History & Systems (ch 1-4)
The late Medieval era saw:
All of the answers are correct. - A warming period and new farming technology. - The end of the Plague. - The Crusades, which brought science into Europe
Jesus preached at a time of:
All of the answers are correct. - Roman rule of traditional Jewish culture. - Hypocrisy among some leaders in the Jewish faith. - An emphasis on reasoned theology.
The Gutenberg press:
All of the answers are correct. >> rapidly increased literacy in europe , made the bible more accessible to individuals, rapidly expanded and widened the renaissance movement
Aristotle was a: Believer in the senses. A teleologist.
All of the answers are correct. The teacher of Alexander the Great.
Antisthenes is known for which of the following?
All of the answers are correct: - Being present at the death of Socrates. - Renouncing his upper-class lifestyle. - Believing society's emphasis on material wealth was a distortion of nature
Which of the following is one of the major questions St. Paul's interpretations of Christianity left for future philosophers?
All of the questions can be asked of St. Paul's version of Christianity.
Gorgias found:
All things are equally false.
One of the persistent questions of importance humans have asked about existence is:
Am I free to do as I please despite the influences around me?
Martin Luther critiqued the Roman Church, and after his ex-communication, started the Protestant movement. Which best describes his views?
An emphasis on the New Testament, renewed interest in Augustine, a religion that was both progressive and regressive
A Cartesian dualist conceptualizes the world as:
An interactionist dualist
A Cartesian dualist conceptualizes the world as:
An interactionist dualist.
Who was the first Greek philosopher to both write his work down and see the physis as the boundless, that could become anything?
Anaximander
Greeks in 650 BCE believed in, for the most part,:
Animism and anthropomorphism.
The difference between animism and anthropomorphism is
Animism has to do with nature being alive and anthropomorphism has to do with attributing human qualities onto things in nature.
The difference between animism and anthropomorphism is:
Animism has to do with nature being alive and anthropomorphism has to do with attributing human qualities onto things in nature.
Which of the following beliefs characterizes the Skepticism?
Any belief could be wrong
Galileo considered which of the following part of subjective reality?
Taste, odor and color
Who was the first naturalist?
Thales
Who was the first of the cosmologists to attempt to explain things and events in terms of natural phenomena?
Thales
Who was the first to emphasize natural explanations?
Thales
The Medieval Era was divided into:
The Dark Age and the High Middle Age.
Which of the following is a reason to study history, according to your text?
To recognize fads and recognize the background of "new" ideas.
The introduction of science by a European, as applied to how the world works, is associated earliest with:
Copernicus
Which of the following best allows us to make predictions even when we don't know causal relationships?
Correlations
From which philosophy would you most likely hear the sentence, "Society is a distortion of nature and should be avoided?"
Cynicism
Which of the following best describes irrationalism?
any explanation of human behavior that stresses unconscious determinants
According to Popper, the theories of Freud and Adler cannot be considered scientific because they:
are not falsifiable
Greeks who honored Dionysus tended to be the:
Peasants
Two philosophers who promoted the Renaissance were:
Petrarch and Ficino
The person who revived Platonic views in West, the first Neo-Platonist, was:
Philo, an educated Jewish man.
Who had or wrote the Allegory of the cave?
Plato
Which of the following beliefs characterizes Epicureanism?
Pleasure results from having one's needs met.
Listed are the Seven Principles of Science as described by _____. (Last name only)
Popper
The rise of Islam eventually:
Re-introduced science to Europe.
Philosophically speaking, what time period in Europe was characterized by the slow adoption of observation of nature as a way to answer questions and the letting go of dogmatically held beliefs about the universe?
Renaissance
For St. Augustine, the primary goal of human existence was to:
enter into an emotional union with God.
According to Aristotle, the purpose for which an object exists, its entelechy, is its _____ cause.
final
Unlike Plato, which of the following was true of Aristotle's philosophy?
he assumed knowledge could be attained by studying nature
Correlational laws allow us to:
make predictions
Which of the following is a monistic position on the mind-body question?
materialism
The generally accepted span of the Renaissance is:
1450-1600CE
The principle of falsifiability:
Requires theories make risky predictions.
Xenophanes
Saw religion as a human invention.
____ qualities have no counterparts in the physical world.
Secondary
_____ qualities are purely psychological experiences.
Secondary
Greek philosophy continued after the Roman invasions with the anti-philosopher, Pyrrho who led the movement called:
Skepticism
Who was known for the use of the method called inductive definition?
Socrates
What criticism did Socrates have of the Sophist's ideas on truth?
