History 8
What are the Four Noble Truths?
1. All life is suffering 2. Suffering is caused by desire 3. One can be freed of this desire 4. One is freed of desire by following the Eightfold Path
What 2 religions are codified/continue developing in this period?
- Judaism - Hinduism
What is the diaspora?
- The movement of Jews away from their homeland
o Swahili city-states
- They were a series of trading ports, part of the Indian Ocean network, developed along the coast and islands between the Horn of Africa and Mozambique
What is codification?
- arranging laws/rules into a code or system
What is a Vedic religion?
- the religion of the ancient Indo-European peoples who entered India around 1500 BCE -it takes its name from the collection of sacred texts known as the Vedas
o Venice
-Italian city-states took the initiative managing the Mediterranean routes in the post-classical era. It dominate the trade in luxury goods in the 14th century
What was the broader impact of Buddhism?
-it appealed more to members of lower rank -rejected social hierarchies of castes -because Buddhism isn't attached to a social structure, it can apply to anyone - Spread rapidly throughout Asia - In India, Buddhism was reabsorbed into Hindusim, while in China, Japan, and SE Asia it thrived
o Timbuktu
-located on the southern rim of the Sahara Desert raised its importance for trans-Saharan caravan trade. It became an exchange point for West African gold and North African salt. Because of the trade in books, the city also became an important city for Islamic scholarship and education
What technologies enabled long-distance overland and maritime trade?
Advances in technology aided maritime trade as well. • Maritime technologies: • lateen sail • dhow ships • Knowledge of the monsoon winds, stimulated exchanges along maritime routes from East Africa to East Asia.
The split of Buddhism
After the death of Buddha in 483 BCE, Buddhism was split into two large movements - Theravada/Hinayana Buddhism - Mahayana Buddhism
3.3.I.A What new innovations affected agriculture in the post-classical era?
Agricultural production increased significantly due to technological innovations. • Champa rice varieties • chinampa field systems • waru waru raised field cultivation in Andean areas • improved terracing techniques • horse collar
Besides the physical goods, what intangibles also traveled along trade networks?
Alongside the trade in goods, the exchange of people, technology, religious and cultural beliefs, food crops, domesticated animals, and disease pathogens which also traveled along trade networks
3.3.III.B How did social and gender hierarchies develop?
As in the previous period, social structures were shaped largely by class and caste hierarchies. Patriarchy persisted; however, in some areas, women exercised more power and influence, most notably among the Mongols and in West Africa, Japan and Southeast Asia.
What is Confucianism?
founded by Kong Qiu (Confucious) taught proper relationships from emperors to local villages Stressed patriarchy and filial piety developed specifically for the Chinese culture SOUGHT TO RESTORE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ORDER
What religions/belief systems were codified/founded in this period?
Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, Christianity
Indian Ocean Trade DURING THE CLASSICAL ERA (1000 BCE to 600 CE
By water from Canton in China to Southeast Asia to India to eastern Africa and the Middle East; monsoon-controlled What traded Pigments, pearls, spices, bananas and other tropical fruits Who participated? Chinese, Indians, Malays, Persians, Arabs, people on Africa's east coast Cultural diffusion Lateen sail (flattened triangular shape) permitted sailing far from coast Created a trading class with mixture of cultures, ties to homeland broken
o Cahokia-
Cahokia became the most important center for the peoples known today as Mississippians. Their settlements ranged across what is now the Midwest, Eastern, and Southeastern United States. Cahokia was located in a strategic position near the confluence of the Mississippi, Missouri and Illinois rivers. It maintained trade links with communities as far away as the Great Lakes to the north and the Gulf Coast to the south, trading in such exotic items as pottery, copper, and tools. They practiced bartering, not money was used in trade. Cahokia was the largest urban center north of the great Mesoamerican cities in Mexico and Central America
3.3 What were the overall worldwide economic trends?
Changes in trade networks resulted from and stimulated increasing productive capacity, with important implications for social and gender structures and environmental processes. Productivity rose in both agriculture and industry. Rising productivity supported population growth and urbanization but also strained environmental resources and at times caused dramatic demographic swings. Shifts in production and the increased volume of trade also stimulated new labor practices, including adaptation of existing patterns of free and coerced labor. Social and gender structures evolved in response to these changes.
3.3.I.C How did textile and porcelain pro- duction develop?
Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants also expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export; industrial production of iron and steel expanded in China.
What is Daoism?
founded by Lao Tzu (Laozi) around 500 BCE taught people to live in Harmony with the Tao (or the Way) THE WAY OF NATURE
What factors encouraged commercial growth in the post-classical era?
Commercial growth was also facilitated by state practices, trading organizations, and state-sponsored commercial infrastructures like the Grand Canal in China. GOVERNMENT introduce new commercial practices to encourage trade o China devised a relatively safe method to make large payments across a vast distance. Special documents, called "flying money," allowed merchants to pay for goods or taxes without having to transport coins in bulk. o From Arabs, the practice spread to Western Europe where Italian merchants advanced this method into bills of exchange. Merchants used bills of exchange to purchase imported goods without the hazards of carrying an expensive medium of exchange o Banking house emerge where merchants would place his wealth in the safe keeping. Banking house would in turn issue a bill of credit that could be used to purchase goods o Paper currency first developed in the Tang Dynasty China during the 7th century. The usage of paper currency later spread throughout the Mongol Empire. European explorers like Marco Polo introduced the concept in Europe during the 13th century. TRADING ORGANIZATIONS (Hanseatic League) • As opposed to eastern Eurasia, where reorganized central states managed trade and commerce, Western Europe a more organized alliance of commercial cities formed called the Hanseatic League. o It included cities from London to Novgorod Russia, and many in between along the North and Baltic Seas. o The League was established to protect trade between member cities. o It had its own court system to settle disputes and could summon military force to protect any of its members. o Northern European trade focused on furs from Russia, timbers from Sweden and Norway needed for ship building, and fish pulled from the waters of the North GOVERNMENT COMMERCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE o Chinese Emperors undertook on massive engineering projects to increase trade. One of the most important examples of this was the Grand Canal built during the Sui Dynasty. Overall, the Grand Canal allowed for the economic unification of China o For Example the expansion of trade in the Grand Canal led to the establishment of the city of Hangzhou. It was a departure point for Chinese goods to Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia, and the Indian Ocean trade network
Is Confucianism a religion?
