History and Approaches Quiz

the inheritance of behavioral characteristics was emphasized by a. charles darwin b. wilhelm wundt c. b. f. skinner d. john watson e. john locke

a. charles darwin

which of the following psychologists would most likely conduct psychotherapy? a. biological b. clinical c. industrial-organizational d. cognitive e. evolutionary

b. clinical

which perspective would most look at how our interpretation of a situation affects how we react to it? a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. biological d. social-cultural e. evolutionary

b. cognitive

dr. santaniello conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. it is most likely that dr. santaniello is a(n) ___________ psychologist. a. industrial-organizational b. developmental c. clinical d. biological e. social

b. developmental

gallup researchers marcus buckingham and donald clifton have found that when employers institute a strengths-based selection system for hiring new employees, companies see a. an increase in employee intelligence b. more employees working from home c. an increase in workplace effectiveness d. more employees going to school for advanced degrees e. more demands from employees for organizational changes

c. an increase in workplace effectiveness

which philosopher is most well known for theorizing that the mind at birth is tabula rasa or a "blank slate"? a. john handy b. rene descartes c. plato d. john locke e. immanuel kant

d. john locke

the _________ school of psychology focused on how mental and behavioral processes enable us to adapt and flourish. a. functionalist b. structuralist c. behavioral d. humanistic e. psychodynamic

a. functionalist

humanistic psychologists focused on the importance of a. healthy growth potential b. childhood memories c. unconscious thoughts d. genetic predispositions e. punishment and reinforcement

a. healthy growth potential

the study of current environmental influences and the importance of satisfying the needs for love and acceptance best describe which school of psychology? a. humanistic b. behavioral c. psychodynamic d. structuralist e. functionalist

a. humanistic

a fast-growing profession that applies psychology's principles to the work-place is called a. industrial-organizational psychology b. gallup psychology c. a psychological contract d. attentional user interface e. harnessing strengths

a. industrial-organizational psychology

dr. ochoa develops tests to accurately identify the most qualified job applicants in a large manufacturing firm. which psychological specialty does dr. ochoa's work best represent? a. industrial-organizational psychology b. psychiatry c. biological psychology d. developmental psychology e. clinical psychology

a. industrial-organizational psychology

the specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a(n) a. psychiatrist b. biological psychologist c. industrial-organizational psychologist d. developmental psychologist e. clinical psychologist

a. psychiatrist

which of the following professionals is also a medical doctor? a. psychiatrist b. psychologist c. clinician d. counselor e. biologist

a. psychiatrist

who would be most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious in affecting behavior? a. sigmund freud b. john b. watson c. carl rogers d. william james e. ivan pavlov

a. sigmund freud

cognitive psychologists are most likely to study a. the acquisition of knowledge, planning, and problem solving b. how attribution processes vary across cultures c. the conflicts of the conscious and the unconscious d. the relationship of cephalocaudal and proximodistal development e. how infants move from basic trust to autonomy

a. the acquisition of knowledge, planning, and problem solving

which of the following best describes the view of the mind held by plato and socrates? a. the mind is separate from the body and continues after the body dies b. the mind is an illusion produced by the brain c. the mind is made up of knowledge that is a result of our experiences d. the mind should be studied through careful, empirical observations e. the mind results from biological processes produced by neural transmissions

a. the mind is separate from the body and continues after the body dies

mr. bown uses her knowledge of a person's cognitive processes to design computer programs that are easier to use. mr. bown is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist. a. biological b. human factors c. educational d. cognitive e. developmental

b. human factors

in its early years, psychology focused on the study of ________, but from the 1920s into the 1960s, american psychologists emphasized the study of _________. a. unconscious motives; conscious thoughts and feelings b. mental life; observable behavior c. biology; culture d. environmental influences; hereditary influences e. maladaptive behavior; adaptive behavior

b. mental life; observable behavior

efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology or by their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding a. humanism versus behaviorism b. nature versus nurture c. structuralism versus functionalism d. observation versus introspection e. evolution versus natural selection

b. nature versus nurture

for behaviorists, psychological science is rooted in a. introspection b. observation c. cultural influences d. growth potential e. basic needs

b. observation

which perspective would most likely explain anger as "an outlet for unconscious hostility"? a. social-cultural b. psychodynamic c. behavioral d. functionalist e. biological

b. psychodynamic

which of the following is the best example of applied research? a. investigating basic human traits b. using psychological concepts to boost morale and productivity c. experimenting with how we perceive stimuli d. studying the changing abilities of a child from age 2 to age 5 e. exploring the mind-brain connections in adolescents

b. using psychological concepts to boost morale and productivity

mrs. thompson believes that her son has become an excellent student because she consistently uses praise and affection to stimulate his learning efforts. her belief best illustrates a __________ perspective. a. cognitive b. biological c. behavioral d. psychodynamic e. humanistic

c. behavioral

depression is an illness that may be related to chemical imbalances in the brain, illogical thinking, and impaired social skills. such an integrated explanation best illustrates the a. role of empiricism in science b. evolutionary perspective c. biopsychosocial approach d. advantage of applied research e. use of psychometrics

c. biopsychosocial approach

working in a community mental health center, dr. thatcher treats adults who suffer from severe depression. dr. thatcher is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist. a. social b. industrial-organizational c. clinical d. personality e. developmental

