History 8: First Midterm
The New South
Henry Grady was a proponent of this concept. The original use of the term ________________________was an attempt to describe the rise of the South after the Civil War which would no longer be dependent on now-outlawed slave labor or predominantly upon the raising of cotton, but rather a South which was also industrialized and part of a modern national economy.
Emma Goldman
Standard histories of the birth control movement often overlook The______________ pioneering role. She was a Russian immigrant, advocate of 'free love,' labor radical.and tireless lecturer and activist. She considered birth control, a free speech issue. She was Margaret Sanger's mentor; she brought the young Sanger into the campaign against the 1873 Comstock Law which prohibited the distribution of birth control literature, thus forging an indelible link between free speech and reproductive rights
Platt Amendment
_____________ The U.S. attached an amendment to the Cuban Constitution in 1901, which reversed the earlier promises of the Teller Amendment that had stated that U.S. would not establish permanent control over Cuba at the end of hostilities in the Spanish-American War. This amendment established the guidelines for the U.S. to intervene in Cuba affairs as well as permitted the U.S. to lease or buy lands for the purpose of establishing naval bases (the main one was Guantanamo Bay) and coaling stations in Cuba.
Seward's Icebox
__________________This was an example of early post-Civil War American imperialism. This concept reflected the negative reaction of a treaty negotiation between the Russian Empire and the U.S. in 1867; this was initially considered a foolhardy negotiation by critiques of the Republican Party. Lincoln's Secretary of State purchased Alaska from Russia for 7 million dollars. Russia wanted to sell its Alaskan territory, fearing it would be seized if war broke out with Britain whose population and wealth was on the rise in neighboring British Columbia. Russia was afraid of losing the territory without compensation. This Secretary of State also acquired the Midway Island and America Samoa
19th Amendment
___________________This amendment gave women the right to vote in 1920.
The Pankhursts
____________________These British suffragettes [Emmeline, Crisobal and Slyvia] influenced Alice Paul and Lucy Stone, among other to deploy direct action, arrest and hunger strikes to draw public attention to the cause of women's suffrage. This family, a mother and her two daughters, were willing to destroy private and public property. They snuck into Parliament and jumped from the rafters in the middle of session. [Mother Emmeline is said to have shaped an idea of women for our time; she shook society into a new pattern from which there could be no going back." She was widely criticized for her militant tactics; her work is recognised as a crucial element in achieving women's suffrage in Britain.
Veteran's issue
_______________________During the Gilded Age, there were several issues that preoccupied the Democrats and Republicans at the national level and there were other local and state issues, such as temperance, that were struggling to gain prominence on the national stage—among the regular issues that Democrats and Republicans bickered over during the period were monetary policy, tariffs, moral issues and this hangover from the Civil War. This issue privileged Republicans over Democrats, because former Confederates who were predominately Democrats were not compensated to the same degree as those who fought on the Union side. This issue was also indirectly related to Coxey's Army, in which veterans of the Civil War marched on the White House, demanding many reforms.
Herrenfolk Democracy
____________________________.This means master race democracy. There was a shift in the late 19th century into the early 20th century when ideas were developed of scientific racism that the races are fundamentally different, on different evolutionary pathways. The wholesale disenfranchisement of blacks in the South in part as a reaction to the Populist interracial challenge, led to social segregation and in many ways the transmission of racist attitudes into the West and the North. These ideas starting coming out of Universities in the North, these were not just the reactionary rhetoric of the masses. The belief was that Anglo-Saxon, descendants of British settlers, are natural democrats while African Americans are not. Disenfranchisement, segregation, racially exclusive policies in general, and scientific racism, created the setting for this democracy limited to the core ethnic nation only.
15th Amendment
______________________________: the right to vote shall not be abridged on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. In the late nineteenth century, the Southern constitutions circumvent this Amendment by inventing other reasons people can't vote. These means of disenfranchisement are essentially proxies for race, color, or previous condition of servitude. So they are following the letter of the law, but not following the spirit.
yellowdog contract
______________________________As a worker in the late 19th century or early 20th century if you signed this contract you were agreeing not to join a Union. Thus, as you are taking a job, you are signing away any right that you may have had to join a union, to agitate or negotiate for more worker's rights, better wages, better working conditions, or safety protections. Employers would use this as a mean to manipulate workers to not to join a union.
Freedman's Bureau
________________________________This was arguably the first place that the window of economic opportunity closed for newly freed slaves during Reconstruction; this organization had at least five mandates, including adjudicating disputes between white and blacks in the South, helping newly freed slaves reunite with their families, giving aid to the destitute and the poor, establishing schools and churches for newly freed slaves and initially redistributing lands that had been confiscated from the Confederacy during the Civil War, such as the Sea Islands in South Carolina to the former slaves. This represented one way that former slaves and Radical Republicans thought the federal government could get involved to help people make the transition from slave to free person in the South after the Civil War. This federal agency- a forerunner of a modern social service agency- was severely understaffed . Under President Johnson, Generals in charge of this agency were ordered to repossess land from the Blacks. This institution was disbanded under Lincoln's successor, President Andrew Johnson. This institution is where the phrase '40 acres and a mule' comes from.