Confucianism is a social and political philosophy, NOT a religion
Sub-Saharan Trade DURING THE CLASSICAL ERA (1000 BCE to 600 CE
Connected Africans south and east of the Sahara to one another; connected in the east to other trade routes What traded Agricultural products, iron weapons Who participated? Diverse peoples in sub-Saharan Africa Cultural diffusion Bantu language, "Africanity"
What crops spread along Classical Era trade networks?
Cotton is indigenous to South Asia and was cultivated in India. As transregional networks of exchange expanded, cotton spread out of India into the Middle East Rice was another crop that spread during this time period. First cultivated on the slopes of the Himalayas, it spread from China across the caravan routes of the central Asian steppes. Sugarcane was first grown in India and probably spread through the Khyber Pass, into Afghanistan, and then diffused across the central Asian caravan routes. The spread of crops, South Asia to the Middle East, encouraged changes in farming and irrigation techniques. The QANAT SYSTEM ( the irrigation system developed by the Persian) spread throughout the Middle East and as far as China.
What new foods, crops, and agricultural practices diffused in the post-classical era?
Continued diffusion of crops and agricultural practice occurred throughout the Eastern Hemisphere along the trade routes. • New foods and agricultural techniques were adopted in populated areas: Champa rice from Vietnam to China in East Asia; • Spread of cotton, sugar, and citrus throughout Dar al- slam and the Mediterranean basin; • Bananas in Africa • Agricultural practices like three field system, use of manure, and technological innovation like use of iron plows and a harness that allowed several horses to be used simultaneous for power plowing greatly increased food production and promoted urban growth. • These agricultural practices and innovative techniques of cultivation swapped between Europe, Asia, and Africa and led to Muslim Agricultural Revolution which was a fundamental transformation in agriculture from the 8th century to the 13th century in the Muslim lands
What forces contributed to the changes between the two eras?
Many factors, including the climate and location of the routes, the typical trade goods, and the ethnicity of people involved, shaped the distinctive features of a variety of trade routes. Name the trade networks in the classical age? • Silk Road • Trans-Saharan caravan routes • Indian Ocean sea lanes • Mediterranean Sea lanes
How did trade networks as a whole develop in the post-classical era?
Cross-cultural exchanges were fostered by the intensification of existing or the creation of new networks of trade and communication. A. Islam from Arabia expands into Afro-Eurasia due to military, merchants & missionaries. • Islam, based on the revelations of the prophet Muhammad, developed in the Arabian Peninsula. The beliefs and practices of Islam reflected interactions among Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians with the local Arabian peoples. Muslim rule expanded to Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion, and later activities of merchants and missionaries. B. Merchants introduced their culture into indigenous areas. • Merchants set up diasporic communities in key places where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous culture. Ex: Muslim merchant communities in the Indian Ocean region, Chinese merchant communities in SE Asia, Jewish communities in the Medeterrrian Indian Ocean Basin, or along the silk roads)where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous culture. C. Extent/limitations of inter-cultural knowledge & understanding reflected in travelers' writings • The writings of certain interregional travelers illustrate both the extent and the limitations of intercultural knowledge and understanding. Ex: Ibn Battuta, Marco Polo, Xuanzang D. Diffusion of literary, artistic, & cultural traditions • Ex: Neoconfucianism & Buddhism in East Asia, Hinduism & Buddhism in SE Asia, Islam in S-S Africa & SE Asia, Toltec/Mexica & Inca traditions in Mesoamerica & Andes E. Diffusion of scientific & technological traditions • Ex: Influence of Greek & Indian mathematics on Muslim scholars; the return of Greek science and philosophy to Western Europe via Muslim al-Andalus in Iberia; Spread of printing & gunpowder technology from East Asia Islamic empires & W. Europe
How did Daoism affect society?
Daoism advocated the formation of small, self sufficient communities Added to the uniqueness of China
How did Daoism affect culture?
Daoists promoted scientific discoveries, becoming great astronomers, chemists, and botanists(one who studies plants)
What Classical era trade networks continued during the post-classical era, and which new cities were added during the post-Classical era?
Existing trade routes flourished including the Silk Roads, the Mediterranean Sea, trans-Saharan and the Indian Ocean basin, and promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities in different regions The Indian Ocean trade network would include the Swahili City states and Melaka. The silk road would include Kiev, Hangzhou, Novgorod, Baghdad, and Venice. Tenochtitlan was isolated from most of the world, they created trade networks with nearby empires and their own conquered lands in the Mexican Valley. This trade was regulated and carried out by their class of merchants who doubled as spies, also known as Pochteca. The merchants where therefore a crucial part of the Aztec empire
What were the biological effects of post-classical trade?
Disease - Disease spread among the trade networks including the bubonic plague and the Black Death Genetic mixing- As people different regions travelled and got connected through trade it lead to the genetic mixing as reproduction became prevalent across continents, through marriage, mistresses. Traits were exchanged, crossed, and spread to new regions. Ecological diversity- Continued diffusion of crops and agricultural practice occurred throughout the Eastern Hemisphere along the trade routes brought Ecological diversity to various regions along the trade route.
What diseases and pathogens also spread via post-classical trade networks?
Disease also spread among the trade networks including the bubonic plague and the Black Death said to originate in the Mongol Empire of Central Asia and devastated the populations of Europe.
3.3.II Why did some post-classical urban areas decline, while others prospered & grew?
Factors that contributed to declines of urban areas in this period included invasions, disease, the decline of agricultural productivity, and the Little Ice Age Factors that contributed to urban revival included the end of invasions, the availability of safe and reliable transport, the rise of commerce and the warmer temperatures between 800 and 1300. Increased agricultural productivity and subsequent rising population and greater availability of labor also contributed to urban growth.
