History and Systems of Psychology Final Part 3
Charles Spearman
"Whenever branches of intellectual activity are at all dissimilar, then their correlations with one another appear wholly due to their being all variously saturated with some common fundamental Function (or group of functions)"
Eugenics
"the study of the agencies under social control, that improve or impair the racial qualities of future generations either physically or mentally"
Alfred Binet
A french psychologist who invented the first Practical IQ test.
Binet-Simon approach to diagnose a child's level of intelligence
A medical approach that would focus on anatomical, physiological, and pathological signs of intellectual inferiority
Binet-Simon approach to diagnose a child's level of intelligence
A psychological approach based on observation and the measurement of differences in intelligence
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
A stimulus produces an UR without conditioning being required
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
A survey in the Review of General Psychology in 2002, ranked him as the 24th most cited psychologist of the 20th century
a triumph for scientific psychology
A triumph for scientific psychology made possible by the fusion of early stats innovations with the new appreciation of the value of scales and questionnaires
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
A Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning
Binet-Simon approach to diagnose a child's level of intelligence
A pedagogical approach that would focus on intelligence as acquired knowledge
John Broadus Watson
An American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism
Sir Francis Galton
An English statistician, anthropologist, eugenicist, polymath, psychologist, psychometrician, and many other things
Sir Francis Galton
Eugenics
John Broadus Watson
Fear: there are only two stimuli evoking fear that are unconditioned: A sudden noise and the loss of support (physical support)
Charles Spearman
He then used a method of statistical analysis known as factor analysis to demonstrate that a general factor accounted for this correlation and that the positive manifold could be explained by this general factor (g)
Stimulus generalization
If, after a particular CS has come to elicit a CR, another stimulus will elicit the same CR
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov's dogs
Free society for the psychological study of the child proposal
That in primary schools, the children judged as being resistant to education, teaching, or discipline will not be expelled without first being submitted to a medico-pedagogical examination
William Paley
The basic gist of his watchmaker argument consists of two propositions: First, the complex inner workings of a watch necessitate an intelligence designer Second, as with a watch, the complexity of X (an organ, the universe, anything complex) necessitates a designer
Evolution via natural selection
a mechanistic process: no designer necessary
Variable
a quantity that during a calculation is assumed to vary or be capable of varying in value.
Second order
aka higher order conditioning
Charles Spearman
believed that g was a form of mental energy almost like an engine in a vehicle. A better engine performs well on everything associated with movement and a better brain does with everything associated with information processing, dealing with complexity, and learning
Sir Francis Galton
conceived of a measure to quantify normal variation: the standard deviation
Charles Darwin
has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history and the theory of natural selection has been called the greatest theory ever devised.
Sir Francis Galton
invented the use of the regression line and the choice of r (for reversion or regression) to represent to correlation coefficient
Sir Francis Galton
obsessed with human variation: from intelligence to height; from facial images to finger print patterns.
Classical Conditioning
occurs when the CS produces the CR
R.A. Fisher
pioneers many statistical techniques including ANOVA, maximum likelihood estimation, and he introduces the traditional 5% level of significance in 1925
Intelligence quotient
(mental age/chronological age) x 100
Daniel Dennett
Compared Darwin's ideas to a universal acid in that it "eats through just about every traditional concept, and leaves in its wake a revolutionized world-view, with most of the old landmarks still recognizable, but transformed in fundamental ways."
Charles Darwin
English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.
Sir Francis Galton
He applied statistical methods to the study of human differences (differential psychology and psychometrics)
conceptual variable
an abstract or theoretical definition of a variable
Unconditioned response (UR)
an automatic or inherent response to the US
Simultaneous Conditioning
conditioning occurs with conditioning
IQ test
consisted of thirty tasks of increasing difficulty.
Sir Francis Galton
created the statistical concept of correlation and promoted the concept of regression to the mean.
Extinction
disappearance of a CR when no reinforcer is present
Sir Francis Galton
for him the conceptual variable "intelligence" could be operationalized and turned into measured variables via measuring the head and conducting some basic tests of reflexes
Sir Francis Galton
found that the percentage of eminent relative dropped when going from first degree to second degree to third degree relatives. He reasoned that this was good evidence of the inheritance of abilities
Charles Darwin
increasing complexity of life
Charles Darwin
the Newton of the biological and social sciences
John Broadus Watson
He claimed that before Wundt there was no psychology and after Wundt there was confusion and anarchy
Charles Spearman
He did seminal work on models of human intelligence
reason IQ testing is controversial
Intelligence is one of the traits that humans value most and we don't like the idea that it can be measured and tells us things about what we can and cannot do
Charles Darwin
Sexual Selection
Stimulus discrimination
This occurs when one stimulus ("CS1") elicits one CR and another stimulus ("CS2") elicits another CR or no CR at all
Sir Francis Galton
demonstrated that eminence did indeed cluster in families. However, he was also aware that the environment of eminent families would differ from average families. Therefore, he looked at the degree of the relative
Sir Francis Galton
gathered data on a variety of physical variables but was unable to show a correlation between any of them and eventually abandoned this research
Sexual selections two forms
intrasexual selection intersexual slection
The French Third Republic
made primary education compulsory from ages 6 to 13; blind and deaf children excluded
Charles Darwin
the inter-relatedness of all life
Intersexaul selection
would influence the evolution of secondary sexual characteristics which determine the relative "attractiveness" of members of one sex to the other sex.
Forward Conditioning
CS precedes the US in order to signal US (delay and trace conditioning)
Sir Francis Galton
Created the first mental testing center in the world in 1882
Charles Darwin
Descent with modification
Sir Francis Galton
He coined the phrase "nature versus nurture" and was interested in how to disambiguate the two. He proposed twin studies as one way to achieve this goal
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Initially neutral with respect to the UR which is associated with the US.
"General Intelligence"
Objectively Determined and Measured "The present article, therefore, advocates a " Correlational Psychology," for the purpose of positively determining all psychical tendencies, and in particular those which connect together the so-called "mental tests" with psychical activities of greater generality and interest"
reason IQ testing is controversial
Often early tests were used by individuals who desired to prove the superiority of white people to other groups (laugh's on them since Jewish people and East Asians score highest on average on tests of IQ
Sir Francis Galton
Recognizing the limitations of his historometry, he proposed studying twins over the life course to see if they diverged as they moved to different environments or converged as they lived together
Recovery from extinction
This can happen spontaneously or through conditioning. The conditioning occurs much more rapidly when reacquired
reason IQ testing is controversial
We do not like that idea that there is a general factor of intelligence because we have a belief that there are different types of intelligence
operational definition
a clear, concise detailed definition of a conceptual variable that, when applied, allows produces a measured variable
Psychometrics
a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement. For example, personality traits, attitudes, beliefs, intelligence, skills and knowledge, etc.
Measured Variable
a variable that has been concretely measured by applying our operational definition to a conceptual variable
Charles Spearman and Alfred Binet
after these two people many psychometricians (and eventually large corporations and institutions) got to work creating, revising, and testing a variety of tests in an attempt to measure human mental ability as rigorously and precisely as possible
Sir Francis Galton
an early advocated of using the questionnaire to gather valid and reliable information from people
Charles Spearman
an english psychologist known for his work in stats, as a pioneer of factor analysis, and for spearman's rank order correlation coefficient
Free society for the psychological study of the child proposal
as a demonstration, a special class for abnormal but treatable children would be opened at this time in one of the schools in Paris, specifically in the Jenner Street School, near the Salpêtrière
Sir Francis Galton
believed in intelligence and individual differences in intelligence
Sir Francis Galton
believed that intelligence should be correlated with other observable traits such as reflexes, muscle grip, and head size
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
believed that three different approaches would be necessary to adequately diagnose a child's level of intelligence
Sir Francis Galton
believed that three qualities led to eminence: intelligence, zeal, and hard work
Charles Darwin & Russell Wallace
coined the term natural selection
Sir Francis Galton
discovered the "wisdom of crowds," or the idea that averaging the collective wisdom of the vox populi can lead to startlingly accurate guesses on a host of issues (the weight of cows, size of bridges, etc.)
Phenomena associated with Classical conditioning
extinction recovery from extinction stimulus generalization stimulus discrimination
William Stern
first proposed the "intelligence quotient" in 1912.
John Broadus Watson
in a big step backward from Descartes, James, and others, thought that there were unlearned emotional reactions in infants:
Charles Spearman
in his famous 1904 article "general intelligence" he took the relatively mundane and atheoretical concept of intelligence and replaced it with a statistically rigorous and theoretically rich construct that still guides psychometricians to this day
Charles Spearman
in investigating a large swath of mental abilities and tests of intelligence, discovered that most of them were inter-correlated
Sir Francis Galton
introduces concepts of standard deviation, correlation, and regression and noted that many human traits could be fitted to a normal curve distribution
Karl Pearson
introduces the correlation coefficient (product-moment), the chi-square test, and the P-Value
Intrasexual selection
involves characteristics which affect the outcome of competition among members of one sex for access to members of the other sex
William Paley
made a famous argument about design and how it pointed toward an intelligence creator in his 1802 work on Natural Theology
IQ test
must be able to distinguish between idiocy and imbecility; imbecility and debility; and debility and normality
Sir Francis Galton
one of his early questions was whether mental ability was hereditary and to test this, he reasoned that eminent men should cluster together in families
Charles Darwin
published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, overcoming scientific rejection of earlier concepts of transmutation of species. By the late 1870s, the scientific community and much of the general public had accepted evolution as a fact
Validity
refers to the accuracy of an assessment -- whether or not it measures what it is supposed to measure.
Reliability
refers to the extent to which assessments are consistent
analogy between general intelligence and athleticism
some general ability is not a perfect indicator of a person's individual performance
Core to stats
the concept that measurements vary: they have a central tendency (mean) and a spread (variance).
Binet-Simon Test
the first practical IQ test
P value
the probability of the observed result, plus more extreme results, if the null hypothesis were true.
Conditioned response (CR)
the response to the CS once classical conditioning has been established
Free society for the psychological study of the child proposal
these children, if identified as abnormal but treatable, will be grouped in a special class attached to the school, or in a special establishment [created for that purpose]
Binet-Simon test
this test is valid and reliable; predicts; and helpful in identifying both slower children and precocious children, but still had problems
Classical conditioning
unconditioned stimulus unconditioned response neutral stimulus conditioned stimulus conditioned response
natural selection
variation + differential reproduction + heredity