History Chapter 18

An estimated __________ Spaniards emigrated from Europe to the Americas between 1500 and 1800.

300,000

Dubbed Doña Marina, Malinche was:

A Nahuatl-speaking woman who acted as translator for Hernán Cortés.

For 200 years after its founding in 1545, Potosí in modern ___________ produced over half of the silver of Spanish America.

Bolivia

By means of land-labor grants called __________, Spanish entrepreneurs were entitled to use forced indigenous or imported slave labor to exploit natural resources in the New World.

Encomiendas

The success of Cortés and Pizzaro spurred additional expeditions to find ___________.

Gold

By the early seventeenth century, an elite of Spaniards who ___________, called Creoles, was in place to assist and then replaced Spanish administrators.

Had been born in the Americas.

In the second half of the 1600s, the ___________ drove many smaller groups westward into the Great Lakes region and Mississippi plains.

Iroquois

Anne Hutchinson was famous for:

Preaching an antinomian position in defiance of the General Court of Massachusetts.

In the 1540s the Spanish government introduced ___________ called repartimientos, which was a continuation of the mit'a system devised by the Inca for taxation.

Rotating labor assignments

After Hernán Cortés arrived at the the city of ___________,he soon captured the emperor Moctezuma II who was forced to swear allegiance to Emperor Charles V.

Tenochtitlán

Which of the following was not a Bourbon reform in the Spanish colonies?

The opening of ports to non-Spanish merchant ships.

As in Spain, the only income tax in New Spain was the ______

Tithe paid to the church, which the administration, at times, used for its own purposes.

After meeting Pizarro at the town square of Cajamarca in 1532, Atahualpa:

Was captured and his unarmed retainers murdered.

From the middle of the seventeenth century, the pueblos de indios were fully functional, self-administering units, with councils (________), churches, schools, communal lands, and family parcels.

Cabildos

The Spanish captured the last emperor of the Aztecs, ________, in 1521 and executed him in 1525.

Cuauhtémoc

The Columbian Exchange characterizes the transfer of plants, animals, and ________ between the Americas and the rest of the world

Diseases

To support the mining centers and administrative cities, the Spanish colonial government ___________ the development of agricultural estates (haciendas).

Encouraged

_________ was the first institution of higher learning in North America, devoted to combatting antinomianism.

Harvard College

Leading a force of about 300 Spanish men, _________ defeated a much larger indigenous force at Tabasco in 1518.

Hernán Cortés

Having laid waste to Cuzco, Pizarro founded a new Andean capital at __________ in 1535.

Lima

Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala was one of several:

Native American and mestizo chroniclers, historians, and commentators.

Agriculture in the New World was ___________ during the sixteenth century.

Peripheral to the economy of the Spanish empire

What from Eurasia had the largest impact on the Native American population?

Smallpox

Between 250,000 and 1 million Taínos were killed when the Spanish came due to:

The Native Americans' lack of immunity against smallpox

Losses to the Spanish empire came in the mid-seventeenth century, beginning with:

The capture of Jamaica by the British in 1655.

One of the indicators of the success of Portuguese settlements on the Brazilian coast was:

The intermarriage of settlers with surrounding indigenous chieftain families.

The main impulse for the revivalist movement known as the "Great Awakening" of the 1730s and 1740s was:

The tour of the Methodist preachers John and Charles Wesley through Georgia.

What gave the Spanish a military advantage over their Native American opponents?

They possessed steel weapons and armor.

As in Spain, the only income tax in New Spain was the __________.

Tithe paid to the church, which the administration, at times, used for its own purposes.

By the mid-16th century, the conquistadors shifted from looting Native American empires and towns to exploiting native labor in _______ and in agric

Working silver, gold, and mercury mines

By the mid-16th century, the conquistadors shifted from looting Native American empires and towns to exploiting native labor in _______ and in agriculture.

Working silver, gold, and mercury mines