What is Buddhism?
Founded by Siddhartha Gautama(Buddha) around 500 BCE follows the Four Noble Truths belief in reincarnation and nirvana
What else took hold in this era?
Greco-Roman philosophy
What new technologies, governmental policies, and merchant activities accompanied these developments?
Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly-active trade networks. Trade was encouraged by significant innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including more sophisticated caravan organization (Caravanserai, Camel saddles); o 1) The period witnessed technological advances like invention of saddles for camels and new breeding techniques of animals greatly increased trade across Eurasia. Saddles allowed the animal to be loaded with much cargo. Caravan routes crossing central Asia underwent significant changes during this era due to the invention of camel saddles. Both the Arabs and the Berber tribes of North Africa who used camels for transportation across Eurasia and Trans- Shaharan. As the caravan routes became standardized, these nomadic people settled at frequent stopping points at the oasis to offer services to merchants. For a fee, they served as local guides or provided food, water and rest. This practice led to the development of fortified inns for weary travelers called caravanserai. As trade connected Eurasia interbreed of animals particularly camels - the llama and alpaca (a relative of camels) and the Dromedary camel that emerged in North Africa and Arabia, led to the hybrid with more stamina, a longer life animals. Thus a complex practice of animal husbandry had to be maintained to meet the needs of increased land trade Invention of saddles for camels and new breeding techniques of animals o interbreed of animals particularly camels - the llama and alpaca (a relative of camels) and the Dromedary camel that emerged in North Africa and Arabia, led to the hybrid with more stamina, a longer life animals. o Both the Arabs and the Berber tribes of North Africa who used camels for transportation. o Practice led to the development of fortified inns for weary travelers called caravanserai. o 2) On maritime travel, the development of the compass and astrolabe (an instrument used to calculating latitude) gave travelers better sailing abilities and confidence to make longer routes. Naval technologies- multiple masts, larger sails, better rudders, and thicker hulls all gave the ships more sailing power and greater storage. For example Chinese junks were among the best ships in the world and allowed the Chinese to be the dominant force in the Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula. All of these advancements increased participation, facilitated navigation, and removed some of the risks of maritime trade. o the development of the compass and astrolabe o Naval technologies- multiple masts, larger sails, better rudders, thicker hulls, Chinese junk Governmental policies also played a major role in the expansion of the trade networks. 1) The rise of the Islamic Empire revitalize trade along the Silk Roads, Trans Saharan networks, and Indian Ocean trade • Sharia law, which gave protection to merchants, was established across the Dar al-Islam. • Courts and Islamic jurists called qadis presided over legal and trade disputes. 2) The emergence of the Mongols and the Pax Mongolica promoted the peak of the of Silk Road trade. • The Mongol code of law, known as the Yassa, imposed strict punishments on those disturbing trade • Merchants were more likely to experience safe travel 3) Chinese Emperors undertook on massive engineering projects to increase trade. One of the most important examples of this was the Grand Canal built during the Sui Dynasty. Overall, the Grand Canal allowed for the economic unification of China. Other initiatives of the Chinese Emperors to promote trade of luxury goods • During China's Tang Dynasty the government standardized the production of porcelain which led to higher quality work and increased quantities. • During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the state directly oversaw the production of silk 4) After western Europeans got a taste of Asian luxury goods during the Crusades, a vibrant Mediterranean trade began to flourish again. • Individual Italian city-states took the initiative managing the Mediterranean routes in the post-classical era. The most important of these city-states was Venice, which came to dominate the trade in luxury goods in the 14th century • On the northern shore of Western Europe a more organized alliance of commercial cities formed called the Hanseatic League. o It included cities from London to Novgorod Russia, and many in between along the North and Baltic Seas. o The League was established to protect trade between member cities. o It had its own court system to settle disputes and could summon military force to protect any of its members. o Northern European trade focused on furs from Russia, timbers from Sweden and Norway needed for ship building, and fish pulled from the waters of the North Sea. 5) Commercial growth was also facilitated by state practices. o China devised a relatively safe method to make large payments across a vast distance. Special documents, called "flying money," allowed merchants to pay for goods or taxes without having to transport coins in bulk. o From Arabs, the practice spread to Western Europe where Italian merchants advanced this method into bills of exchange. Merchants used bills of exchange to purchase imported goods without the hazards of carrying an expensive medium of exchange o Banking house emerge where merchants would place his wealth in the safe keeping. Banking house would in turn issue a bill of credit that could be used to purchase goods Merchants exploded in population size and they set up diasporic communities where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous culture. Merchants' diasporic communities included- o (Muslim merchant communities in the Indian Ocean region, o Chinese merchant communities in Southeast Asia, o Sogdian merchant communities throughout Central Asia, o Jewish communities in the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean Basin, or along the silk roads) For Example in Cambodia, Vietnam, the Malay peninsula and Java, Chinese diaspora communities connected Mongol trade routes to foreign trading ports of the Indian Ocean network. Another Example-. EX-Muslim merchant communities in the Indian Ocean region introduced the local with the ideas and rituals of Islam. Trading contacts prepared the way for conversion into Islam.
What institutions did merchants create to foster both trade and cultural diffusion in the postclassical era?
In key places along important trade routes, merchants set up diaspora communities where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous culture. There were Muslim merchant communities in the Indian Ocean region, Chinese merchant communities in Southeast Asia, Sogdian merchant communities throughout Central Asia, and Jewish communities in the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean basin, or along the Silk Roads. Sogdians were ancient Iranian people whose homeland was in the area around Samarqand and who had established settlements throughout Chinese Turkistan before the advent of Islam
3.3.I.B How and why did crops migrate?
In response to increasing demand in Afro-Eurasia for foreign luxury goods, crops were transported from their indigenous homelands to equivalent climates in other regions.
How did states in the Americas develop in the post-classical era?