Booker T. Washington
__________________________________ was an American educator, author and leader of the African American community. He was freed from slavery as a child, gained an education, and as a young man was appointed to lead a teachers' college, Tuskegee University, for black Americans. From this position of leadership he rose into a nationally prominent role as spokesman for his race. In oppposition to W.E.B. Dubois who demanded civil liberties for blacks as equal in importance to economic self-sufficiency, he thought through hard work and trade between the races would both black and white people forget the past and build harmonious relationships with one another. He was a pragmatist and an accomodationist, and as such won friends in high places who helped him further his agenda of education for African Americans.
W.E.B. DuBois
___________________________________. He thought African Americans could achieve social equality only if they embraced their African heritage, fought for civil liberties, and spoke out against prejudice. He spoke of the "Talented Tenth," the most educated would guide the mass of African Americans towards a more civil society. He was pivotal in starting the N.A.A.C..P. He stood in opposition to Booker T. Washington's strategy of economic sustainable and cooperation with whites; he believed in direct confrontation with whites demanding civil equality and economic justice for African Americans. In his book about Reconstruction in 1935, he asserted that Reconstruction was a Splendid Failure.
Alice Paul
_________________was purged from NASWA. She developed her own organization, which was not like a traditional party because it had only one plank; Vote for all American women through passing a federal amendment; by impressing on both parties [Dems and Reps] the effect that woman suffrage would have on the Electoral College and political outcomes. This organization was committed to direct action.
Wounded Knee Massacre
. The _____________________________________ was the last major armed conflict between the Dakota Sioux and the United States, subsequently described as a "massacre." By the time it was over, 25 troopers and 153 Lakota Sioux lay dead, including, women, and children. 150 Indians who fled died of exposure in freezing conditions. The Bureau of Indian Affairs outlawed the Ghost Dance that the Sioux had been partaking in to give them hope for a better life and rid themselves of white domination. Fearing the swelling numbers of Ghost Dancers and believing that the ritual was a precursor to renewed Indian militancy, the federal troops were trying to disarm the Sioux when the shooting began. There are two differing ways to view this massacre; it can be interpreted as a final triumph over the "Indian Problem" or as the slaughter of innocents out of revenge.
Tissue paper ballot
A _______________________________is a very thin ballot. This was used in election fraud since a whole lot of them could be stuffed into ballot box. This was one way blacks, poor whites, Republicans, and Populists were disenfranchisement in the South in the 1890s. The other way was through obstacles such as, a Poll tax or literacy tests. There was 100% voter turn out at elections in the South at this time, mostly Democrats. There are several ways fraud works, one way is just don't count the votes, the other is equally old fashioned, stuff the ballot box.
Second Fort Laramie Treaty
After Red Cloud tried his best to stop wagon trains from using the Bozeman Trail, greatly disrupting the western Sioux's way of life, Red Cloud signed a momentous _______________________in 1868., creating the Sioux reservation. He was promised exclusive use of the Powder River hunting grounds for his people, creating the Great Sioux reservation, which included the Black Hills. This land was secure until Gold was found by George Armstrong Custer and his expedition. Then, white settlers wanted access to the Sioux's land and federal troops tried to force them onto a smaller reservation. To this day, Sioux Indians still want the Black Hills back.
Confiscation Acts (1861 & 1862)
As just mentioned, Union armies entered Southern territory during the early years of the War, emboldened slaves began fleeing behind Union lines to secure their freedom. Some commanders put the slaves to work digging entrenchments, building fortifications, and performing other camp work. Such slaves came to be called "contraband," a term emphasizing their status as captured enemy property. Other Army commanders — particularly Democrats — returned the slaves to their owners. Congress reacted again by tightening up the initial confiscation act by approving on March 13, 1862 an act prohibiting the military from sending escaped slaves back into slavery. Thus, runaway slaves who make it behind Unions lines would be free.
Ullrick Philips
Born in 1877, he was a Yale Professor [also Madison, WI, Tulane, Columbia, University of Michigan] of American historian who largely defined the field of the social and economic history of the antebellum American South and slavery in the early 20th century. . He concluded that slavery was a civilizing institution for slaves. He praised the entrepreneurship of plantation owners and denied they were brutal. Phillips argued that they provided adequate food, clothing, housing, medical care and training in modern technology—that they formed a "school" which helped "civilize" the slaves. He shaped this area of history in many ways until the 1960s. He concluded that plantation slavery produced great wealth, but was a dead end, economically, that left the South bypassed by the industrial revolution underway in the North.
Running away to Lincoln's land
Even before the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, many slaves ran away as soon as they had heard that the Union troops were near; this was called _____________________ . This illustrated that many enslaved people knew that the Civil War was really about them even before President Abraham Lincoln did. The chaos of war gave them the opportunity to try to gain freedom by running behind Union lines hoping that they would be protected as early as 1861.
