History Chapter 22

How did the electric streetcar affect the urban environment?

Cities could expand as even people of modest means could travel quickly and cheaply to new, improved, and less congested housing.

What was a central component of the improvements in sanitation in the nineteenth century?

Excrement from outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at low cost.

What was the clearest sign that a family was middle class?

Having servants A

What was the flaw in Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theory of evolution?

His assertion that characteristics parents acquired in the course of their lives could be passed on to their offspring by heredity

What was Count Leo Tolstoy's central message in War and Peace?

Human love, trust, and everyday family ties are life's enduring values. A

What benefits could a wife produce at home that could not be purchased in the market?

Improved health, better eating habits, and better behavior

The following is an excerpt from Stephan Zweig's The World of Yesterday (Evaluating the Evidence 22.2):"This 'social morality,' which on the one hand privately presupposed the existence of sexuality and its natural course, but on the other would not recognize it openly at any price, was doubly deceitful. While it winked one eye at a young man and even encouraged him with the other 'to sow his wild oats,' as the kindly language of the home put it, in the case of a woman it studiously shut both eyes and acted as if it were blind."According to Zweig, in what way was the "social morality" of his day deceitful?

It tacitly permitted sexual activity in young men, while at the same time pretending that young women were not sexual at all. D

How did the nature of marriage change by the late nineteenth century?

Married couples increasingly developed stronger emotional ties and based marriage decisions on sentiment and sexual attraction.

What was a result of improved economic conditions in the nineteenth century?

Married women were not expected to work outside the home.

Which of the following characterizes early-nineteenth-century British cities?

Nearly all land was used for buildings, which meant parks or open areas were almost nonexistent.

Max Weber, the most prominent and influential late-nineteenth-century sociologist, argued that the rise of capitalism was directly linked to

Protestantism in northern Europe.

How did wages change in the late nineteenth century?

Real wages rose for the mass of the population, but the gap between the rich and the poor did not decrease.

The following is an excerpt from Émile Zola's Germinal (Evaluating the Evidence 22.3):"The man had set out from Marchiennes about two o'clock. He walked with long strides, shivering beneath his worn cotton jacket and corduroy breeches. A small parcel tied in a check handkerchief troubled him much, and he pressed it against his side, sometimes with one elbow, sometimes with the other, so that he could slip to the bottom of his pockets both the benumbed hands that bled beneath the lashes of the wind. A single idea occupied his head—the empty head of a workman without work and without lodging—the hope that the cold would be less keen after sunrise."This passage is an example of

Realism.

Why did illegitimacy rates decline after 1850?

The higher incidence of marriage for expectant mothers A

What was the core concept of Social Darwinism?

The human race was driven by an unending economic struggle that would determine the survival of the fittest.

How did the expansion of the Industrial Revolution affect the work life of the middle class?

The middle class established a range of new professions, which required specialized knowledge and advanced education.

Which of the following caused marked changes in childrearing practices?

Women had fewer children.

After years of scientific investigation and reflection, Charles Darwin concluded that

all life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin. B

The following is an excerpt from a sketch of London life in 1870 written from the perspective of a newcomer from the countryside (Evaluating the Evidence 22.1):"Self-dependence is another habit peculiarly of London growth. Men soon discover they have no longer the friend, the relative or the neighbour of their own small town to fall back upon. . . . No doubt there are warm friendships and intimacies in London as well as in the country, but few and far between. People associate more at arm's length, and give their hand more readily than their heart, and hug themselves within their own domestic circles. You know too little of people to be deeply interested either in them or their fortunes, so you expect nothing and are surprised at nothing. An acquaintance may depart London life, and even this life, or be sold up and disappear, without the same surprise or making the same gap as in a village circle."The author implies that people in London, in contrast to people in the countryside,

care little for their neighbors.

One of the most important scientific and technological developments in the nineteenth century saw a form of commercial energy useful in communications and manufacturing developed from

electricity.

As a result of the idea of separate spheres, middle-class married women who sought to work outside the home

found that they could not gain well-paying jobs, and their wages were less than men's for the same work.

Utilitarianism was Jeremy Bentham's idea that social policies should promote

the greatest good for the greatest number. D

In the late nineteenth century, masturbation was

viewed with horror.

What characterized the middle-class single-family home?

A special drawing room used to entertain guests