In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state systems expanded in scope and reach: Networks of city-states flourished in the Maya region and, at the end of this period, imperial systems were created by the Mexica ("Aztecs") and Inca. The Aztecs gained territory by terrorizing adjacent peoples and tribes. And the Inca gained land by diplomacy and military conquest.
How did trade networks in the post-Classical Era compare to the Classical Era?
In the classical era and before, trade mainly existed within the empires. • Greek, Roman, Persian, and Indian states grew agricultural produce and created other material goods that were traded throughout the city states and regions of the empire. • Trade was usually accomplished through caravans, carts, crude roads, raw manpower, and ships on seas and rivers when available. • Trade was within cultures and prevented interactions between neighboring people. In the post-Classical Era, the Silk Road opened up to connect the East and West with a superhighway for production and cultural exchange. • Moreover, new ocean and sea routes were established as technology improved and wind patterns were charted. • Overall, trade networks became farther-reaching, faster, and larger
What technological and cultural exchanges did states encourage in the post-classical era?
Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers. • The conflict between Tang China and the Abbasids at the Battle of Talas led to technology transfers of such as paper and gunpowder The unification of Eurasia under the Mongols led further to technological and cultural transfers. • Through the Mongols, Islamic mathematics and astronomy spread from the Dar la Islam into China o Other areas of exchange were knowledge of geography and cartography. Most instrumental in this exchange was Rashid al-Din, the scholarly connection between the great Mongol courts in Iran and China. Transfer of geographic information from China to the Middle East resulted into the most accurate maps in the world at that time o In the world of food and agriculture, the Pax Mongolia allowed for the transfer of grapes and fruit trees to China. In return, luxury items of Chinese cuisine, such as pepper, cinnamon and tea, were introduced into the Muslim world. Perhaps the most important technological transfers during the Pax Mongolia were block printing and gunpowder. o Through the Mongols, block printing, which had developed during China's Song Dynasty, was transferred to the Muslim world. Copying the Song Dynasty, the Mongol Ilkhanate in Persia even issued paper money for a brief time. The best known technological exchange facilitated by the Mongols was gunpowder The arrival of the crusaders did intensify the technological and cultural transfers. • Europeans borrowed the practice of making damascene swords from the Muslims • An important cultural transfers were Arabic numerals and the decimal system, the game of chess as well as foods such as yogurt, coffee, sugar and dates, and luxury items like Persian carpets, silk, and cotton textiles were introduced in Europe because of the Crusades. • Europeans were also introduced to their own cultural and intellectual past that were lost to Europeans during the invasions after the fall of Rome, had been preserved in Muslim schools. Contacts with Muslims through the Crusades and in Spain, reintroduced Europe to its own intellectual and cultural heritage.
How did trade & communication networks develop by 600 CE?
Land trade increased when people learned to use the power of animals for their benefit. • The camel, originally a herd animal, was domesticated in the Middle East for its use in the incense trade. Camels extended the scope and volume of trade in the arid Arabian climate. Development of a saddle allowed camels to be loaded with much cargo. • In Central Asia nomads domesticated the horse and became expert trainers. The Han dynasty traded silk with them for their horses. • With new technologies such as the stirrup and saddle, pack animals permitted humans to greatly increase their ability to trade, travel, and communicate. Advances in technology aided maritime trade as well. • Maritime technologies: • lateen sail • dhow ships • Knowledge of the monsoon winds, stimulated exchanges along maritime routes from East Africa to East Asia.
How did post-classical trade affect the diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions?
Literary, artistic, and cultural traditions spread between many regions. For example: • the influence of Neo-Confucianism an Buddhism in East Asia, • Hinduism and Buddhism in SE Asia, • the influence of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa (Mali/Ghana and Swahili Coast) and Southeast Asia, • the influence of Toltec/Mexica and Inca traditions in Meso and Andean America
How did social and gender hierarchies develop in the post-Classical era?
•Social structures were shaped largely by class and caste hierarchies. •Patriarchy persisted; however, in some areas, women exercised more power and influence -Mongols, Japan, and Southeast Asia.
How did post-classical states avoid the mistakes of classical empires in the regions where classical empires collapsed?
Most reconstituted governments following the collapse of empires, (Byzantine Empire, Sui, Tang, Song Chinese dynasties) combined traditional sources of power and legitimacy. Traditional sources of power and legitimacy such as (patriarchy, religion, land-owning elites) were continued. For EX- the Tang Dynasty reinstated this tradition of using a Confucian bureaucracy in China's political system. The Byzantine Empire thought of itself as the continuation of Roman civilization, build upon the foundations of classical Rome. The governments of the era also used innovations better suited to the current circumstances such as new methods of taxation, tributary systems, and adaptation of religious institutions. For EX- the Tang's attempt to address a problem of unequal distribution of land across society by introducing the equal field system. To ensure steady source of revenue the Tangs developed the tributary systems with its neighbors - Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. To counter this threat of the barbaric invasion Byzantine Empire developed a system of imperial organization called the theme system. Each theme, or province, was placed under the leadership of a general who organized its administration and defense
3.3.III.C What new labor forms developed?
New forms of coerced labor: • serfdom in Europe and Japan • elaboration of mit'a in Inca Free peasants resisted attempts to raise dues and taxes by staging revolts. (China & Byzantine Empire) The demand for slaves for both military and domestic purposes increased particularly in central Eurasia, parts of Africa and the eastern Mediterranean
Silk Road TRADE DURING THE CLASSICAL ERA (1000 BCE to 600 CE
Overland from western China to the Mediterranean Trade made possible by development of a camel hybrid capable o f long dry trips What traded From west to east - horses, alfalfa, grapes, melons, walnuts From east to west - silk, peaches, apricots, spices, pottery, paper Who participated? Chinese, Indians, Parthians, central Asians, Romans Primary agents of trade - central Asian nomads Cultural diffusion Chariot warfare, the stirrup, music, diversity of populations, Buddhism and Christianity, wealth and prosperity (particularly important for central Asian nomads)
Saharan Trade DURING THE CLASSICAL ERA (1000 BCE to 600 CE
Points in western Africa south of the Sahara to the Mediterranean; Cairo most important destination Camel caravans What traded Salt from Sahara to points south and west Gold from western Africa Wheat and olives from Italy Roman manufactured goods to western Africa Who participated? Western Africans, people of the Mediterranean Berbers most important agents of trade Cultural diffusion Technology of the camel saddle - important because it allowed domestication and use of the camel for trade
What is religion?