Socrates criticized the Sophists' idea that no truth existed beyond personal opinion
mpedocles and Hippocrates The three classic Greek philosophers were:
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, in that order.
Which is FALSE? The determinist assumes:
Some events occur randomly, without cause
Who said, "I doubt therefore I am," and, "God grant me chastity only not yet?"
St. Augustine
Whose philosophers left later thinkers asking the question, if your salvation is a gift from God and not tied to your behavior, what prevents people from behaving immorally?
St. Augustine
"As in all the churches of the saints, the women should keep silent in the churches. For they are not permitted to speak, but should be subordinate, as even the law says. If there is anything they desire to know, let them ask their husbands at home. For it is shameful for a woman to speak in church." (1 Corinthians 14:34-35) This passage suggests which of the following?
St. Paul was a misogynist.
This person's great achievement was to reconcile faith and reason in Christianity.
St. Thomas Aquinas
Aquinas's great achievement was to:
reconcile faith and reason in Christianity.
Aristotle developed ideas about _____ that influence psychologists today.
Common sense, memory, reason, motivation, and emotion
Why do we study the history of psychology?
To avoid repeating mistakes.
Which two ancient methods of attaining knowledge are combined in science?
rationalism and empiricism
The approach to the history of psychology taken by the authors of your text stresses:
All of the answers are correct.
Why was Thales an important philosopher in the course of western philosophy?
All of the answers are correct.
Which one does not fall under Pythagoras?
(I can't remember the answer, but Slide 17 has the answer)
Please match the following philosophies with the sentences people adhering to each would be most likely to say.
- Skepticism - "One must suspend judgment." - Cynicism - "Society is a distortion of nature and should be avoided." - Stoicism - "Whatever happens, happens for a reason. Accept it." - Epicureanism - "The good life must be attained in this world."
Kuhn felt that science is guided by:
A framework the scientist believes to be true.
Bacon trusted only direct observation of his subject matter. This makes him what?
A positivist
Newton believed which of the following?
A science of psychology was possible.
As with all cultures, the Greeks offered explanations of events in their lives. These shared explanations give the members of a culture:
A sense of predictability and stability
Plato and Aristotle were interested in truths that go beyond the surface appearance of the world. Both believed essences of things existed but they differed on how humans can know those essences. Plato believed that to know essences, you had to sensory experience. Aristotle believed you could only learn about essences if you sensory experience. (Use one word per blank, please, no more.)
A sense of predictability and stability.
Who is the patron saint of the sciences?
Albertus Magnus
What are some of the basic principles used by early Greek philosophers/cosmologists?
All answers
Protagoras believed which of the following?
All answers are correct: - Some beliefs are more useful than others. - Perception changes within and across individuals and culture. - Nothing is false.
A scientific law:
All answers are correct: - is general. - is amenable to public observation. - describes a relationship between empirical events.
Francis Bacon veered from many other scientists in that he was
All of the above
After the Roman Empire fell and the plagues of Europe began,:
All of the answers are correct.
Democritus proposed:
All of the answers are correct.
Francis Bacon veered from many other scientists in that he was:
All of the answers are correct.
Jesus preached at a time of:
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following people both believed in the heliocentric theory of the universe?
Aristarchus and Copernicus
Who had the three principles contiguity, similarity, and contrast?
Aristotle
According to the Renaissance humanists, whose philosophy was exploited by the Church to force congregants into strict dogmatic practices?
Aristotle's
Skeptics doubted universal truth and sensory information. They lived:
As members of the overall community, practically but without believing in community constructs.
What eventually became _____ psychology can be traced to a beginning with Descartes' mechanistic analysis human reflexive behavior.
Behavioristic Developmental humanist psychoanalytic
Paul Feyeraband:
Believed science advances when scientists break the rules of science
Idols of the Marketplace was Bacon's label of:
Bias due to constructs of the verbal community.
You forgot your coffee when you left home this morning and are now craving caffeine. You buy a can of caffeinated cola. You don't typically drink cola, and you're worried about the sugar content. You check the nutrition facts and see it has zero grams of sugar, but when you take a sip, it tastes sweet. What would Galileo say about this situation?
Both answers are correct
What involves predicting a specific event based on a principle?
Deduction
Galileo's brand of science was primarily _____ whereas Bacon's was primarily _____.
Deductive; inductive
Newton was a:
Deist
Modern philosophy started with:
Descartes
Who first described the reflex?