Charles Chesnutt
He belived if you can change enough individual's central beliefs, you can change society. He decided to try to do this through literature. This novelist's work revolved around what it was like to be a mixed race person. His activism as a writer was framed around the notion of moral suasion. That is, the notion that through access to different points of view, a person can expand their narrow perception, develop empathy, see what it is like to walk around in someone else's shoes, expand their consciousness and hopefully interrupt the continuation of reactionary attitudes towards race in the US and supplant them with something more life affirming, such as understanding and notions of equality and alliances with people of different . Several of his novels, including the House Behind the Cedar include characters who are passing as white and illustrate how they navigate between their black background and their outer white identity, which denies their true identity. Like Dubois he was very adamant about the need to rally for political participation on the part of African Americans, not just economic independence. As opposed to Grady's version of the South, he framed disenfranchisement of African Americans after Reconstruction as an infectious disease corrupting the Republic. He argued for interracial activism against lynching, films and imagery such as Birth of a Nation which dehumanizing to African Americans, and to end Jim Crow segregation and racism in general.
Sitting Bull
He was a Sioux visionary, warrior and a short time showman with Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West Show. He had a prophecy about the Battle of Little Big Horn and his own death at the hands of his own Sioux tribesmen. His prophecy came to pass when he was killed by Lt. Bullhead and Red Tomahawk on Standing Rock Reservation who had been deputized as reservation police. His death created great panic amongst his followers; 40 ran off to join Big Foot and 300 Sioux near the Cheyenne River Reservation, where the Ghost Dancers had been in full swing for weeks.
Thadeus Stevens
He was a man with a vision of a more racially harmonious world and a plan to implement during the Civil War and Reconstruction. A Radical Republican from Pennsylvania, he argued that slavery should not survive the war; he was frustrated by the slowness of President Abraham Lincoln to support his position. He guided the government's financial legislation through the House as Ways and Means chairman. As the war progressed towards a northern victory, Stevens came to believe that not only should slavery be abolished, but that African-Americans should be given a stake in the South's future through the confiscation of land from planters to be distributed to the freedmen. He was a person was pivotal in the impeachment proceedings against President Johnson, who he believed stood in the way of a more racially harmonious America. He died in 1868 before the end of Reconstruction; he didn't live long enough to see "Redemption."
Jane Adams
Hull House was a settlement house in Chicago that was co-founded in 1889 by this tireless Progressive; she struggled for women's right to vote; she tried to protect new immigrants, she became a trash collector in Chicago because the city political bosses were quibbling over who was going to provide them the highest bid for the job-- _____________ She and her long time partner Ellen Gates Starr founded Hull House. It was exemplary of Progressive ideals, building a better society through direct action and logical planning. Located in the Near West Side of Chicago, Illinois, opened its doors to the recently arrived European immigrants. By 1911, Hull House had grown to 13 buildings.
Interstate Commerce Act
In 1887, Congress passed the _________________________which created the Interstate Commerce Commission, the first true federal regulatory agency. It was designed to address the issues of railroad abuse and discrimination and required the following: shipping rates had to be made public, secret rebates that unfairly benefited big corporations while discriminating against small farmers were outlawed. This was significant as an example of the federal government first attempt at intervening into the "Laissez-Faire" practices of big business.
Ida B. Wells
In 1892, she became a muckraker [investigative journalist] for several anti-segregationists newspapers. She exposed lynching [pandemic in the South in the 1890s] as another means to reestablish a racial and gender hierarchy in the South after the Civil War, along with Jim Crow segregation, disenfranchisement and Clan violence. 161 African Americans were lynched in 1892, three of them were good friends of this women. She utilized Progressive Era technique of exposing corruption in American institutions through investigative journalism as a means to effect social change and social justice. She found that blacks were lynched for such reasons as failing to pay debts, not appearing to give way to whites, competing with whites economically, being drunk in public.
Ghost Dance
In late nineteenth century the _______________________________was a revitalization movement practiced by Sioux Indians and other tribes that promised through the practice of certain rituals, including, dance, the troubles with whites would end, the buffalo would return, and Indians would have their promised land of the past returned. Hearing rumors of the prophecy and fearing that it was a portent of renewed violence, white homesteaders panicked and the government responded. But while one of the primary goals of the Bureau of Indian Affairs was to convert the Indians to Christianity, they did not recognize that the fundamental principles of this movement were Christian in nature and had the effect of converting many to a belief in the one Christian God. This movement played a role in instigating the Wounded Knee massacre in 1890, which resulted in the deaths of at least 153 Lakota Sioux.
13th Amendment
In the film Lincoln the above key figure was portrayed reasonably historically accurately as having a keen and sardonic wit, an ill-fitting wig, being a relentless champion of marrying who you love not who the state of Virginia deems fit, and being uncompromising along with Lincoln when it came to convincing the House of Representatives to pass the ________________________Amendment on April 8, 1864, and passed in the Senate in December 31, just four months before General Lee surrendered at Appomattox, which sent the message that the war would in fact be about ending slavery and as well as keeping the states united. The Amendment read, "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction, except as punishment for a crime.' Prisoners are still waiting for their emancipation from virtual slave labor and disenfranchisement.