Religion provides both community bonds as well as a moral code It influences and reinforces social divisions due to difference in beliefs Justified the reign of some political rulers
What new technologies enabled the growth of inter-regional trade networks?
Significant innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including more sophisticated caravan organization o These includes invention of saddles for camels and new breeding techniques of animals. o The development of fortified inns for weary travelers called caravanserai made Caravan routes crossing central Asia and Trans- Saharan very popular among traders and expanded the volume of trade. On maritime travel, the development of the o Compass and astrolabe (an instrument used to calculating latitude) gave travelers better sailing abilities and confidence to make longer routes. Astrolabe allowed skilled sailors to determine their latitude at sea. o Naval technologies- multiple masts, larger sails, better rudders, and thicker hulls all gave the ships more sailing power and greater storage. For example Chinese junks were among the best ships in the world and allowed the Chinese to be the dominant force in the Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula Development of Luxury goods - Silk and cotton textiles, Porcelain, Spices, Precious metals and gems, Slaves, Exotic animals expanded the inter-regional trade networks. Better plows and better agricultural understanding such as the three-field system increased food production and trade New forms of credit and monetization - flying money, Bills of exchange, establishment of Banking houses made trading transaction much easier and effective thereby promoting trade.
How & where did governmental diffusion occur in the post-classical era?
Some states synthesized local and borrowed traditions. The traditions of the Persians influenced the Islamic states and Chinese traditions influenced Japan. • From the Persians the Muslims adopted art, architecture, knowledge, and urban living. Other Persian traditions like veiled women were adopted by the Arabs. • Japan received ideas on language, Religion, and government systems from China.
What basic understandings of environment and technology did post-classical traders need to conduct their business?
Technological adaptions to environmental conditions helped merchants to expand and intensify trade. • Ex- Scandinavian Vikings used longboats to travel in coastal and open water, rivers and estuaries. The wide sail could catch the North Sea's winds and drive it with great speed. In the absence of wind the boats could be propelled by oars. • The Arabs and Berbers adapted camels to travel across and around the Sahara. Camels allowed the Berbers to organize regular caravan crossings of the Sahara Desert. • Central Asian pastoral groups, Mongols, used horses to travel in the steppes. Pastoral people found that a man on a horse could herd a group of animals much better than a man on foot. Horse flesh and milk were important parts of their diet and the hides of horses provided them with clothing and leather.
What migrations occurred during the post-classical era?
The Bantu people originally lived in West Africa, they began to migrate to the south and the east through two migration paths that went through the rain forest along the Congo River The Vikings lived in southern Scandinavia, they relied on boats and navigation for communication and trade. Their migration around the world flowed in many directions. They spread across Holland and France, then England and down through Spain into the Mediterranean, sweeping east across the Baltic Sea into Slavic lands to the fringes of the Byzantine and Islamic worlds. Despite their plundering and destroying, the movement of the Vikings had an impact on commerce. Their expansion connected several regional trading zones in Eurasia by linking Byzantine, Islamic, Northern European, and Central Asian routes via the Russians. The Polynesian migrated from their origins in East Asia, probably Taiwan, Polynesians spent several centuries "island hoping" to Fiji, Somoa, and Tahiti. By 500 C.E. they had reached the Hawaiian Islands. Their knowledge to navigate with the stars and perfecting canoe building, their reach extended thousands of miles to complete the Polynesian Triangle, an imaginary triangle with Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island
Discuss the expansion of Afro-Eurasian trade networks in the post-classical era
The Byzantines were always a part of the Afro- Eurasian trade next work. Then when Dar- al Islam and the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates came along they ruled the Middle Eastern section of the trade routes. Their influence spread to the West African Sudanic states of Mali and Ghana and also to East African Swahili coast city states. The Mongols also controlled a lot of the trade because they did have the largest empire in the world and it made it easier to trade because trade routes were safer and communication was increased. Also Kievan Russia was involved in the trade through the Byzantines. They were a link from Scandinavia to Constantinople. Also before 1000 CE, West Europe was not really involved because of the fall of the Western Roman Empire, leading to the development of the "medieval mindset" but after the Renaissance in 1000 CE the Western Europeans plugged back into the trade routes just as like they never decided to leave. On this trading network spices, silks, perfumes, jewelry, and other luxury goods were distributed around.
3.3.III.D Who did some gender roles and family structures change?
The diffusion of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and Neo-Confucianism often led to significant changes in gender relations and family structure.
Why and how did some gender roles and family structures change in the post-Classical era?
The diffusion of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and Neo-Confucianism often led to significant changes in gender relations and family structure.
How did trans-Eurasian trade as a whole develop during the post-Classical era?
