Psychology Exam 2

The ability to tell the difference between a conditioned stimulus and another stimulus is referred to as:

discrimination

Guilt and embarrassment are basic emotions .

false

Researchers have successfully taught primates such as "Koko the Gorilla" to speak fluent sign language and to use complex grammar.

false

Similar to non-human animals, human sexuality is entirely based on biological factors, and psychological and social factors are not influential.

false

The amygdala processes fear, and therefore it is involved in the formation of stressful memories, sometimes known as ________.

flashbulb memories

IQ is determined by ______.

genes and environment

By presenting research participants with three rows of letters for only a fraction of a second, Sperling demonstrated that people have _______ memory.

iconic

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

Which of the following correctly lists the order of Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome?

Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion

Which of the following statements about algorithms is false?

Algorithms are typically faster than heuristics.

________ motivation is based on internal feelings rather than external rewards.

intrinsic

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

Any test of intelligence should meet several criteria. Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria?

it should be culturally specific

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

Learning can occur when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a conditioned stimulus.

__________ is as a primary sexual characteristic of puberty.

Maturity of the reproductive organs

_______ is an individual's emotional and erotic attractions to same-sexed individuals (homosexual), opposite-sexed individuals (heterosexual), or both (bisexual).

Sexual orientation

Most research suggests that differences between groups (i.e., ethnicity) in average IQ scores, are based on:

Socio-environmental factors

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories (such as a flashbulb memory) and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Fluid intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it."

The word "Fluid" should be changed to the word "Crystallized."

A(n) ________ is a problem-solving formula that provides you with step-by-step instructions used to achieve a desired outcome

algorithm

________ is an eating disorder characterized by an individual maintaining body weight that is well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise

anorexia nervosa

Which of the following is not a chemical sense? (taste, olfaction-smell)

audition (hearing)

The _______ is a fluid- filled, snail-shaped structure that contains the sensory receptor cells (hair cells) of the auditory system

cochlea

Painting a boy's room blue and a girl's room pink exemplifies _____ influences on gender.

cultural

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

stimulus generalization

A demanding or threatening event is often called a(n) ________.

stressor

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

______ is the ability to retrieve information from our memory system without a prompt or cue from the environment.

recall

Which of the following consequences are likely to increase the probability of a behavior being repeated?

receiving a reward and/or having a punishment taken away

The light-sensitive lining of the eye is known as the _____.

retina

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

retrieval

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

stimulus discrimination

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

memories are processed in a similar way that a computer processes information

A person's ________ rate is the amount of energy she expends in a given period of time.

metabolic

Schemata are a(an) ________.

method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently

According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, emotions consist of two factors: ________.

physiological and cognitive

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language (hint: see page 224)? She never developed a(an) ________.

mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

The notion that price can influence one's judgement of the taste of wine is an example of:

perception

Developing stomach ulcers during a prolonged period of stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.

physiological

Which kind of psychology seeks to identify and promote those qualities that lead to happy, fulfilled, and contented lives?

positive psychology

If a child eats broccoli and her parents reward this behavior with $1, this would be a demonstration of _________.

positive reinforcement

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.

prototype

Which of the following is NOT one of the tastes that we have receptors for?

rough

Which of the following is an example of the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

A burst of energy enables Hassan to run fast when he sees a skunk in his path.

Which of the following best exemplifies sensory adaptation?

A foul odor becoming less noticeable over time.

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Human sexuality is influenced by ________ factors.

Biological Psychological Socio-cultural All of the above

Most research suggests that sexual orientation is primarily influenced by ________ factors.

Biological (nature)

_________ is defined as the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which culture defines male and female.

Gender

________ refers to one's sense of being male or female.

Gender identity

The saying, "the whole is different than the sum of the individual parts" and the notion that we think based on patterns of information, relates to which of the following:

Gestalt psychology

How did Lashley develop the equipotentiality hypothesis?

He trained rats in the correct route through a maze, then deliberately damaged their brains and observed that this did not inhibit their progress through the maze.

Judging someone's intelligence based on how nicely they are dressed is an example of which of the following cognitive processing strategies?

Heuristic

Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy?

Naomi believes she can successfully complete law school.

Albert Bandura's experiments using the "Bobo doll" demonstrated the potentially harmful effects of television viewing on children, and was based on which form of learning?

Observational learning

_____ changes of puberty refer to the development of the reproductive organs.

Primary

In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus.