Black Codes
Republican uneasiness turned to disillusionment and anger when the state legislatures elected under Johnson's Reconstruction plan, proceeded to pass _______________________subjecting former slaves to a variety to special regulations and restrictions, with the intention of controlling black labor as well as establishing African Americans as second class citizens. Especially troubling were vagrancy and apprenticeship laws that forced African Americans, including children, to work under threat of punishment and sign contracts that reestablished forced labor, often without pay; created a neo-slave system. The legal status of vagrancy under these laws, meant not being in the employment of a white person.
New Immigrants
Unlike earlier immigrants, who mainly came from northern and western Europe, the _______________________came largely from southern and eastern Europe. Largely, Catholic and Jewish in religion, theses from the Balkans, Italy, Poland, and Russia. As a result, relations became openly hostile, with many Americans becoming anti-immigrant, fearing the customs, religion, and poverty of the new immigrants, considering them less desirable than old immigrants. In reality, they did not commit any more crime or contribute to any more of the misfortunes as any previous immigrant generation. The fact was that they came at the same time as emerging urbanization, industrialization and the problems associated with them, as in poverty, disease, crime, and crowded cities; they were largely scapegoated for the problems of the new industrial age.
Lutheran Landslide
___________ During the Gilded Age, an era in which Herrenfolk democracy was reasserting itself after the Civil War, moral issues at the national politics largely revolved around issues of race, ethnicity and the answering the question of which group identities in American were fit for self-governance; or in other words, who got to be white? This phenomenon took place in 1870 in Wisconsin; it was a response to state policy in which Republicans tried to make it illegal for public school children to be taught in their native languages, Norwegian, German, or Swedish. The Republicans were turned out of office in the next election.
Anthony Comstock
___________ He was a veteran of the Civil War who lobbied Congress in 1873 to first enact an obscenity law and then second to allow him to investigate violations of these laws as a volunteer for the U.S. postal service by sifting through U.S. mail to find evidence of the dissemination of obscene ideas, such as birth control educational materials, and images over state lines.
Yellow journalism
____________ This was the kind of sensational journalism which William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer made into an art form in the late 19th century. One of Hearst's most famous headlines to this effect was Remember the Maine! This kind of journalism was thought to be jingoistic and stirred up readers emotions to influence public opinion in support of war.
William McKinley
_____________ He was not a jingo. He did not want to go to war with Spain. He was a Civil War veteran, yet, he could arguably be called the father of American Imperialism. He was President when the U.S. entered into the Spanish-American War. He was initially resistant to the U.S. becoming a military power but once the decision was made he supported the annexation of Hawaii, Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico with vigor. He has also been considered the first modern American President in that he was the first President (besides Lincoln) to demonstrably set an agenda; previous Presidents had more often allowed Congress to set the agenda, develop legislation, and the President's role was to veto or sign a bill into law. He was shot by a self- described anarchist, Leon Czolgosz who was rejected by most anarchists of the period besides Emma Goldman.
The beauty myth
_____________ The idea that women would lose their womanly virtues if they entered into politics was publicly challenged directly by the National Women's Party, when they recruited more working class women who spent their time in the utter darkness of the textile mills, scrubbing floors, walking miles to work over unpaved roads, picketing and getting arrested. This myth was used as reason that women should not be enfranchised; they would cease to be mothers, wives, and daughters; that is, they would no longer be able to uphold their roles as the gentler sex, the nurturers of society.
William Graham Sumner
______________ This Yale intellectual was a vocal opponent against the U.S. going to war with Spain in 1898. Among his concerns was that the U.S. stated ideology of promoting democracy at home and abroad would be undermined; essentially, he argued the U.S. would be supplanting its model of representative democracy embedded with the enlightenment ideology of political equality and consent of the governed for the imperialistic model promoted by Spain in which true democracy would have to be abandoned at home and abroad. He argued that if the U.S. embraced imperialism, the nation would be forever involved in military operations in its stated spheres of influence in order to shore up its interests and curb self-determination that contrasts with American interests.
De Lome Letter
______________ This diplomatic communication is considered to be a contributor to the call for war in 1898, that is, one of the over-determined causes for going to war against Spain on behalf of Cuba in 1898. This was a diplomatic communication between the Spanish diplomat - the secretary of war in the U.S. --and the Cuban ambassador. This diplomatic missive was very disparaging of President McKinley; calling him a second rate President, both weak and timid, in his foreign policy conduct. This communication was intercepted by Cuban nationalists and leaked to the William Randolph Hearst papers before its veracity could be verified. Nevertheless, the desired effect was achieved, and American public opinion moved closer to calling for justice both in the U.S. and sovereignty for Cubans.
silver issue
______________ This was the 'soft money' issue that was central to opposition movements that threatened the Democratic-Republican stronghold during the Gilded Age. For example, the Populist Party platform railed against the concentrated power of the railroads, bankers, and corporate interests by encouraging decentralized institutions such as, the sub-treasury system, nationalizing the railroads, and encouraging inflationary policies, such as this. This issue had great support among groups of people who were in debt and interested in inflationary policies along with silver mine owners themselves. This coalition (portrayed as allegory in the Wizard of Oz) included farmers who were in debt, industrial workers who wanted to have an increase in real wages and moralists such as William Jennings Bryan who thought the golden standard and monopoly power was eating away at the body politic. This issue underpinned William Jennings Bryan Presidential campaign in 1896. He won both the Populist and Democratic nomination based on his crowd-pleasing speech 'Cross of Gold.' This policy supported soft money instead of the hard currency gold standard policies of the McKinley Republicans. The cooptation of this issue by the Democratic Party and Bryan had the effect (whether intended or not) of destroying the Populist Party coalition.
Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion
_______________ This was the 1884 Presidential rallying cry of the Republican Party; this slogan backfired and in effect unintentionally empowered the Democratic Party, illustrating just how influential Irish and Germany immigrants had become in local, state and national Democratic political machines during the Gilded Age. The slogan intended to be slanderous of the constituents of the Democratic Party; the alcoholic drinking Irish, the Catholic Germans and Irish and the Confederate loyalists in the South, which the Republicans blamed for starting the Civil War (that is, still waving the bloody shirt- the equivalent of the Republican Party saying 9-11 in every campaign speech during the first decade of the 21st century, claiming to be the party of patriotism.)
Emilio Aguinaldo
_______________ is officially recognized as the First President of the Philippines (1899-1901) and led Philippine forces first against Spain in the latter part of the Philippine Revolution (1896-1897), and then in the Spanish-American War (1898), and finally against the US during the Philippine-American War (1899-1901). He was captured by American forces in 1901, which brought an end to his presidency. He was a Filipino leader and anti-imperialist who supported American troops entering into the Cuban and Filipino wars for independence against Spain in 1898. He was a firm believer in American style democracy. American Revolutionaries such as George Washington and Thomas Jefferson figured among his greatest heroes and were models for the revolution against Spain he led in the Philippines. He eventually agreed to an armistice with the U.S. and to U.S. rule after a long and bloody conflict with the U.S., which contributed to the death of 200,000 Filipinos.
Homestead Act of 1862
_______________During the Civil War with the Southern Democrats having seceded from the Union and therefore out of the Halls of Congress, the Republicans were able to pass a plethora of legislation without opposition and the usual impasse based on sectional rivalries. They were able to begin to think of 'settling' the West, build railroads and pass the first income taxes. This was United States Federal law that gave freehold title to 160 acres of undeveloped land in the American West. The person to whom title was granted had to be at least 21 years of age, and to have built on the section, and lived in for 5 years, a house that was at least 12 by 14 feet. This was an example of legislation that the Republican Congress was able to draft during the Civil War to promote Westward expansion that had previously been doomed due to sectional differences between the North and South over slavery.
Populist Movement
_________________This was the opposition movement of the Gilded Age; its goals included nationalizing the railroad, developing the sub-treasury system to raise the prices of farm commodities, and silver coinage to create inflation. This movement died with the election of 1896, when William Jennings Bryan became the candidate and standard-bearer for both this movement and the Democratic Party. This was an attempt to build a coalition between workers, farmers in the west and anti-corporate activists rallying against the 'moneyed-interests.' This coalition failed for many reasons including the competing interests of its constituents, such as ethnicity, dominant political party loyalty (political machines), city versus rural bias, made it difficult for this coalition to find common ground to stand on at the national party level. This movement was also tainted with the anti-Semitism of the time- blaming U.S. economic woes on the Jewish Banking conspiracy.
15th Amendment
__________________During Reconstruction, some suffragists opposed this Amendment because for the first time citizens were explicitly defined as male; states could not deny it citizens of the right to vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude was explicitly prohibited. Some members Northern Congressmen thought that if this were passed that African Americans could then fend for themselves and then the federal government could then relieve itself from any other responsibilities to help the newly freed people make the transition out of slavery.
Red Cloud
__________________He was a Sioux warrior who made life for settlers and gold seekers on the Bozeman trail quite difficult. He signed the momentous second peace treaty at Fort Laramie in 1868. He came to think that Homesteading was the inevitable condition of his people but he courageous lyfought against the disruption of the Bozeman trail and was successful at closing the trail.
Free Love
__________________This was a movement promoted by such proto-feminists as Victoria Woodhull and Emma Goldman and attacked by such middle class cultural purists as Anthony Comstock, Reverend Beecher, and the Women's Christian Temperance Movement. This concept promoted the idea that women should have greater control over both marriage and notions of female sexuality. Victoria Woodhull argued that women should be able to divorce if their marriage seized to emotionally and physically satisfying. Emma Goldman expanded the belief to incorporate relationships outside the boundary of marriage; she promoted non-monogamy as a political act against the historically oppressive institution of marriage. Goldman found that she had a difficult time living in harmony with her relationship ideals, when she fell in love with Ben Reitman and agonized over his non-monogamous actions. Nevertheless, she boldly confronted the struggle she faced when trying to put her radical theories and ideals into action.