The expansion of existing empires (China, Byzantine Empire, Caliphates) as well as new empires (Mongols) facilitated trans-Eurasian trade and communication as new peoples were drawn into their conquerors' economies and trade networks. The trans-Eurasian trade ran from the Northwest in Germany and Britain to the Southeast and the Mediterranean Sea, where it connect to Africa below, the Silk Road to the East, and the Indian Ocean to the southeast. Smaller roads branched off in all directions. Contacts among societies in the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, and Asia increased significantly between 600 and 1450 CE, and Africa and Europe became much more important links in the long-distance trade networks Europeans were first brought into the trade loop through cities like Venice and Genoa on the Mediterranean, and The Trans-Saharan trade became more vigorous as major civilizations developed south of the Saharan. Two major sea-trading routes - those of the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean - linked the newly created Muslim Empire together, and Arabic sailors come to dominate the trade. Muslims also were active in the Silk Road trade to India and China. Cities along the trade routes became cosmopolitan mixtures of many religions and customs. The rise of the Islamic Empire revitalize trade along the Silk Roads, Trans Saharan networks, and Indian Ocean trade and also made connection between these networks forming the Trans-Eurasian trade The rise of the Islamic Abbasid Caliphate would invigorate trade along the Silk Roads in Central Asia. During the Umayyad Caliphate Islam came to North Africa and reinvigorated trade. Caravan crossings of the Sahara desert increased the trade in gold, salt, ivory and slaves. Along these same routes, Islam spread to sub-Saharan portions of West Africa. Thus bringing the Sub-Saharan region into Afro-Eurasian networks. Seeking furs from northern Europe, Muslim merchants traveled to Russia and Scandinavia with silk and metal wares. The nature of the Indian Ocean trade it perfect for carrying bulk items such as spices, and Islam diffused to the Africa's Swahili Coast. In South East Asia, the port city of Malacca became an Islamic Sultanate around the year 1400 • Sharia law, which gave protection to merchants, was established across the Dar al-Islam. The emergence of the Mongols and the Pax Mongolica promoted the peak of the of Silk Road trade. • The Mongol code of law, known as the Yassa, imposed strict punishments on those disturbing trade • Merchants were more likely to experience safe travel Like the Silk Road trade, this network declined when Rome weakened. However, the rapid spread of Islam across North Africa and the continuation of Roman civilization in the Byzantine Empire would revive trade in the post-classical age. o Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, became an important hub of trade owing to its location between Europe and Asia. A major portion of the Silk Roads ended on the Black Sea, where goods would be loaded onto ships and carried through the Bosporus into the Mediterranean. o Another group of people pulled into the orbit of Byzantine trade was the state of Kievan Rus, or Russia. Kiev was an important mid- point on the north/south trade routes connecting Constantinople to the fur traders of Novgorod and Scandinavia. The Chinese conquests into central Asia under the Tang Dynasty reopened the silk routes to the west and intensified international contacts with the Buddhist centers in nomadic land in central Asia as well as with the Islamic worlds in the west. By late Tang and Song times, Chinese merchants and sailors went directly to foreign ports; Chinese junks were among the best ships in the world and allowed the Chinese to be the dominant force in the Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula. Thus further extended the trade route in the Indian Ocean.
What were the effect of migration in the post-classical era? OR What were the environmental effects of migration in the post-classical era?
The movement of peoples caused environmental and linguistic effects. The Bantu people brought iron smelting technology and agriculture with them. This new technology allowed people in their new regions to farm and use new crops. • Sharp iron tools made reaping of crops much faster allowing more to be grown. • Making use of bananas, which were first brought to east Africa by Polynesian people, Bantu populations increased. • To meet the needs of growing populations, Bantu speaking people turned to irrigation and terracing techniques and experienced the associated environmental effects. o Land was cleared and erosion took place at a greater rate. o Their use of cattle accelerated the land clearing. According to some historians, the pressures this put on resources led to the collapse of perhaps the most well-known society of Bantu ancestory, Great Zimbabwe. o In the absence of further technological innovations, the growing population exhausted the supply of firewood, soil, and pasture lands. Animals taken by the migrating Polynesians had significant environmental consequences. In Hawaii the pigs they brought destroyed much of the indigenous flora and fauna
What effects did diseases have on Classical empires?
The transregional movement of people and goods also facilitated the spread of disease pathogens. Merchant ships on maritime trade routes and pack animals on caravan routes introduced the Roman Empire to devastating epidemics. Most historians consider these devastating epidemics a key factor in the fall of the Western Roman Empire Disease pathogens ravished Chinese civilization as well. Smallpox probably first arrived in China with the Huns Contact with Roman civilization along the Silk Roads continually reintroduced China to smallpox After the fall of the Han Dynasty, bubonic plague spread from Constantinople to China, and Buddhist monks subsequently spread the plague to Japan. Devastating epidemic weakened the foundations of civilization • Fewer men to be called up for military service, thus decreasing security. • With fewer people to work in agriculture, food surpluses dropped. • A sharp drop in the population deprived the government of taxes, making it difficult to fund the basic functions of the state
What is Hinduism?
Vedic religion codified in the Sanskrit by 500 BCE Basis/base for the Caste System and Reincarnation NOT polytheistic, monotheistic - many presentations of the ONE Brahma a religion, as well as a social system
3.3.II.C What roles did cities play in their societies?
While cities in general continued to play the roles they had played in the past as governmental, religious and commercial centers, many older cities declined at the same time that numerous new cities took on these established roles. NOTE: Students should be able to explain the cultural, religious, commercial and governmental function of at least TWO major cities.
What is Nirvana?
a state of perfect peace and harmony following the Eightfold path moves you toward Nirvana
How are Confucianism and Daoism similar?
both share the belief in the Dao, or "the Way"
o Melaka-
located in Southeast Asia Malacca became an important city in the spice trade.
o Novgorod-
located in northern Russia city of Novgorod was vital in connecting European merchants with their Arab and Byzantine counterparts.
What role did pastoral and nomadic groups play in these trade networks?
o Nomadic groups sometimes became merchants themselves, due to their mobile cultural and familiarity with the routes. As the caravan routes became standardized, these nomadic people settled at frequent stopping points at the oasis to offer services to merchants. For a fee, they served as local guides or provided food, water and rest. They also provide services like exchange animals to either obtain fresh, healthy, and rested animals or trade in one type of animal for another more suitable for the next stage of the journey. This practice led to the development of fortified inns for weary travelers called caravanserai. These rest stop soon developed into large thriving business centers. For Example- the Berbers and Arabs organize regular caravan crossings of the Sahara Desert. Using camels and taking advantage of oasis stops, Berbers and Arabs created a systematic network for caravans across the Sahara. o Pastoral groups, unable to remain isolated, became organized and run by larger trade groups as a part of the empires. One example is the Mongols, as after they unified their tribes in the 1200s and built a vast empire, they facilitated trade along the Silk Road. o Pastoral and Nomadic groups were important factors in these trade networks because the contributed to the volume of trade and were traders and well as consumers. One example is the Mongols, as after they unified their tribes in the 1200s and built a vast empire, they facilitated trade along the Silk Road. The Arabs also facilitated trade along their major trade networks as well (Silk Road, Indian Ocean)
How did the physical size of post-Classical trade networks compare to the previous era?
