History 419 Midterm Two

Franco-Prussian War

(1870 - 1871) Was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia. The Battle of Sedan was when Louis Napoleon III was captured and the war was ended but the French pressed on which is when the war ended completely after the Siege of Paris.

Battle of Verdun

(1916) the longest battle of World War I; it ended as a win for France under General Petain, though both sides suffering hundreds of thousands of casualties

World War One

1914-1918 The first world war. A global military conflict which involved the majority of the world's greatest powers. Caused by assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary who would inherit the throne. Interlocking diplomatic obligations, which involved many countries.

Alfred Dreyfus

A Jewish military captain in the French Army, who worked in the top military office. There was someone leaking information to the Germans within the office and they blamed him because he was Jewish. This was not true and there was not enough evidence to convict him. He was a good soldier and a French Nationalist. Drumont caught wind of this and made a big deal out of it, which forced a trial to happen. Public pressure led to his conviction in December of 1894. He was publicly degraded and sent off to a penal colony. Things got complicated when the secrets kept leaking and Picquart found the real culprit, Esterhazy. More evidence was forged against Dreyfus which caused Esterhazy to be acquitted in 1897. J'Accuse is when Emile Zola takes a stand and debates break out in the press. Henry's forgeries are discovered and Dreyfus is found guilty again. He is pardoned.

The Dreyfus Affair

A Jewish military captain in the French Army, who worked in the top military office. There was someone leaking information to the Germans within the office and they blamed him because he was Jewish. This was not true and there was not enough evidence to convict him. He was a good soldier and a French Nationalist. Drumont caught wind of this and made a big deal out of it, which forced a trial to happen. Public pressure led to his conviction in December of 1894. He was publicly degraded and sent off to a penal colony. Things got complicated when the secrets kept leaking and Picquart found the real culprit, Esterhazy. More evidence was forged against Dreyfus which caused Esterhazy to be acquitted in 1897. J'Accuse is when Emile Zola takes a stand and debates break out in the press. Henry's forgeries are discovered and Dreyfus is found guilty again. He is pardoned.

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield. This was used in WWI and was very different from how wars were fought previously. There wasn't much advancement but more of a stalemate for the longest time while the opposing sides tested new weapons on each other. Horrible.

Georges Clemenceau

An effective and almost dictator-like leader of France, who would not take defeat as an answer. Part of the Panama Scandal.

Emile Zola

An influential French writer, the most important exemplar of the literary school of naturalism and an important contributor to the development of theatrical naturalism.

Charles Maurras

Atheist who believed that the Church and State should not be separated. Believed that France cared about individuals too much rather than the greater good like the country should. Individual freedom is destructive and corrodes away at society. New form of conservatism that would influence Fascism in the 1920s. Education was a very dangerous thing, wanted a hierarchical society in which every person knew their place, racial solidarity as social glue (Jewish people and communists are threats), religion has a role to keep the uneducated in line, paramilitary groups were a new way to stop political discussions or discourse to happen

Schlieffen Plan

Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare. This plan was enacted so that they would not have to fight a war on two fronts.

Edouard Drumont

Author of "Jewish France" -Argued that Jews have poor morals, behave inappropriately, take advantage of people, etc. -Famous journalist, anit-seminist added to Jewish conspiracy. Made a big fuss over the Dreyfus Affair and caused a trial to be held.

The Siege of Paris

Bloody Week began May 21-28, 1871. The Commune sent troops to try and take on the Versailles troops but were easily defeated because they were still untrained. The Versailles troops stormed Paris on May 21st. Stormed slowly to make sure they run out of resources. They also came from the West, which is where the wide Haussmann boulevards were for the rich people, so that they could move troops easier through the city. Fighting ended on May 28th, 1871. Shot basically anyone who looked suspicious or were of fighting age. 10-15,000 communards died compared to the 3.,500 Versailles troops. People were also sent to penal colonies.

Joseph Caillaux

Former French Prime Minister jailed for suggesting a peace agreement with Germany

Ferry Laws

Educational laws in France by Third French Republic to replace religious instruction in public schools w/ civic training (benefiting the individual)

Parti Communiste Français (PCF)

French Communist party who was against the fascists whole heartedly. Their goal was to get into government and then just gridlock the system. Then the citizens would get angry with the government and revolt, turning towards a communist outlook

Delescluse

French General of the Commune who led the Communard troops to Versailles in hopes of taking down the troops there. They were quickly defeated and this prompted Aldophle Thiers to send more troops than necessary to crush the Commune

Raymond Poincaré

French nationalistic Prime Minister who occupied German mining/manufacturing districts to ensure payment of German reparations

Jean Jaurès

French revisionist socialist who repudiated revisionist doctrines to achieve a unified socialist state

Jules Guesde

French socialist leader that opposed any policy that encouraged cooperation with a bourgeois cabinet

Ultramontanism

Government of "Moral Order" Allegiance to the Pope first. Catholicism as form of protest against modernity. Linked to the Legitimists.