Jim Crow Laws
___________________This included laws discriminated against African Americans with concern to attendance in public schools and the use of facilities such as restaurants, theaters, hotels, cinemas and public baths. Trains and buses were also segregated and in many states marriage between whites and African American people. In Plessy versus Ferguson the US Supreme Court established the legality of segregation as long as facilities were kept "separate but equal".
Social Gospel
____________________ This was the Christocentric worldview that underpinned much of the thinking during the Progressive Era; it could be summarized in the phrases we are all in this together, we are all interconnected through the bonds of society, thus, an injury to one is a injury to all. Lastly, central to this notion was that in order to prompt the Second Coming of Christ, Christians needed to solve many of the problems that plagued American cities as Progressive perceived them, during the Gilded Age such as disease, overcrowded tenements, lack of sanitation, corrupt political bosses and demoralized and/or drunken immigrants, such as Catholics from Southern Italy, Ireland, and Russian Jews that were becoming a visible majority of American cities such as New York in the 1890s through World War I.
Populist Movement
____________________ grows out of the Grange in the West and the Farmer's Alliance in the South. This movement and political party grows out of a feeling among sharecroppers and small farmers that the economic system and power structure was rigged against them. It advocated pooling resources and commodities to yield higher prices and better railroad rates. The effects of fusion with the Democrats in 1896 were disastrous to the Party in the South. Collaboration with the racist Democratic establishment effectively ended the Populist/Republican alliance which had the support of African Americans. By 1898, the Populists were attempting to out-flank the Democrats with a virulently racist campaign. Among the party's demands were the abolition of national banks, a graduated income tax, direct election of Senators, and the eight hour work day.
Andrew Johnson
____________________He had been selected on the Republican ticket as Lincoln's running mate in 1864 because he was a rare breed, a Southern Unionist; he was put on the ticket to symbolize the worth and importance of Southern Unionists. He was a senator from Tennessee and when Tennessee left the Union; he remained in the Senate. He had to flee his home under threat of life -- he only went back to Tennessee after the Union Army had gained control there and he was appointed the military governor of that state by Lincoln. He did not approve of Secession-- so while 11 other southern states split the scene he remained. He became the 17th President serving from 1865 to 1869. As Lincoln's vice president, he became president when Lincoln was assassinated. The new president favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union. His plans did not give protection to the former slaves, and he came into conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress, culminating in his impeachment by the House of Representatives. The first American president to be impeached, he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote.
Panic of 1873
______________________This economic crisis led to railroads and coal companies cutting wages by 20 percent in an effort to regain profits. In part, one repercussion of this phenomenon was nationwide labor unrest and public hostility towards the railroads which were heavily government subsidized and had overbuilt in the extreme in the 1870s. This economic crash has been linked to the failure of banker, Jay Cooke, who had heavily invested in a failed railroad and tried to dump his stock unsuccessfully followed quickly by the bank of Henry Clews, set off a chain reaction of bank failures and temporarily closed the New York stock market. The effects were caused in part by the financial practices used by businessmen in general and railroad magnates in particular such as buying on the margin and watering the stock. Factories began to lay off workers as the United States slipped into depression. The effects of the panic were quickly felt in New York, and more slowly in Chicago, Virginia City, Nevada, and San Francisco.
NAACP
_______________________. This was an organization that speaks out against the lynching, segregation, disenfranchisement of African American voters in the South and violence against Blacks in the North in the early 20th century. It was founded in 1909 by both black and white activists . The Springfield Race Riot of 1908 is often cited as the event that highlighted the urgent need for a large civil rights organization in the U.S. Two of the founders of this still existent organization are W.E.B Du Bois and Ida B. Wells.
Open Door Notes
_______________________These were the origins of the concept and policy of Free Trade in the U.S. Secretary of State John Jay wrote these in1899 dispatching them to his European counterparts. The policy proposed to keep China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis; thus, no international power would have total control of the country. The policy called upon foreign powers, within their spheres of influence, to refrain from interfering with any treaty port or any vested interest, to permit Chinese authorities to collect tariffs on an equal basis, and to show no favors to their own nationals in the matter of harbor dues or railroad charges. The Open Door policy was rooted in desire of American businesses to trade with Chinese markets though it also tapped the deep-seated sympathies of those who opposed imperialism. The US had come late to the imperial competition in China and wanted to participate with the European powers already carving up China. Thus, suggesting open trade for all both sounded anti-imperial and also provided a toe hole for American goods in the region.
Knights of Labor
_______________________This worker's union fought for the 8-hour day from 1869 to the 1890s. They wanted to end child labor and convict labor, graduated income tax and promote cooperative; the slogan of the Union was 'One big Union.' This organization was open to women, African Americans, and unskilled laborers. The organization was thought to be idealistic; they wanted to transform society, not simply improve the station of particular workers. This organization gained support after the Great Strike of 1877, yet lost support after the Haymarket tragedy; it was connected to radicalism, the misunderstood anarchist movement, and violence in the public mind despite its largely pacifist appeals and support for the pragmatic issue of the 8-hour day. The organization which had been 800,000 strong by 1886 was all but ruined by being painted with a radical brush after the Haymarket Square Massacre in that same year.