True

After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over.

babbling

The concept of perceived control refers to ________.

beliefs about the capacity to influence and shape outcomes in our lives

________ is stress-reduction technique whereby electronic equipment measuring a person's involuntary (neuromuscular and autonomic) activity helps him gain a level of voluntary control over these processes.

biofeedback

The hierarchy of needs is the spectrum of needs ranging from basic ________ needs to ________ .

biological; self-actualization

Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

bodily kinesthetic

According to Maslow's Heirarchy of Needs, receiving a promotion at work is mostly going to satisfy a person's physiological needs.

false

Grouping information into meaningful units, in order to increase the amount of information one can remember, is best known as which of the following:

chunking

Christina has trouble understanding social relationships and displaying empathy. Psychologists might suggest she is low on which of the following?

emotional intelligence

Which of the following correctly lists the order of the three-stage process of memory according to cognitive psychologists?

encoding, storage, retrieval

Which of the following lists the correct order of the sexual response cycle?

excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________.

experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

explicit memories

If you suggest that smiling can make someone feel happier, then you believe the ________.

facial feedback hypothesis

___________ provide a biological basis for observational learning.

mirror neurons

Assuming that the visual systems of humans and other mammals function similarly, you would expect that the retina of a nocturnal mammal (one that is mostly active at night) would contain:

mostly rods

Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

musical

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational

Don continues to wear the same "lucky hat" each time he takes an exam, because the first time he wore the hat, he received a good grade. This type of superstitious behavior is most likely the result of which type of learning?

operant conditioning

_____________ is a field of study concerned with the investigation of paranormal and psychic phenomena which include telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, psychokinesis, near-death experiences, reincarnation, apparitional experiences, and other paranormal claims.

parapsychology

In the Sensation & Perception module, we viewed a video about the McGurk Effect, which is a phenomenon that demonstrates an interaction between hearing and vision in our understanding of speech. The illusion occurs when the auditory component of one sound is paired with the visual component of another sound, leading to an experience of a new sound. This illusion demonstrates which of the following?

perception

Around 18-24 months of age children enter a _________ stage of language development.

simple sentence

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Which of the following is an example of eustress?

training for a marathon

Research by Claude Steele suggests stereotype threat can lead to underperformance on intelligence tests.

true

Research by Elizabeth Loftus, as discussed in the videos and the textbook, suggests that human memory is constructive and, therefore, error prone.

true

The sex chromosomes for males are XY and the sex chromosomes for females are XX.

true

The smallest units of sound in a language are phonemes.

true

___________ reinforcement schedules are the least susceptible to extinction.

variable

_______ refers to the set of rules that are used to convey meaning in language.

grammar

3. Humans rely on algorithms as well as heuristics to solve problems. Identify the advantage/disadvantage of each, and provide an example to demonstrate your understanding.

Algorithms is a problem-solving method that is step-by-step. An example would be instruction manual for on how to put together furniture. Algorithms must be followed exactly to produce the ideal outcome. Heuristic is a problem-solving method that is more broad. It can include working backwards and is usually faster than using algorithms. Heuristics are not ideal or the best option for rational decisions.

Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia?

Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her.

Gerard's and Lashley's rat-maze studies led to an understanding that:

Memories don't reside in a "place" Memories aren't due to the brain's constant electrical activity Memory is housed in multiple synaptic connections, made more efficient by long-term potentiation (LTP) Correct Answer All of the above

Which of the following best exemplifies the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

Tyrique almost falls out of the tree, but he grabs a branch, and now that the danger of falling has passed, he focuses his energy and attention on getting down from the tree safely.

Ivan Pavlov's research on the salivation of dogs in response to a bell is best related to which of the following forms of learning:

classical conditioning

Learning in which we associate two previously unrelated stimuli, based upon natural/reflexive behaviors, is called:

classical conditioning

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________.

conditioned stimulus

Which photoreceptors are responsible for color vision?

cones

The tendency to search for information that is consistent with what one already believes to be true is called:

confirmation bias

According to psychologists, basic/universal emotions begin to emerge in the second year of life.

false

Gender identity (one's sense of masculinity or femininity) is influenced more by biological factors compared to social/environmental factors.

false

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus becomes the conditioned response.

false

Males are born with an XX combination of sex chromosomes, and females are born with an XY combination.

false

On average, puberty tends to occur earlier for boys compared to girls.

false

Research suggests that sexual orientation is primarily influenced by environmental factors.

false

Working/short-term memory can hold an unlimited amount of information.

false

A pigeon is rewarded for making successful pecking behaviors every 3 minutes, regardless of how many times the pigeon pecks. Which reinforcement schedule is being used?

fixed interval

_____ is described as a particular experience that is so engaging and engrossing that it becomes worth doing for its own sake.

flow

What is confirmation bias?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

If someone is uncomfortable identifying with the gender normally associated with their biological sex, then he could be classified as experiencing ________.

gender dysphoria

Which of the following is NOT one of Sternberg's proposed three types of intelligence? (Creative, Analytical, Practical)

good-looking

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.

suggestibility

5. Imagine a rabbit bites a young child causing this child to experience pain/fear. Later, as an adult, this individual displays symptoms of a rabbit phobia. Psychologists argue that many phobias (extreme and irrational fears) are acquired through classical conditioning. Identify the following factors in this rabbit phobia scenario: Unconditioned stimulus (US), Unconditioned response (UR), Neutral stimulus (NS), Conditioned stimulus (CS), Conditioned Response (CR).

unconditioned stimulus (US): biting unconditioned response (UR): pain/fear neutral stimulus (NS): rabbit condition stimulus (CS): rabbit conditioned response (CR): pain/fear

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior