OCE 15+16
How do bat stars move?
They have hundreds of tube feet that run along the undersides of their arms
What is an adaptation for organisms living in the upper intertidal zone?
They must be adapted for being out of water for extended periods of time
Hermit crabs are commonly found inhabitants of tide pools
True
Coral reefs contain 25% of all known marine species
true
The oceans have absorbed the majority of the increased heat in the atmosphere
true
Intertidal zonation across a sediment-covered shore is best seen when the shore is gently sloping
False
The supratidal zone of the rocky shore is the area between the highest high tide and the lowest low tide
False
What related tidepool organism uses a similar predator-escape response?
Octopuses
Match the term or phrase with the best descriptor. chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Refrigerants
What is a key assumption behind the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)?
Rich countries should care about what happens in poor countries
What do bat stars eat?
They eat detritus, dead and decaying organic material, and seaweed.
In the spray zone, what is one common adaptation that marine organisms typically exhibit?
They have hard shells that prevent organisms from drying out.
Match the organism with the appropriate zone. sea anemone
low tide zone
In which region of the tidepools are kelp crabs most often found?
lower intertidal
Match the organism with the appropriate habitat. sand dollar
sandy beaches
What family do kelp crabs belong to?
spider crab family
The nudibranch Navanax is a type of __________
sea slug
Over the past 30 years, Earth's average surface temperature has risen by:
0.6°C
Along a rocky shore, the spray zone is indicated by the number:
1
How long is the most important eccentricity cycle for Earth's orbit?
100,000 years
How long is the cycle of precession for Earth's orbit?
26,000 years
If the USA adopted and maintained a policy of minimal control of CO2 emissions, what level would we expect its emissions to be in 2020?
2716 MMT
How much of the Sun's incoming radiation is scattered or reflected back to space before any heating effect is felt on Earth?
31%
Since 1750, the amount of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere has increased by more than:
40%
How long is the cycle of obliquity for Earth's orbit?
41,000 years
How much of the Sun's incoming radiation is absorbed by Earth's surface?
45%
The area on a rocky shore inhabited by organisms adapted to withstand wave energy for the majority of the tidal cycle is indicated by the number
7
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below.
A. anthropogenic CO2 inputs
Which of the following arguments could be made for NOT adopting an aggressive control strategy worldwide?
All of the above.
Hazards associated with sea level rise include all the following except :
All the above are correct
Variations in Earth's orbit that influence long-term climate changes include:
All the above are correct.
Which of the following climate types is likely to experience the most warming?
Arctic
Which of the following is the best statement regarding the graph of atmospheric CO2 concentrations?
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased by more than 15% over the past 50 years
What would happen to Earth's atmospheric temperature if the amount of incoming shortwave radiation from the Sun decreased and was less than the longwave radiation lost to space?
Atmospheric temperature would decrease
What would happen to Earth's atmospheric temperature if the amount of shortwave radiation reflected at Earth's surface increased significantly?
Atmospheric temperature would decrease.
What would happen to Earth's atmospheric temperature if the amount of outgoing longwave radiation decreased so that it was less than incoming shortwave radiation from the Sun?
Atmospheric temperature would increase
What would happen to Earth's atmospheric temperature if the amount of shortwave radiation reflected by clouds decreased significantly?
Atmospheric temperature would increase
What would happen to Earth's atmospheric temperature if the amount of incoming shortwave radiation from the Sun was the same as the longwave radiation lost to space?
Atmospheric temperature would remain the same.
The areas of desertification overlap the most with which climate type?
BSk
Why is it rare to find a lobster in a tidepool?
Because they normally live along the bottom, further offshore in kelp forests.
Which of the following actions could be used to support "Target 3" of the Millennium Development Goals, to promote gender equality?
Build a primary school for young girls
How does a sea anemone feed?
By entrapping prey items in its stinging tentacles
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words or phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below
C. hermit crab
Why do farmers in poor countries often have trouble making a profit?
Cheap imports
What is one of the critical ingredients that could transform life in slums?
Clean water
How has aid from wealthy countries to poor countries changed in recent years?
Countries have given less and less in foreign aid
Which area is not addressed by the Millennium Development Goals?
Crime
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below
E. tectonic uplifting
What is the worst global health disaster ever?
HIV/AIDS
.Match the term or phrase with the best descriptor. IPCC
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
When you visit a tidepool and put your finger into a sea anemone, it grabs onto your finger. What is really happening?
It activates stinging barbs that inject neurotoxin into your skin.
What predator-escape response does the sea hare exhibit?
It emits a stringy purple ink
How does Navanax obtain its food items?
It follows the chemical trace of a sea slug or snail and then eats it whole
How has the global "War on Terror" affected the focus of wealthy countries?
It has caused a shift from development to defense.
What adaptation does the wavy turban snail use for camouflage so that predators can't easily see it?
It has various types of algae and tubeworms growing on its shell
Why do different bat stars have colors that range from orange to mottled purple?
It helps them to camouflage with the varied colors found in tidepools.
What happens in the video when the wavy turban's muscular foot is touched?
It retracts its foot into its shell
What happens when a lobster gets too big for its exoskeleton (hard outer shell)?
It slips out of its hard shell and grows a new, larger one.
What does the lobster shown in this video use for defense? It uses its spines all over its hard shell, including the spines on its antennae.
It uses its spines all over its hard shell, including the spines on its antennae.
What does the wavy turban snail use its operculum for?
It uses the operculum to seal off the opening to its shell once it has retracted inside.
The subtidal rocky bottom zone along temperate shorelines is dominated by:
Kelp
What is one of the best ways to recognize a rip current as viewed from above?
Look for turbid water caused by suspended sediment within the rip current.
As sea ice melts and becomes liquid water, __________ heat is then absorbed from the Sun, creating warmer surface waters.
More
The symbiotic relationship between the coral animals and the zooxanthellae is an example of _________.
Mutualism
. Arctic sea ice reached a historic minimum in 2012 that was approximately __________ the size of the long-term average recorded during 1979-2000.
One-half
What is another name for the ozone layer?
Ozonosphere
Using proxy data, scientists have compiled a detailed record of Earth's climate over the recent geologic past. This science is called _________.
Paleoclimatology
The zone ocean where sound can travel extremely long distances is called the:
SOFAR channel
What is the purpose of the shells and rocks that are attached to a sea anemone's body?
Shells and rocks prevent the sea anemone from drying out during low tide.
To which of the following animals are acorn barnacles closely related?
Shrimp
The most important limiting factor in rocky intertidal communities is:
Space
Which set of statements is correct?
The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon. Human activity has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the past 250 years
How does the inclination of Earth's axis change over the course of a year?
The inclination of Earth's axis does not change.
What would happen to the oxygen atoms in ozone if the ozone layer were completely destroyed by ultraviolet radiation?
The oxygen atoms would be bound together in pairs
In the lower intertidal zone, what is one common adaptation that marine organisms typically exhibit?
They are well camouflaged so that they can blend in and hide from predators during low tide
What adaptation gives brittle stars their name?
They can detach their arms to avoid a predator.
Which of the following is the best statement regarding the graph of atmospheric CO2 and surface temperature changes over the past 50 years?
This data is consistent with the hypothesis that increased atmospheric concentrations of CO2 may be causing an increase in average surface temperatures.
Some of the more common fauna of sediment-covered shores include bivalve mollusks, annelid worms, and crustaceans
True
How is ozone formed in the stratosphere?
Ultraviolet radiation breaks apart molecules made up of paired oxygen atoms. Individual oxygen atoms bond with paired oxygen molecules to form ozone
How does ultraviolet radiation cause ozone depletion?
Ultraviolet radiation breaks down CFC, a molecule containing chlorine. Chlorine then breaks one oxygen atom away from ozone, leaving behind a paired oxygen molecule
How do rip currents form?
Water builds up at the beach face and then moves away from shore in narrow currents
In general, what is the difference between the energy that comes into Earth from the Sun and the energy that Earth emits back to space?