Descartes
The assumption that the universe is lawful is
Determinism
Sally believes the earth and the universe operate according to natural laws. When friends point to things scientists can't explain as evidence that a supernatural entity must be in control, Sally says those anomalies will eventually be explained and humans simply haven't discovered those laws yet. Sally is best described as a:
Determinist
Sally believes the earth and the universe operate according to natural laws. When friends point to things scientists can't explain as evidence that a supernatural entity must be in control. Sally says those anomalies will eventually be explained and humans simply haven't discovered those laws yet. Sally is best described as a:
Determinist
Parallelism is a variety of
Dualism
Parallelism is a variety of:
Dualism
Vedantism (India), Zoroastrianism (Persia), and Magna mater are what?
Early religious influences on the Roman Empire
Which ancient Greek first proposed the four elements of fire, water, earth, and air?
Empedocles
Which of the following were early Greek physicians?
Empedocles and Hippocrates
What has been the traditional ultimate authority in science?
Empirical observation
What was the 'Sacred Disease" in the text that these physicians claimed was due to natural, not divine, causes?
Epilepsy
Who wrote In Praise of Folly, 'laid the egg that Luther cracked,' and opposed fanatical belief in superstition?
Erasmus
Saint Anselm and Peter Lombard:
Extended the modes of understanding God
St. Paul valued _____ above reason.
Faith
According to Aristotle, the purpose for which an object exists, its entelechy, is its _____ cause.
Final
Henley states that psychology's history can help us:
Find good research ideas.
What did Galen add to the four humors of the body?
Four temperaments and their characteristics
Science stresses lawfulness. Because of this, science is interested in what?
General events
What were St. Augustine's views on the idea of free will?
He believed because humans had free will they were personally responsible for their actions.
You're watching a romance movie set in 1450s Europe. One of the scenes shows a funeral in the local Church. The mass is intricate and complex, involving much ritual. In another scene, the movie depicts a parishioner in confession with the priest telling him how much to pay in order to reduce the punishment he would receive for sinning. What would ERASMUS say about the mass?
He would criticize the ceremonial production of the funeral.
You're watching a romance movie set in 1450s Europe. One of the scenes shows a funeral in the local Church. The mass is intricate and complex, involving much ritual. In another scene, the movie depicts a parishioner in confession with the priest telling him how much to pay in order to reduce the punishment he would receive for sinning. What would LUTHER say about the confession scene?
He would disapprove of the entire idea of the Church asking for money in exchange for reduced punishment for sins.
You and a friend are getting ready to go to a concert. One of the performances includes your friend's favorite musical artist. Your friend insists the artist is not only an almost perfect musician but a wise person and right in almost everything he does. You joke that your friend is the artist's biggest super-fan. What would Erasmus say about your friend's approach to the artist?
He would say fanatical belief in anything should be opposed.
ou and a friend are getting ready to go to a concert. One of the performances includes your friend's favorite musical artist. Your friend insists the artist is not only an almost perfect musician but a wise person and right in almost everything he does. You joke that your friend is the artist's biggest super-fan. What would Erasmus say about your friend's approach to the artist?
He would say fanatical belief in anything should be opposed.
Parmenides used the opposite of _____'s belief that the universe is ever-changing to conclude existence is one, finite, motionless, motionless reality.
Heraclitus
Which tradition maintained that there were many inhabited worlds?
Hermetic
What did Bacon call biases due to personal intellectual endowment?
Idols of the cave
What did Bacon call biases due to blind allegiance to a particular viewpoint?
Idols of the theater
What did Bacon call biases due to human nature?
Idols of the tribe
Which of the following is one of the major questions St. Paul's interpretations of Christianity left for future philosophers?
If God is omnibenevolent and omnipotent, why does evil exist in the world?
Which of the following is one of the major questions St. Paul's interpretations of Christianity left for future philosophers?
If God is omniscient and omnipotent, where does that leave human free-will?
What was St. Augustine's view of pagan traditions?
If one was living those traditions, it was unacceptable, but if one was using those traditions toward a Christian end, they were acceptable.
Cynicism promoted living:
In isolation from society.
Pythagoras postulated the basic explanation for everything in the universe could be found:
In numbers and numerical relationships.
One of the main themes of the Renaissance was:
Individualism that even extended to religion.
Which of the following were all major themes of the Renaissance?
Individualism, interest in the past, and personal religion
What involves only the facts of observation?
Induction
For Anaxagoras, there were _____ basic elements.
Infinite
Which of the following words is associated with Nativism?
Inheritance
Which of the following represents one type of a dualistic position on the mind-body question?
Interactionism
Which of the following represents one type of dualist position on the mind-body question?
Interactionism
Which of the following represents one type of dualistic position on the mind-body question?
Interactionism
Freud and Jung saw human behavior as:
Irrational
Which of the following is one of the two main functions of a scientific theory?
It acts as a guide for future observations.
Plato believed true knowledge could only be attained through denying or escaping the influence of sensory information. How did that concept change when applied by St. Paul?
It became a battle between the soul, which is God-like, and the body, which is the temptation of the flesh.
Descartes believed what about animal behavior?
It could be explained mechanically.
A scientific law is a law because it does what?
It describes lawful relationships between two or more classes of empirical events.
n science, if the propositions generated by a theory are confirmed through experimentation, what does that mean for the theory?
It gains strength.
What calls into question the belief that St. Paul was guilty of extreme misogyny?
It is unknown which of the early Christian writings were actually written by St. Paul and which were written in his style by others
What calls into question the belief that St. Paul was guilty of extreme misogyny?
It is unknown which of the early Christian writings were actually written by St. Paul and which were written in his style by others.
In science, if the propositions generated by a theory are not confirmed through experimentation, what does that mean for the theory?
It loses strength.
What two main functions does a scientific theory have?
It organizes empirical observations and acts as a guide for future observations.
Regarding psychology, Galileo concluded:
It was impossible to study scientifically because psychology involves secondary qualities.
A paradigm is a set of beliefs and assumptions accepted by a particular group. Who talked about paradigms in relation to science and scientists?
Kuhn
Which of the following is NOT attributed to Peter Abelard?
LIVING HAPPILY FOR YEARS WITH WIFE
Which of the following is NOT attributed to Peter Abelard?
Living happily for years with his wife
The rule of Parsimony:
Living in accordance with nature is the highest virtue.
Which of the following beliefs characterizes Stoicism?
Living in accordance with nature is the highest virtue.
Parmenides used _____ to defend his position that change was an illusion.
Logic
Who maintained it was permissible for husbands whose wives refused to engage in sexual relations with them to seek other sexual partners?
Luther
Who maintained it was permissible for wives whose husbands were unable to perform sexually to seek another partner so they could become pregnant?
Luther
What is the origin of the name Protestantism?
Luther's protest of what he saw as the Church's failings
In the 20th century, Bacon's approach to science would influence:
Machian positivists, Einstein and Skinner.
For people who believe an array of spirits with human qualities exist, what does your textbook call the elaborate methods aimed at influencing those spirits?
Magic
The belief in transmigration of souls was held by:
Many ancient Greek Cosmologists
According to Galileo objective reality consists of _____, whereas subjective reality refers to _____.
Measurable, primary qualities; Experience that has no reality outside our senses
According to Galileo objective reality consists of ____, whereas subjective reality refers to ____.
Measurable, primary qualities; experience that has no reality outside our senses
All of the following labels properly apply to Descartes' philosophy EXCEPT:
Monism
Plato wrote:
Multiple books
While Western Europe was in the Dark Ages (ca. 400-1000), what was also happening in the world?
Muslim philosophy, science and theology flourished.
Neoplatonism is defined as a renewed interest in Plato's philosophy. However, when it first appeared in early Rome, it stressed the _____ aspects of Plato's philosophy over the more rational ones.
Mystical
In what religious views and philosophies was Paul trained?
Neo-Platonism and Judaism
Today we call people living during the early Roman Empire who were interested in Plato's philosophies:
Neoplatonists
The position that there can be no objective way of determining knowledge or truth is called:
Nihilism
Those who said concepts were nothing more than convenient verbal labels for events that had similarities were _____.
Nominalists
Those who said that concepts were nothing more than convenient verbal labels for events that had similarities were:
Nominalists
In the Dionysiac-Orphic religion, what did transmigration of the soul mean?
None of the answers is right.
In the Dionysiac-Orphic religion, what did transmigration of the soul mean?
None of the answers is right: - When a good person wanted to join the divine world, they had to complete a set of tasks. - When a divine soul committed a sin, it was forever locked into a physical body as punishment. - When a god wanted to join the earthly world, they gave up divinity.
In the Dionysiac-Orphic religion, what did transmigration of the soul mean?
None of the answers is right: - When a divine soul committed a sin, it was forever locked into a physical body as punishment. - When a good person wanted to join the divine world, they had to complete a set of tasks. - When a god wanted to join the earthly world, they gave up divinity.
According to Galileo, _____ exists independently from any person's perception of it.
Objective reality
William of Occam disagreed with Plato on which of the following issues?
On all of these issues William of Occam disagreed with Plato.
William of Occam disagreed with Plato on which of the following issues?