Lucy Parsons
_________________________She was a true hyphenated American; a women of African, Mexican and Native American descent. Born in Texas, she fell in love with a Confederate soldier during the Civil War and fled to Chicago to escape prejudice. She and her husband participated in the movement for the 8-hour day supported by the Knights of Labor and the more radical Workingman's Party in 1886 [the so-called Haymarket Riot]. The Chicago police department claimed that she was more dangerous than a thousand rioters. Her husband, Albert, was hanged in Chicago on the charge of conspiracy to commit a riot.
Compromise of 1877
_________________________This election is often associated with the end of Reconstruction. This was an agreement struck during the contested Presidential election of 1876 between Samuel Tilden, a Democrat and Rutherford B. Hayes, a Republican. Tilden received the popular vote but did not have the electoral majority. Thus, the election was thrown to the House of Representatives where a 'corrupt bargain' was hatched. In exchange for Hayes becoming President, Radical Reconstruction would be abandoned, the Texas and Pacific Railroad would be bailed out by the federal government, southern blacks would be abandoned; federal troops were withdrawn from the South and the South was firmly back under the control of white Democrats; this was considered "Redemption," that is, Radical Reconstruction was over and the former planter class was back in power through the use of terror and the desertion of Northern authority. This deal empowered men such as Thomas Alexander Scott of the Pennsylvania Railroad whose railroads were bailed out despite his poor business decisions. He would be pivotal in advocating extreme force against striking Railroad workers in the Great Strike of 1877, the same year.
14th Amendment
__________________________During the struggle between President Andrew Johnson and the Radicals over Reconstruction, the Congressional elections of 1866 served as a referendum for this Amendment; it addressed citizenship rights established the due process and equal protection clauses of the U.S. Constitution, which were intended to protect newly freed slaves but had the unintentional effect of establishing corporate personhood in 1886. The amendment was bitterly contested, particularly by Southern states, which were forced to ratify it in order for them to regain representation in Congress. Many women were upset that this Amendment established citizenship for men only, by including the word male for the first time in the U.S. Constitution. This Amendment also was meant to facilitate black enfranchisement by reducing the number of U.S. Representatives of a state proportional to the number of male citizens who were denied the right to vote. In this way, it was intended to be a political response to the 3/5th Compromise that Southern states had demanded when the Constitution was first constructed in 1789;
Juneteenth Celebration
__________________________This celebration is part of the evidence that substantiates the notion that the Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th Amendment were really a political reaction to the social phenomenon of slaves freeing themselves in the first years of the Civil War whenever Union troops came within striking distance. This is the oldest known celebration commemorating the ending of slavery in the United States. Dating back to 1865, it was on June 19th that the Union soldiers, led by Major General Gordon Granger, landed at Galveston, Texas with news that the war had ended and that the enslaved were now free. Note that this was two and a half years after President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation - which had become official January 1, 1863. The holiday is observed primarily in local celebrations. Traditions include public readings of the Emancipation Proclamation, singing traditional songs such as "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" and "Lift Every Voice and Sing", and readings by African American writers such as Maya Angelou and Ralph Ellison. Celebrations sometimes take the form of parades, rodeos, street fairs, cookouts, family reunions, park parties, and historical reenactments. Oakland has a big celebration every year.
American Federation of Labor
__________________________This labor organization, led by Samuel Gompers, had about 138,000 members in the 1890s. The main objectives of this organization of skilled workerss was to use collectively bargining and strikes to improve higher pay and better wokring conditions for its workers, not broad based legislation for workers in general. This organization was associated with the Amalgamated Steel Workers Union that was broken after the Homestead Strike in 1892—this strike was broken in part by the availability of workers who would work for low wages. This was in turn based on the presenence of:
The Battle of Wounded Knee
____________________________ was the last major armed conflict between the Dakota Sioux and the United States, subsequently described as a "massacre." By the time it was over, 25 troopers and 180 Lakota Sioux lay dead, including, women, and children. 150 Indians who fled died of exposure in freezing conditions. The Bureau of Indian Affairs outlawed the Ghost Dance that the Sioux had been partaking in to give them hope for a better life and rid themselves of white domination. Fearing the swelling numbers of Ghost Dancers and believing that the ritual was a precursor to renewed Indian militancy, the federal troops were trying to disarm the Sioux when the shooting began. There are two differing ways to view this massacre; it can be interpreted as a final triumph over the "Indian Problem" or as the slaughter of innocents out of revenge.
Black enlistment in the military
____________________________Frederick Douglass supported the development of this concept during the Civil War. He thought that it would be impossible to deny African Americans full citizenship after their participation in the war. The Massachusetts 54th regiment was one of the first official black units in the United States armed forces. This regiment was all black with white leadership. By most accounts the regiment had very high morale. This was despite the fact that Jefferson Davis' proclamation of December 23, 1862 effectively put both African-American enlisted men and white officers under a death sentence. This courageous fighting unit consisted largely of free blacks and some escaped slaves.
