimulation of the _______ nerve
Trigeminal
Albanians and Gorani share a similar pattern of use for wild flora for daily subsistence and medicinal practices
True
Allelopathy is the means of assuring that a plant keeps other plants out of its space and refers generally to the effects of chemicals released from plants on other species in geographic proximity.
True
Among the Hausa of northern Nigeria, medicinal knowledge of a plant is used to determine its appropriateness as a food
True
Ancient Berenike was a major maritime spice trade center
True
Animals, including insects and mammals, have been observed to use plants in self-medication.
True
Bacterial gut flora may help in metabolizing toxins prior to absorption across intestinal walls.
True
Capsicumsappis the most commonly consumed spice worldwide.
True
Consumers of an energy rich modern industrialized diet run the risk of malnutrition due to consumption of nutritionally deficient foods.
True
Consumption of high levels of glucosinolates over a long period of time can lead to the development of a goiter.
True
Consumption of high levels of glucosinolates over a long period of time can lead to the development of goiter.
True
Controlled fermentation of a food substrate can increase its nutritional value by decreasing toxicity and increasing vitamin levels
True
Crocus sativus L, Iridaceae was historically one of the most expensive spices. It continues to be sold at high prices per weight because it comes from the stigma of the plant.
True
Crop Diversity is founded in the diversity of seeds
True
During WWI more people died form infectious disease than battle wounds
True
During the 1700s in Europe, illness was primarily managed by women at home.
True
Ex-Situ is more static than in-situ
True
Folk taxonomy refers to the way that people classify things following a vernacular system
True
Gardening has been linked to improved individual health
True
Human traditional medicine can be found anywhere that humans have persisted.
True
In cases of limited food options or crop failure, wild foods otherwise considered marginally edible are frequently consumed.
True
In the Andes mountains, potato production has risen over 500 feet in altitude over the last 30 years
True
In the ancient world, pepper and cardamom were used, among other functions, to conceal the rancid smell and flavor of putrid foods.
True
Intensity of taste perception is linked to the number of taste buds you have.
True
Knowledge of poisons played a crucial role in development of medicine.
True
Knowledge of poisons played a crucial role in the development of medicine.
True
Many current diseases have a dietary basis.
True
Many current diseases have dietary basis.
True
One of the medicinal properties of myrrh is its analgesic effects
True
Plants belonging to the Mint family (Lamiaceae) - such as basil, mint, and oregano - are characterized by a rich chemistry of terpenoids.
True
Resveratrol is a naturally occurring compound found in various plants, including grapevines and peanuts.The resveratrol content of wine is related to the length of time the grape skins are present during fermentation.
True
Specialist species are often attracted to plant compounds that are toxic to non-specialized species
True
The Amymara are capable of making judgement with regards to potato quality based on their taste
True
The ability to taste PTC is determined by a single gene
True
The difference between poison and medicine is dose and intent.
True
The difference between spice and "food" products comes down to organoleptic qualities
True
When sampling for seed conservation, it is best to avoid less robust looking plants or plants that look different and have unique growth farms
True
Acetic acid producing bacteria are important in the production of:
Vinegar
What are the essential ingredients required to make bread? Select all.
Water, salt, flour, yeast
Which of the following are foods created via process of fermentation? Select all that apply.
White vinegar, Yogurt, Bread, Bleu Cheese, Soy Sauce, Red Wine
A __ plant may be used but is neither managed or cultivated
Wild
Which of the following describes the effects of eating a substance rich in tannins?
binds with proteins, reduces nutrient absorption