On all of these issues William of Occam disagreed with Plato: - Pure ideas - Essences that exist beyond our experiences - Whether or not we can trust our senses to give us information about the world
You are talking to your friend. She is complaining about her cousin who is blindly devoted to a particular political figure. Your friend says the cousin is damaging familial relationships because he views all criticisms of the politician as unfair attacks and credits all good things in the world to the politician even when they had nothing to do with it. What would Bacon say about the cousin's behavior?
The cousin's behavior is an example of the idols of the theater.
In one way or another, all of Renaissance humanists emphasized
The importance of the individual
Bacon advocated for scientists to drop all preconceived notions about their subject matter and simply observe facts. This makes him a proponent of what?
The inductive approach to answering questions
Socrates developed the _____, which often still works today.
The inductive method of definitions
Which aspect of Aristotle's philosophy became the cornerstone of most modern theories of learning and memory?
The laws of association (contiguity, similarity, and contrast)
You forgot your coffee when you left home this morning and are now craving caffeine. You buy a can of caffeinated cola. You don't typically drink cola, and you're worried about the sugar content. You check the nutrition facts and see it has zero grams of sugar, but when you take a sip, it tastes sweet. If we were to take Galileo's perspective, what might we say about this situation?
The number of grams of sugar is a primary quality.
Historiography is:
The study of how to write history.
You forgot your coffee when you left home this morning and are now craving caffeine. You buy a can of caffeinated cola. You don't typically drink cola, and you're worried about the sugar content. You check the nutrition facts and see it has zero grams of sugar, but when you take a sip, it tastes sweet. If we were to take Galileo's perspective, what might we say about this situation?
The sweet taste is secondary quality.
Reification is:
The view that a name indicates a real entity.
After late medieval Scholastics justified using reason to access God,:
Theologians used reason to critique the Church.
The Sophists believed which of the following?
There are no truths.
Descartes was a French philosopher, mathematician, artist and scientist. He also:
Was a Dualist
Thales' physis, or primary element/substance, was what?
Water
The Sophists believed:
We are a function of our experience.
The Idealists believed:
We are ideal forms but can only perceive what is called 'material.'
The Atomists believed:
We are material.
The Teleologists believed:
We exist to fulfill a purpose.
Which of the following is NOT one of the persistent questions asked by humans (including psychologists):
Why are humans such emotional beings?
The idea that when attempting to answer any question, the fewer assumptions you make the more likely you are to be right is an idea famously supported by which philosopher?
William of Occam
Whose philosophy marks the end of Scholasticism?
William of Occam
According to Kuhn, the set of beliefs and assumptions accepted by a group of scientists is called:
a paradigm
The early Greeks referred to a substance from which everything else is derived as:
a physis
What eventually became ___ psychology can be traced to a beginning with Descartes mechanistic analysis of human reflexive behavior.
all of these are answers: Behavioristic Developmental Humanist Psychoanalytic
Popper said the principle of falsifiability does what?
distinguishes a scientific theory from a nonscientific one
Plato and Aristotle were interested in truths that go beyond the surface appearance of the world. Both believed essences of things existed but they differed on how humans can know those essences. Plato believed that to know essences, you had to ___ sensory experience. Aristotle believed you could only learn about essences if you ___ sensory experience.
ignore; believe
Using his method of _____, Socrates tried to determine what all examples of a concept such as "beauty" had in common.
inductive definition
According to depictions shown in your textbook, this figure best illustrates what philosophy?
interactionism picture described: two ducks with arrows pointing at each other
Kuhn believed most scientists spend their professional careers engaged in:
normal science, checking predictions of the paradigm of their science.
According to Plato, all true knowledge:
results only from understanding abstract forms.
The _____ assumes everything that occurs is a function of natural-world causes.
scientist
In general, promoting a suspension of belief in anything, ____ and ____ promoted a retreat from society. (Answers include philosophies ("-isms") only, not people's names.)
skepticism; cynamism
Which is FALSE? The determinist assumes:
some events occur randomly, without cause.
In which philosophy would you most likely hear this sentence, "Whatever happens, happens for a reason, accept it?"
stoicism
For the _____, calm in the face of danger was the highest form of virtue.
stoics
According to Aristotle, the job of common sense was to:
synthesize and integrate sensory experience.
With which of the following statements would the determinist agree?
the causes of all thought and behavior are found in the natural world
Which aspect of Empedocles' philosophy could be used to explain the types of intrapersonal and extra personal conflicts described later by Freud?
the forces of love and strife (eros and thanatos)
Which is FALSE? Democritus believed:
the personal soul survived the body after death.
Some psychologists believe human behavior is determined but those causes cannot be accurately measured. What idea from physics is similar?
the uncertainty principle
According to Plato, the mind (or soul) and the body:
were different, the soul being eternal, the body a poor reflection of it.