Grandfather Clause
_____________________________. These are developed to specifically take voting rights away from former slaves in the South; it is a way to get around the 15th amendment. You would only be eligible to vote if your grandfather had been eligible to vote in 1867. So this essentially excluded the vast majority of African American voters in the South. This is direct disenfranchise in contrast to the Tissue paper ballot is outright
blacklist
_____________________________It was a list of any employee who had incurred the disfavor of management in a certain industry. You could be essentially barred from employment. If you were a Union activist in a plant and caused trouble for management you could be blacklisted and not be employable. This was very intimidating for men or women who needed to help support their families.
Morill Land Grant Act (1862)
___________________________________This 1862 act was a means of settling the west, expanding federal power and enriching participating states during the Civil War. Passed by Northerners in Congress while, most southern representatives had joined the Confederacy. UC Berkeley is a product of this Act. It allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges. Under the act, each eligible state received a total of 30,000 acres (120 km2) of federal land, either within or contiguous to its boundaries, for each member of congress the state had as of the census of 1860. This land, or the proceeds from its sale, was to be used toward establishing and funding the educational institutions described above. After the war, southern states were able to participate in the program.
Homestead Act of 1862
________________________________was a United States Federal law that gave freehold title to 160 acres of undeveloped land in the American West. The person to whom title was granted had to be at least 21 years of age, and to have built on the section, and lived in for 5 years, a house that was at least 12 by 14 feet. This was an example of legislation that the Republican Congress was able to draft during the Civil War to promote Westward expansion that had previously been doomed due to sectional differences between the North and South over slavery.
The Significance of the Frontier in American History
______________________________is the argument advanced by historian Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 that American democracy was formed by the American frontier. He developed this theory after the frontier has officially closed in 1890, which meant that there were more than 6 people per square mile in the West. There was a fear that American democracy would be under threat if there was not a frontier to be used as a 'safety valve' from the stresses of the industrial and urban East. He stressed the process—the moving frontier line—and the impact it had on pioneers going through the process. The frontier had no need for standing armies, established churches, aristocrats or nobles, nor for landed gentry who controlled most of the land and charged heavy rents. Frontier land was free for the taking. This theory would be challenged by the New Western Historians, such as Quitard Taylor, who asserted the west was a multicultural place dependent on government to settle; a place that made the East look like a family reunion in comparison.
Terence Powderly
____________________________become the President of the Knights of Labor in the 1870's and really changes the membership and goals of this Union. His idea was to form one big Union, a Union for all. Everyone is welcome in this Union. He does away with the earlier ritualistic secret society aspect that Uriah Stephens set up and made it a more open organization. What is interesting is that it embraces all races, men and women, skilled and unskilled. He was trying to bring together the son of a black sharecropper and the son of Confederate General Robert E. Lee. He is being presented as a figure of national unity. The Knights of Labor is open to any laborer, skilled and unskilled. It strives to establish an alliance with the laboring class. The organization did not promote strikes, unlike the AFL.
The Battle of Little Big Horn
____________________________in 1876, which lasted about 20 minutes, was arguably the greatest military triumph the Sioux and the Cheyenne had ever had against the U.S. Army. This was the battle that Hunkpapa Chief, Sitting Bull had had a vision about winning. He also urged his warriors not to take the Calvary's horses and guns; the warriors did not follow his advice.
Henry Grady
________________________made the above term popular in his articles and speeches as editor of the Atlanta Constitution. His sunny description of the South belied a darker reality of racial tension and violence. He claimed that now African Americans were equal partners in the South, the Mason-Dixon line had been erased.
Tom Watson
____________________was a Georgia Populist leader. He argued that economics should unify small black and white farmers who had the same economic interests. Populism began as a genuine interracial political movement. After losing two elections to fraud, he decided that the South was going to have to unite on the principal of race before economic reforms could go through. He stopped appealing to blacks to join the Populist Party and became one the worse racists in the South. This change in the Populist's stance added weight to the growing impulse for segregation between black and white sweeping the South at this time.
Carrie Chapman Catt
________________was elected president of NAWSA twice; her first term was from 1900 to 1904 and her second term was from 1915 to 1920. Her second term coincided with the climax of the women's suffrage movement in the U.S and culminated in the adoption of the 19th amendment in 1920. She thought the way to achieve women's right to vote was to have a grass roots movement at the state level; this was opposed to Alice Paul who trying to lobby for a federal amendment at the national level.
USS Maine
____________is best known for her catastrophic loss in Havana Harbor on the evening of 15 February 1898. Sent to protect U.S. interests during the Cuban revolt against Spain, she exploded suddenly without warning and sank quickly, killing nearly three-quarters of her crew. The cause and responsibility for her sinking remained unclear after a board of inquiry. Nevertheless, popular opinion in the U.S., fanned by inflammatory articles printed in the "Yellow Press" by William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer, blamed Spain. The phrase "Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain!" became a rallying cry for action, which came with the Spanish-American War later that year.