Léon Blum

Leader of the French socialist party Popular Front, made first and real attempt to deal with the economic and social problems

Lyautey

Lyautey was commissioner of the Paris Colonial Exposition of 1931, designed to encourage support for the Empire in Metropolitan France.

Léon Gambetta

Moderate republican leader who gave the Third Republic firm foundations by legalizing trade unions, pursuing a colonial empire, and establishing free compulsory education

Papal Infallibility

Pope's states fell because Italy wanted to unify with the capital being Rome, which the Pope ruled. Napoleon III gave troops to the Pope to help protect him but had to pull them out during the Franco Prussian War. This allowed Italy to remove the pope from Rome. Pope was under house arrest in Rome at the Vatican. The Pope Pious IX was intensely conservative and hated everything about modernity. He issued an insicilical that said that if you support democracy, liberalism, rationalism that you cannot be catholic. Says everything he says is infallible.

Gallicanism

Put allegiance to the French State ahead of the Pope. Moderates who believed that Religion keeps people in line (Orleanists)

"Le cléricalisme, voilà l'ennemi!" (Clericalism- there is the enemy!)

Republic as the government of the future. "progress" and "duty".

Marshal Patrice de Mac Mahon

Second president of France's third republic. Led the "Government of Moral Order" (1873-1877). The slogan was intensely conservative. Felt that France needed to repent for the Commune and revolutions. The best way to do so was by building The Sacred Heart to show their submission and blind faith.

Colonial Exposition

The Colonial Exposition took place in France during 1931. It was used to show off how powerful France was since it had the second largest empire in the world at the time. They built buildings from each of their colonies as well as buildings from other colonial powers and buildings showing off the art deco style of France, which showed off their culture and superiority over their colonies. They brought in people from the colonies, extended the metro, and built all of these buildings to showcase their wealth and stature.

L'Action Française and Les Camelots du Roi

The French Action was a far right, fascist newspaper and the Knights of the King were a fascist paramilitary group that would physically harm their enemies so that they could not have a political debate or speak.

Revanchisme

The French idea of revenge for what Germany did in the Franco-Prussian war

The Commune and the fall of the Second Empire

The Second Empire crumbled during the Franco-Prussian War when they were defeated at the Battle of Sedan and Louis Napoleon III was captured along with his troops. The Commune rose up after the Second Empire fell. They rose when France was humiliated at the defeat and forced to throw a victory parade for the Prussians in Paris. That was known as the Temps Des Cerises and was Aldoplhe Thiers' ideas. The Communards took 300 cannons from different defensive areas and brought them to the highest point in Paris, Montemarte. Troops were sent to stop them but the crowd grew, the troops disappeared into the crowd, and then the generals Lecomte and Thomas were killed and dismembered before their body parts were carried through the streets. They then set up elections and started to rule even though the provisional government was ruling at Versailles

Bloody Week (la Semaine Sanglante)

The Versailles troops stormed Paris on May 21st. Stormed slowly to make sure they run out of resources. They also came from the West, which is where the wide Haussmann boulevards were for the rich people, so that they could move troops easier through the city. Fighting ended on May 28th, 1871. Shot basically anyone who looked suspicious or were of fighting age. 10-15,000 communards died compared to the 3.,500 Versailles troops. People were also sent to penal colonies.

The Inter-War Period

The period between World War I and World War II. This is when the world saw a rise in extreme political views such as Communism and Fascism. This is also when the Great Depression rippled across the world causing a global economic crisis as well as Germany's struggle with paying the reparations to France and others.

Paris Commune

The small radical government in Paris who wanted to resist the conservative leaders of France and tried to form their own government. They took Paris and began to rule even though the actual government was at Versailles and telling the citizens not to listen to them. The Commune was started after France had lost the Franco Prussian War. France was humiliated at the defeat and forced to throw a victory parade for the Prussians in Paris. That was known as the Temps Des Cerises. The Communards took 300 cannons from different defensive areas and brought them to the highest point in Paris, Montemarte. Troops were sent to stop them but the crowd grew, the troops disappeared into the crowd, and then the generals Lecomte and Thomas were killed and dismembered before their body parts were carried through the streets. The back up that the Versailles troops requested from the National Guard didn't show up because these people were their neighbors so they wanted to stay out of it, which caused the Versailles troops to flee. The rich flee Paris and it seems that the Communards The Communards set up their government and tried to make several changes but this was all stopped when Bloody Week began May 21-28, 1871. The Commune sent troops to try and take on the Versailles troops but were easily defeated because they were still untrained. The Versailles troops stormed Paris on May 21st. Stormed slowly to make sure they run out of resources. They also came from the West, which is where the wide Haussmann boulevards were for the rich people, so that they could move troops easier through the city. Fighting ended on May 28th, 1871. Shot basically anyone who looked suspicious or were of fighting age. 10-15,000 communards died compared to the 3.,500 Versailles troops. People were also sent to penal colonies.

"J'Accuse"

This letter was addressed to President of France Félix Faure, and accused the government of anti-Semitism and the unlawful jailing of Alfred Dreyfus, a French General Staff officer sentenced to penal servitude for life for espionage. Zola pointed out judicial errors and lack of serious evidence. The letter was printed on the front page of the newspaper, and caused a stir in France and abroad. Zola was prosecuted and found guilty of libel on 23 February 1898.

"L'offensif à outrance" (doctrine of the all-out offensive), going "over the top"

This meant that soldiers would bomb and shoot at the Germans all night and then at dawn, soldiers would go over the top and into No Man's land in hopes of being able to take over the German's trenches.

"The National Vow"

This vow was written by Alexandre Legentil and published in the French newspapers. The idea behind it was that France needed to build a penitential church to repent and also punish Montmarte and Paris as a whole for the Commune and for not protecting the Pope better

Cherry Time (le temps Des cerises)

This was after the Franco-Prussian War when Adophle Thiers decides to humiliate the Parisians/urban workers and moved the government to Versailles, allowed the Prussians to have a victory parade through Paris, and increased the size of the National Guard

Assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand (June 28, 1914)

This was the catalyst for the beginning of WWI. It was set off due to interlocking diplomatic obligations such as overlapping treaties and secret treaties.

Panama Scandal, 1892

To overcome a financial crisis in 1888, Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interocéanique (the French Panama Canal Company) needed to float a lottery loan to raise money. The required legislative approval was received from the Chamber of Deputies in April and from the Senate in June 1888. Although French investors contributed heavily, the company collapsed in February 1889 as a result of corruption and mismanagement. A judicial inquiry into the affairs of the company was opened after some delay, and in the autumn of 1892 two newspapers, La Libre Parole and La Cocarde, accused the government of complicity with the directors of the company. A royalist deputy, Jules Deldhaye, further charged that "more than 150" parliamentarians had taken bribes to vote for the lottery loan in 1888. A parliamentary commission of inquiry was set up, and on Nov. 28, 1892, Émile Loubet's government was forced to resign. The bribery had been managed by three men: Baron Jacques de Reinach, a financier, who died on Nov. 19, 1892, presumably by suicide, and two adventurers, Léopold Arton and Cornélius Herz, who subsequently fled abroad. Charles Baïhaut, a former minister of public works, confessed to having received money and was sentenced in March 1893 to five years' imprisonment. The other parliamentarians were acquitted for lack of proof. Georges Clemenceau, an associate of Herz (through whom he was alleged to have received money from the British), was discredited and temporarily retired from political life.

Seize mai crisis, May 16, 1877

a constitutional crisis in the French Third Republic concerning the distribution of power between the President and the legislature.

Communism

a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Fascism

an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization.

Comte de Chambord

chosen by the House of Bourbon to take Napoleon III's place as the French monarch, but was dismissed from Paris because he refused to accept the french flag (tri color flag). His stubbornness lead to the formation of a republican government in France.

Marshal Philippe Pétain

head of a puppet government in southern France. Led France to victory in the battle of Verdun 1916

Maurice Thorez

leader of the French Communist party from 1930 until his death

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 1939

non-aggression pact between Germany and Soviet Union; stayed in power until Operation Barbarossa (Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union)

Mission Civilisatrice (civilizing mission)

provides a justification for conquest. France is doing them a favor because they are the epitome of civilization and they are helping those uncivilized people out. Somehow never leads to the colonized people becoming citizens

Louise Michel

school teacher, leader of Paris Commune, formed committees for defense of revolutionary commune, efforts in vain, crushed by government. She wrote the Paris Commune and went to penal colonies due to her involvement with the Commune and the murders of Generals Lecomte and Thomas

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded extremely harsh reparations from the Germans

Pope Pius IX

took a rigid stand against modern ideas. He outright rejected modern ideals and forces.