c. clinical

the study of mental activity linked with brain activity best describes a. humanistic psychology b. gestalt psychology c. cognitive neuroscience d. the psychodynamic perspective e. the evolutionary perpective

c. cognitive neuroscience

according to wilhelm wundt, the focus of scientific psychology should be the study of a. unconscious motivation b. observable behavior c. conscious experience d. physiology and behavior e. evolved psychological mechanisms

c. conscious experience

professor crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference enhanced the survival of our ancestors' genes. this viewpoint best illustrates the _______ perspective. a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. evolutionary d. cognitive e. social-cultural

c. evolutionary

mihaly csikszentmihalyi has observed that between the anxiety of being overwhelmed and stressed, and the apathy of being underwhelmed and bored, lies a zone in which people experience a. a calling b. external rewards c. flow d. dissatisfaction e. distraction

c. flow

which of the following psychologists would most likely explore how we view and affect each other? a. developmental b. biological c. social d. cognitive e. personality

c. social

self-reflective introspection (looking inward) to discern the elements of experience best describes a technique used by a. darwinists b. empiricists c. structuralists d. behaviorists e. ancient Greek philosophers

c. structralists

the first psychological laboratory was established by a. john watson b. jean piaget c. wilhelm wundt d. william james e. sigmund freud

c. wilhelm wundt

the early school of psychology known as functionalism was developed by a. sigmund freud b. wilhelm wundt c. william james d. john b. watson e. rene descartes

c. william james

in a class lecture, professor hampton emphasized the extent to which abnormal blood chemistry can contribute to psychological disorders. the professor's lecture highlighted a __________ perspective on psychological disorders. a. social-cultural b. humanistic c. cognitive d. biological e. psychodynamic

d. biological

why is wilhelm wundt often considered the first scientific psychological researcher? a. his attention to genetic causes was ahead of his time b. he treated patients with mental illnesses using a medical model for the first time c. his scientific philosophy was carefully built on descartes' idea about mind-body dualism d. he gathered data through experiments in his lab e. he analyzed data from his studies using inferential statistics

d. he gathered data through experiments in his lab

in the early years of psychology, a research participant might have been asked to observe carefully and systematically his conscious experiences. what method would the participant be using? a. behaviorism b. dream analysis c. biofeedback d. introspection e. functionalism

d. introspection

managers who excel at social leadership a. organize work tasks efficiently b. keep work groups on task c. set appropriate goals d. produce high morale in their workers e. are directive in their interactions with their workers

d. produce high morale in their workers

SQ3R is an acronym for a study method that includes survey, question, read, rehearse, and a. rigor b. recite c. response d. review e. reserve

d. review

dr. wilson attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with being members of street gangs. her account best illustrates a(n) ___________ perspective. a. psychodynamic b. evolutionary c. biological d. social-cultural e. behavioral

d. social-cultural

the debate on the relative contributions of biology and experience to human development is most often referred to as a. evolutionary analysis b. behaviorism c. the cognitive revolution d. the nature-nurture issue e. natural selection

d. the nature-nurture issue

the first psychological laboratory, opened in 1879, belonged to a. charles darwin b. sigmund freud c. rene descartes d. wilhelm wundt e. william james

d. wilhelm wundt

which approach is most directly concerned with assessing the relative impact of both nature and nurture on our psychological traits? a. social-cultural b. cognitive c. psychodynamic d. humanistic e. biopsychosocial

e. biopsychosocial

in explaining human behavior, psychoanalysts are likely to focus on ___________, whereas humanistic psychologists concentrate on ____________. a. evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings; self-reports of immediate physical sensations b. introspective reports of immediate sensations; empirical research relying on observation and experimentation c. the study of brain activity linked with mental activity; the examination of the stream of consciousness and emotion d. observable behavior; the way we perceive, process, and remember information e. childhood experiences and unconscious thought processes; current environmental influences on potential

e. childhood experiences and unconscious thought processes; current environmental influences on potential

dr. macpherson believes that the way students organize and think about the information in their textbooks will strongly influence their ability to later remember and use what they have studied. dr. macpherson's ideas most directly exemplify the __________ perspective. a. social-cultural b. humanistic c. biological d. psychodynamic e. cognitive

e. cognitive

which of the following would fall within the realm of human factors psychology? a. developing hiring procedures that enable businesses to hire the right person for a job b. applying successful motivational techniques in the workplace c. focusing on workers' rights to a safe work environment d. researching the fairest way for management and labor to negotiate contracts e. designing controls for a machine that allow people to operate it efficiently and safely

e. designing controls for a machine that allow people to operate it efficiently and safely

who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior"? a. edward titchener b. wilhelm wundt c. william james d. jean piaget e. john b. watson

e. john b. watson

who was the student of william james and the first femal president of the american psychological association? a. francis bacon b. jean piaget c. rosalie rayner d. margaret washburn e. mary calkins

e. mary calkins

in the early 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of a. learned behaviors b. hereditary influences c. unconscious motives d. evolutionary influences e. mental processes

e. mental processes

mrs. alfieri believes that her husband's angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother. mrs. alfieri is looking at her husband's behavior from a(n) ___________ perspective. a. behavioral b. biological c. social-cultural d. evolutionary e. psychodynamic

e. psychodynamic

the science of behavior and mental processes best defines a. philosophy b. cognitive neuroscience c. basic research d. applied research e. psychology

e. psychology