Wavelength
As a citizen scientist you have been selected to participate in a once-in-a-lifetime journey to ride along in a deep-sea submersible to explore life in the bathypelagic zone of the ocean. As you descend you anticipate nothing but abyssal plains, but what you see instead is an oasis of life dominated by the tubeworm Riftia! Later you learn that the results of the biological survey reveal that even though this community has 1,000 times more biomass than surrounding deep-sea habitats, the overall diversity is very low. Considering these results, the deep-sea community you visited was __________. a. a black smoker releasing water at a temperature near 400 ∘ C
a black smoker releasing water at a temperature near 400 ∘ C
How long does it take for a brittle star to regrow an arm?
a couple of weeks
What is a sea anemone -- a vicious predatory toxic animal -- carefully disguised as?
a harmless flower
What is ozone?
a molecule made up of three oxygen atoms
In which sediment-covered shoreline would you find the greatest concentration of subsurface-dissolved oxygen
a steeply sloping beach face composed of cobble stone
What does a gooseneck barnacle use to attach to a rock?
a strong stalk
Match the organism with the appropriate zone. Pisaster (sea star)
low tide zone
Of the following adaptations, which apply to life in intertidal environments?
a. A thick exterior or exoskeleton helps prevent creatures from drying out. b. A thick exterior or exoskeleton helps protect creatures from being crushed. c. Many intertidal organisms have adaptations to cope with strong wave activity. d. Some organisms can survive for long periods of time out of water.
Which of the following explains why these climates are nevertheless found along the continental margins of the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans?
a. Atmospheric circulation primarily occurs from west to east. These regions are more eastern; therefore, they are impacted by circulation from the west. b. The continental bodies on which these zones are found are too large for the whole land mass to be affected by the ocean.
Which of the following characteristics of Earth's relationship to the Sun explains the existence of Earth's seasons?
a. Earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane. b. Earth's axis always points in the same direction relative to the stars. c. Earth orbits around the Sun, completing one orbit each year. d. Earth spins on its axis, completing one rotation each day
Of the following statements about the greenhouse effect and global warming, which is/are true?
a. Global warming will likely result in a rise in sea level due to melting glaciers and thermal expansion of warm ocean waters. b. Global warming will likely result in more prolonged droughts. c. Global warming will likely result in more rainfall. d. Global warming will likely result in more intense tropical storms.
Polar and subarctic climates generally have small precipitation totals. However, these climates are classified as humid rather than dry. Which of the following explains this apparent paradox?
a. In these climates, the net precipitation is greater than the evaporation, even though there is little precipitation. b. In cold climates, the low temperatures mean there is little evaporation.
When are the Sun's rays perpendicular to Earth's surface at the equator?
a. September Equinox b. March Equinox
When do all locations on Earth experience equal lengths of day and night?
a. September Equinox b. March Equinox
Your roommate, who has not studied climate, says, "I thought the greenhouse effect was a bad thing. Isn't it what's causing global warming?" Which of the following statements might you use to help your roommate understand the true nature of the greenhouse effect?
a. Some gases, like carbon dioxide and water vapor, "trap" the heat radiated by Earth, causing warming. b. When there are more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the greenhouse effect is stronger.
Of the following statements about coral reefs, which is/are true?
a. The biomass of coral reefs is composed mostly of algae. b. Most coral reefs exist in nutrient-poor waters, so corals have symbiotic algae in their tissues that provide them with food. c. Reef corals need warm, tropical waters.
Of the following statements about organisms in rocky intertidal zones, which is/are true?
a. The low tide zone holds the greatest number of soft-bodied organisms and marine algae. b. The spray zone is where organisms with shells are mostly found. c. Mussel beds are a common feature of the middle tide zone.
Which of the following are ways in which the climate system is affected by the biosphere?
a. Trees take up carbon dioxide from the environment and release oxygen. b. Methane, a greenhouse gas, is released from the digestive system of cattle.
In a conversation with a friend, he expresses skepticism about global warning. When you inquire about his reasons, he responds by saying that the weather in that area has been the coolest he can remember. Using the information you have learned, what information could you offer to encourage your friend to reevaluate his position?
a. Weather and climate are different. Cooler weather does not mean the global climate is also cooler. b. "Global warming" means that the average global temperature is increasing. It doesn't mean that temperatures everywhere are hotter.
Of the following environments, which support(s) chemosynthesis?
a. along the mid-ocean ridge associated with black smokers b. along subduction zones where methane from decomposition of organic material in folded sedimentary rocks trickles from the sea floor c. in areas where high-salinity waters percolate from the sea floor d. at hydrocarbon seeps that emit methane
Of the following, which are examples of climate feedback loops?
a. heat uptake by the oceans b. the addition of water vapor into the atmosphere c. the shading effect from air pollution d. the role of clouds at different altitudes e. the presence of fine atmospheric particles called aerosols
Global engineering (geoengineering) proposals to reduce Earth's greenhouse effect include
a. removing human-caused greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and disposing of them somewhere else. b. reducing the amount of sunlight reaching Earth
What are the main factors that contribute to the documented global rise in sea level?
a. thermal expansion of ocean water as it warms b. an increase in the amount of water in the ocean from the melting of ice on land
How is energy transferred from Earth's surface to Earth's atmosphere?
a. through convection b. through conduction c. through the greenhouse effect d. through latent heat in water vapor
Of the following natural factors, which have caused past climate changes on Earth?
a. variations in Earth's orbit b. volcanic eruptions c. the movement of Earth's tectonic plates d. changes in solar energy
How large can kelp crabs get?
about the size of a small dinner plate
The world's oceans play a role in reducing global warming by:
absorbing surplus heat energy
Sewage discharge and fertilizer runoff is detrimental to coral growth because it increases the:
amount of inorganic nutrients in the water that stimulates excessive algal growth
The scientific consensus is that global warming has led to __________.
an increase in oxygen-depleted dead zones
What did local Natives use the wavy turban snail's operculum for?
as money
Where does the length of day remain the same throughout the year?
at the equator
One of the main ways in which octopuses avoid predators is to __________
blend in with the color and texture of the surrounding environment
Two dominant organisms of the rocky shore found high on the rocks of the intertidal zone are:
buckshot barnacles and limpets.
The most successful adaptation for living on a sediment-covered shore is
burrowing into the sediment
What does a blue mussel (California mussel) use to attach to a rock?
byssus threads
What is precession in Earth's orbit?
change in the orientation of Earth's axis
Match the term or phrase with the best descriptor. sunspots
changes in solar energy
Which of the following atmospheric constituents has the GREATEST ability to absorb heat on a per-mole basis?
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Which of the following could be a direct result of the cycles of eccentricity, obliquity, and precession on Earth?
climate change
The fourth IPCC Report of 2007 concluded that _________.
climate change models can mimic present-day conditions only if human emissions are taken into account
The minimum area of Arctic sea ice cover has been __________ as air and water temperatures have been __________ over the past several decades.
decreasing; increasing
According to the video, what is the best economic investment poor countries can make?
educate and empower women
All the following are parts of Earth's climate system except the:
exosphere.
Arctic sea ice naturally __________ during the dark, cold winters and __________ during the spring and summer.
expands; contracts
A decrease in cloud cover due to a higher moisture content in the atmosphere is an example of a positive-feedback loop.
false
Greenhouse gases are compounds in the Earth's atmosphere that dissipate heat
false
Sea surface temperatures have remained unchanged during the past 50 years
false
There is a significant positive correlation between sunspot activity and recent changes in mean global temperature.
false
Volcanic eruptions have no impact on global climate patterns; they only affect local climate
false
Recent worldwide sea level rise can be attributed to all of the following except the:
geological uplifting of ocean basins
Some organisms living in the high water portion of the intertidal zone cannot survive in the supralittoral zone because they:
have planktonic larval forms
Match the organism with the appropriate zone. Littorina (periwinkle snail)
high tide zone, supratidal zone
Climate models and observations to date indicate that the oceans will warm the most in _________.
high-latitude areas
These organisms are inhabitants of a/an:
hydrocarbon seep.
The areas that are at very high risk of desertification are most commonly associated with which range of annual average precipitation?
less than 19 inches
How much of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation reaches Earth's surface?
little of the ultraviolet radiation
Which of the following economic activities most closely coincides with the areas at risk of future drought?
livestock ranching
The loss of color (coral bleaching) in coral reef organisms can be a result of:
loss of zooxanthellae.
The common annelid found in a sandy beach environment is the
lugworm.
What do sea hares eat?
marine algae
Domestic cattle production and rice agriculture release relatively large amounts of which gas into the atmosphere?
methane (CH4)
What intertidal zone do sea anemones typically inhabit?
middle intertidal
Match the organism with the appropriate zone. Mytilus (mussels)
middle tide zone
Match the organism with the appropriate zone. hermit crab
middle tide zone, tide pool
Organic matter decomposes most slowly in _____
mud flats
The relationship between the protistan zooxanthellae and the polyps of reef-building corals is best described as a/an
mutualistic symbiosis
The term nudibranch means _________
naked gills
An increase in cloud cover and a corresponding decrease in absorption of solar radiation is an example of a
negative-feedback loop
Assuming that increasing CO2 concentrations are directly linked to increased surface temperatures, which scenario should result in a reduction of temperatures to below their 1960-1990 averages by 2040?
none of the scenarios
The distribution of benthic biomass is related to:
primary productivity.