o The routes became wider and longer. o More travelers passed through than before, and the sea routes and o Roads spread to farther-reaching areas of the world. o The expansion of existing empires—including China, the Byzantine Empire, and the Caliphates—as well as new empires like the Mongols—facilitated trans-Eurasian trade and communication as new peoples were drawn into their conquerors' economies and trade networks
What is filial piety?
respect for one's parents, elders, and ancestors
What is the Eightfold Path?
right views, right aspirations, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right endeavor, right mindfulness, and right meditation
What is the Sanskrit?
the ancient language in Hinduism
What is Judaism?
the first monotheistic religion Holy Book: The Torah (codified around 500 BCE) -The Torah reflected Mesopotamian culture/values Hebrew communities were conquered, leading to the DIASPORA God selected the Hebrews and made himself known to them UNIQUE RELATIONSHIP WITH GOD a set of religious guidelines and a cultural system
How did Confucianism affect society?
the focus on interpersonal relationships brought order to society Under Confucianism, women in China were considered of secondary status Confucianism was compatible with religions -Confucianism and religion could be practiced simultaneously Because of Confucianism, communities in China became tight-knit, or close
o Hangzhou
was located near China's southern coast and on the Grand Canal. It was a departure point for Chinese goods to Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia, and the Indian Ocean trade network.
o Tenochtitlan-
was the capital city and an important transregional trade center of the Aztecs. Aztec merchants carried high value/low bulk items such as gems, exotic bird feathers and cacao across vast distances. Mesoamericans traded these things with the Pueblos who lived in what is now New Mexico and Arizona in return for turquoise. Although exchanges of trade in Mesoamerica a barter system, Aztecs sometimes used cacao beans as a form of currency.
How well did post-classical societies know and understand each other?
• At first, the only knowledge that returned with traders was that of name and vague descriptions of the geography and people • . Gradually, as travel became more common, the culture and practices of other people's became more understood. • Explorers wrote books, drew maps, and retold experiences for their native people. • Over time, people became more bilingual with the languages of trading partners. Merchants set up diaspora communities where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous culture
How did Classical era trade networks compare to Ancient era networks?
• Compare to Ancient era the classical empires increased the volume of long-distance trade dramatically. • Much of the trade in the classical empires resulted from the demand for raw materials and luxury goods. While the trade I the ancient era was mostly essential goods. • Many land and water routes linked most Eastern Hemisphere regions during the classical age.
What were the linguistic effects of migration in the post-classical era?
• For example, the languages inside the Polynesian Triangle all developed from the base Polynesian language. The Hawaiian word kabu, which means "forbidden," is not much different for the Tahitian word for "prohibited," which is tabu. The word has made its way into English as taboo. • Likewise, the linguistic impact of the Bantu migration is evident from the fact that over 300 languages are spoken that belong to the Bantu linguistic family. • Many scholars believe that Swahili, the language of east Africa, is a blend of Bantu with Arabic. This theory is believable because of the large number of Islamic merchants in the Indian Ocean traveled to the eastern coast of Africa in search for trade and profit. • With the Turkic expansion during the Early Middle Ages (c. 6th-11th centuries AD),from central Asia to south and west to Anatolia Turkic languages spread across Central Asia, from Siberia to the Mediterranean. Various terminologies from the Turkic languages have passed into Persian, Hindustani, Russian, Chinese, and to a lesser extent, Arabic.
What new forms of governance emerged in the post-classical era?
• In some places, new forms of governance emerged, including those developed in various Islamic states such as the Abbasids and Delhi sultanates. - During the reign of the Abbasids, Caliph ruled with absolute authority, presided over a centralized bureaucratic state and supported by military force. While the Delhi sultanates had a centralized form of government • New methods were also used in the Mongol Khanates, the city-states in the Italian peninsula o The Mongol Empire emerged from the unification of nomadic tribes in the Mongol homeland under the leadership of Genghis Khan o The very first Italian city-state can be considered the Republic of Venice, which broke apart from Byzantine Empire Independent, self-governing cities emerged first in Italy and Flanders o They relied on manufacturing and trade for their income, and they had legal independence so that their laws could favor manufacturing and trade. o In Italy, Venice emerged as a dominant sea power, trading in Muslim ports for spices and other goods • Not all the new political developments of this era produced centralized states. On the eastern coast of Africa, trade and Islam gave rise to powerful but independent city-states like the Swahili city-states that thrived on Indian Ocean commerce. Despite the strong Islamic character of the Swahili city-states, they were highly tolerant and cosmopolitan. Because it was a trading center for merchants of various faith. • Another example of political decentralization in this time period is the rise of feudalism in Western Europe and Japan. o The need for security from invaders such as the Vikings forced people looked to local landowners to provide them with protection and they in turn gave their labor to the landlord. These reciprocal bonds of obligation were the core of feudalism. In Europe these bonds were sealed by legal contracts between vassals and those above them. o When Japan was not able to maintain a centralized rule, they too fell into feudalism with samurai warriors comprising the military caste. One important difference, however, was the absence of negotiated contracts between vassals and their superiors
How did post-classical trade affect the diffusion of scientific and technological traditions?
• Increased cross-cultural interactions also resulted in the diffusion of scientific and technological traditions. For Example: the influence of Greek and Indian mathematics on Muslim scholars, • the return of Greek science and philosophy to western Europe via Muslim al-Andalus in Iberia, • The spread of printing and gunpowder technologies from China into the Islamic empires and into Western Europe.
How/why/where did Muslim trade networks change?
• Muslim trade networks embraced the emerging routes along the Silk Roads. • The once isolated religious state in Arabia, Islam spread its culture, beliefs, language, and goods to Africa and Asia. • Millions were converted along the trade routes to Islam, including many kings and city states in Africa. • The belief system had broad but simple appeal to the many searching for religion in the vacuum after the Roman Empire and Gupta India Empire. • The Muslim sailing techniques and technologies both furthered the state's expansion to new territories Sufis, too, traveled along the established trade routes to disseminate the ideals of Islam through convincing rituals and dances. Sufis often tolerated indigenous peoples' animist, Buddhist, and Hindu beliefs.
Persian
•Kings built loyalty to empire by: -Breaking down the empire into provinces ruled by satraps (local governor) -Having a system of imperial spies throughout the empire -Giving lower-level official jobs to local authorities **Creating a bureaucracy** •Developed system of standard coinage for commerce
How did religions spread along trade networks, and how did the trade networks affect the religions?
• Religious and cultural traditions spread along the trade routes by the missionaries, travelers and traders. For EX- Buddhism spread to areas along the Silk Road, i.e. China, India, Tibet, Middle East, Turkey · Buddhism also spread through naval trade routes in places such as Korea, Malaysia and Japan • As major world religions spread from one area into another they adapted to local circumstances and preexisting traditions and trasform. Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism all spread across trade routes far from their places of origin and all were modified in the process.
Name the trade networks in the classical age?
• Silk Road • Trans-Saharan caravan routes • Indian Ocean sea lanes • Mediterranean Sea lanes
How did state formations develop in the post-classical era?
• State formation was demonstrated remarkable continuity, innovation and diversity in various regions. • In Afro-Eurasia, some states attempted, to preserve or revive imperial structures, while smaller, less centralized states continued to develop. • The expansion of Islam introduced a new concept — the Caliphate — to Afro-Eurasian statecraft. Pastoral peoples in Eurasia built powerful and distinctive empires that integrated people and institutions from both the pastoral and agrarian worlds. • In the Americas, states developed in both Mesoamerica and the Andean region.
3.3.III How did social and labor systems develop during the post-classical era? 3.3.III.A What pre-existing labor systems continued?
• free peasant agriculture • nomadic pastoralism • craft production • guild organization • coerced/unfree labor • government-imposed labor taxes & military obligations
Gupta (320 - 550 CE)
•"Golden Age" of Indian culture •Women lost individual rights and could not own property -Sati: practice of a woman sacrificing herself on her husband's grave •Did not have a centralized government; left control to local leaders -This led to a weakness when facing external threats (White Huns)
What pre-existing labor systems continued through the post-Classical era?
•As in the previous period, the main forms of labor organization included: -free peasant agriculture (Small farmers) -nomadic pastoralism (Peasants without land) -guild organization (Collection of craftsmen from a similar trade regulates an industry) -various forms of coerced and unfree labor (Slavery and serfs) -government imposed labor taxes (Often over use of land and was paid to king) -military obligations (Service in exchange for land)
What is an "empire" and what were empires' common characteristics during the Classical Era?
•As the early states and empires grew in number, size and population, they frequently competed for resources and came into conflict with one another. •In quest of land, wealth, and security, some empires expanded dramatically. They built powerful military machines and administrative institutions that were capable of organizing human activities over long distances, and they created new groups of military and political elites to manage their affairs.
Qin (221 BCE)
•Centralized by Shi Huang Di after the era of warring states •Created a large bureaucracy -Creates a loyalty to superior/emperor/leader •Practiced legalism •Constructed defensive fortification (Great Wall) -Used corveé system for labor: Labor provided as a form of taxation -Also had compulsory military service to serve in army
What new innovations affected agriculture in the post-Classical era?
•Champa rice -China found variety of rice in Vietnam that ripens faster •Leads to a rapid increase in China's population •Chinampas -Used by Aztecs; didn't require irrigation •Waru waru -Used by Incas; raised soil to let rain water collect and control erosion •Terracing techniques -Also used by Incas; flattened out mountain sides to allow for planting
How did textile and porcelain production develop in the post-Classical era?
•Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export; industrial production of iron and steel expanded in China.
Greek
•Colonized through Mediterranean around commercial opportunities -Shared a common culture -City-states •Provided democratic style of government •Alexander the Great spread Hellenistic culture throughout Africa and Asia
Rome
•Created systematic laws that resemble our laws today -Jus gentium = laws for all nations (Natural law) -Jus civile = civil laws; differed from place-to-place with different consequences •As empire expanded, conquered areas would provide soldiers to military -This would keep supply up, as long as you continued to expand •Used slave labor for construction of architectural projects •Fall of Empire:
Why did some post-Classical urban areas decline?
•Factors that contributed to declines of urban areas in this period included invasions, disease, and the decline of agricultural productivity (Little Ice Age).
Why did some post-Classical urban areas prosper and grow?
•Factors that contributed to urban revival included the end of invasions, the availability of safe and reliable transport, the rise of commerce and the warmer temperatures between 800 and 1300. •Increased agricultural productivity and subsequent rising population and greater availability of labor also contributed to urban growth.
Mauryan (322 BCE - 184 BCE)
•First time Indian subcontinent had been united -Followed conquests of Alexander the Great; allowed Chandragupta Maurya to take control •Ashoka centralized the government -Converted empire to Buddhism •After Ashoka's death, Buddhism was not kept as official religion
Han (206 BCE - 220 CE)
•Implemented civil service system -Confucian scholars rose to top of society -Embraced Confucian classics •Maintained a strong centralized government -Western Han men served 2 years in military -Eastern Han used professional soldiers •Downfall of Empire: -Wang Mang briefly took control of Western Han -Taxes on farmers led to seizing control of their land
How and why did crops migrate during the post-Classical era?
•In response to increasing demand in Afro-Eurasia for foreign luxury goods, crops were transported from their indigenous homelands to equivalent climates in other regions.
What new labor forms developed in the post-Classical era?
•Theme system (Byzantine) •Serfdom (Europe and Japan) •Mita (Incas) - form of tribute and required military service •Resistance from free peasants led to revolts in China and Byzantine (China was successful, Byzantine was not)