Match the term or phrase with the best descriptor. greenhouse effect
process that influences the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere
In general, which two factors determine the overall temperature of Earth's atmosphere?
radiation coming into and radiation going out of Earth's atmosphere
Concerned individuals can reduce their personal contribution to greenhouse gas emissions by doing all the following except :
reducing the area covered by pavement or structures (houses, garages, pools, decks, etc.) in urban and suburban areas.
Only some shortwave radiation from the Sun reaches Earth's surface. What is the leading cause of this radiation loss?
reflection by clouds
The organism posing the greatest threat to the kelp forest is the ____
sea urchin
What is another name for the brittle star?
serpent star
Benthic animals inhabiting the rocky intertidal environment consist mostly of _________.
sessile animals, nektobenthos, and very few infauna
In a tidepools area such as that shown in the video, what is the correct order of intertidal zones, going from the base of the coastal cliffs into deeper water?
spray zone, upper intertidal zone, middle intertidal zone, lower intertidal zone
Match the term or phrase with the best descriptor. paleoclimatology
study of ancient climates
Match the organism with the appropriate habitat. kelp
subtidal rocky bottoms
Imagine that you are caught in a rip current in the ocean. The best thing for you to do so that you won't drown is to __________.
swim sideways to the current before attempting to come ashore
The oceans' "biological pump" _________.
takes carbon from the photic zone and stores it in deep ocean water and seafloor sediments
All of the following are true of corals except
the distribution of reef-building corals is greater in the tropics
What is the primary obstacle to alleviating world hunger?
the drive to do so
What is obliquity in Earth's orbit?
the inclination of Earth's axis
What is eccentricity in Earth's orbit?
the shape of Earth's orbit
What is the December solstice?
the time of the year when Earth's geographic North Pole is leaning most directly away from the Sun
What is the June solstice?
the time of the year when Earth's geographic North Pole is leaning most directly toward the Sun
Global warming is _________________.
the warming of Earth's atmosphere caused by the production of greenhouse gases due to human activity
The reason that these tidepool organisms are called "sea hares" is because _________
they have long projections off their head that resemble the ears of a bunny rabbit
What do mussels, gooseneck barnacles, and acorn barnacles all eat?
tiny microscopic marine organisms that live in seawater
Carbon dioxide (CO2) has the greatest relative contribution to increasing the greenhouse effect compared to other anthropogenically produced greenhouse gases
true
Coral reefs contain more algal biomass than animal biomass.
true
If all greenhouse gas emissions by humans were reduced to zero, Earth is still projected to keep warming for the foreseeable future
true
Kelps with air bladders are common along the western and northwestern Pacific coasts of the United States.
true
Melting ice on land and thermal expansion of water are two of the most important factors causing sea level rise
true
One characteristic of hydrothermal vent communities is the unusually large size of organisms such as tubeworms and clams.
true
The Crown of Thorns sea star may be increasingly more common because its predators are fish species belonging to populations that have dramatically decreased due to overfishing.
true
The Earth's climate system involves the exchange of heat and water among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere, and cryosphere
true
The concentration of methane (natural gas) exhibits the greatest current rate of increase compared to other greenhouse gases
true
The temperature of the ocean water has a significant effect on species diversity of benthic communities.
true
he fourth IPCC report on international climate change (2007) confirmed that human activity has produced climate change beginning in the mid-20th century
true
What is the common name of the octopus that is found in Southern California tidepools?
two-spotted octopus
Recent studies indicate that the deep biosphere, an environment that exists within the seafloor itself, may account for up to _________ of Earth's total bacterial biomass.
two-thirds
All of the following are associated with hypersaline seeps except:
very high temperature
What natural cause of climate change is most similar to the major anthropogenic source?
volcanic eruptions
The atmospheric component that naturally contributes to the majority of greenhouse warming on Earth is:
water vapor
Of the following atmospheric gases, only _________ is an important greenhouse gas.
water vapor (H2O)
Which three gases are most important on Earth for inhibiting the release of longwave radiation back into space?
water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane