History Chapter 24
Who's conditions are better Factory for textile worker
Factories
Pogroms
Organized riots against jews in the russian empire
The police and others were allowed to conduct
Pogroms against jewish neighbothoods and villages
Mary Wollstonecraft
apply the Revolutionary doctrines of the rights of man to the predicament of women in the Vindication of the rights of women
John Stuart Mill and his wife Harriet Taylor
apply the logic of liberal freedom to the position of women in the subject of women
why was this a thing
because the manufacturers wanted minimal capital investment
The few women who did have her professions were seen as
challenging the clear separation of male and female and women themselves often hesitated to support feminist causes because they had been so thoroughly put into a stereotype. many women saw a real conflict between family responsibilities and feminism
what did many Masters begin to follow
confection where Goods such as shoes clothing and furniture are produced in standard sizes and styles rather than by individual order
the factory workers
contributed their labor for a wage. those workers submitted to factory discipline which meant that were conditions became largely determined by the demands for smooth operation of the new machines. They had no saay over the qualiy or price of a product
it moved at different paces in
different countries
explain things within the family
divorce was difficult, cheating was more accepted by men than by women, the authority of husbands also extended to children, her husband could take children away from their mother and give them to someone else to take care of, the law on rape worked against women
None the less Jews began to acquire
equal or nearly equal citizenship
The relationship between urban Artisans and factories
factories did not harm Urban artists and many even prospered . where the urban Artisans encounter difficulty and found their skills and livelihood is threatened was in the organization of production
What still haunted Europe and explain
poor harvests like me potato famine. half a million Irish peasants starve to death hundreds of thousands left Ireland.
In northern Europe both Artisans and Factory workers underwent the process of
proletarianization meaning they entered into a wage economy and lost significant ownership of the means of production such as tools and equipment and control over the conduct of their own trade
During the early 19th century All European women faced social and legal disabilities in
property rights, family law, and education
in France the National Assembly
recognized Jews as French citizens in 1789.
religious Prejudice persisted in
rural Russia and Eastern Europe and hundreds of thousands of European Jews immigrated to the United States from these regions
what made women illegal miners throughout Europe
the Napoleonic Code and the remnants of Roman law
what else was shrinking
the number of births wish you meant that fewer married women were needed to look after other women's children
in Austria-Hungary full legal rights were extended to Jews in
1867
Journeymen
A journeyman is an individual who has completed an apprenticeship and is fully educated in a trade or craft, but not yet a master.
where were the strongest women in fighting for their rights
Britain
the factory owner provided the
Financial capital to construct the factory purchased the machinery and secured the raw materials
What about in Germany
German law actually forbade German women from political activity. the union of German women's organization was calling for the right to vote. the German Social Democratic party supported women's suffrage but the party was so deride by the German authorities and German Roman Catholics that this support and they made suffrage more suspect in their eyes
where did the system mostly take place
Germany
in what countries were Jews allowed full rights of citizenship
Germany Italy the low countries (Netherlans Belgium) and Scandinavia
Europe's most advanced women's movement was in
Great Britain
What country truly has the title of an industrial society
Great Britain
what about in France
Hubertine Aucler tBegin campaigning for the vote and she stood virtually alone. most leaders of French feminism believed that the boat could be achieved through careful legalism
who experienced proletarianization more slowly than Factory workers and what else
Urban artisans and Machinery had little to do with the process
Jews still encountered personal Prejudice throughout Europe but in
Western Europe the Jewish populations seem to have felt relatively secure
those developments give birth to
Zionism the movement to establish a Jewish state in Palestine
Joseph II the Habsburg emperor issued
a decree that placed the Jews of his empire under more or less the same laws as Christians
In the 18th century a European town or city workplace usually had
a few artisans laboring for a master, first as an apprentice and then as a journeymen, according to established Guild practices. the master owned the workshop and the larger equipment and the others owned their own tools. the Journeymen could expect to become a master this Guild system had allowed to considerable worker control over labor Recruitment and training, production pase, production quality and price
Explain a putting out system
a major manufacturer would purchase the material and then put it out for tailoring. The clothing was made in independently-owned small sweatshops or by workers in their homes
women's conditions of Labor were
always hard wherever they worked and they were vulnerable to exploitation
What kind of society begin in the 18th century end of the nineteenth Century in Europe
and industrial society
what else was improved
help the men liveed longee so wise were less likely to be thrust into the workforce by an emergency
after the Revolutions of 1848 especially in Western Europe the situation of European Jews
improved for several decades
however what was a little contradicting
in countries that granted them political rights Jews cannot own land and could be subject to discriminatory taxes
who disapproved of Labor and Guild organizations and attempted to make them illegal
political and economic liberals
when did Emancipation begin
in the late 18th century and continued throughout the 19th
Masters often found themselves under
increased competitive pressure from larger establishments
How did the industrial economy impact the home and the family life of women
it allowed many families to live on the wages of the male spouse alone which causes women to be associated with home duties and Men with supplying the money
What else
it created new modes of employment that allowed many young women to earn enough money to marry or support themselves independently
Lastly
it lowered the skills required of women
Attitudes changed again during the
last two decades of the 19th century
Emmeline Pankhurst
led a radical branch of British feminist. she was familiar with the disruptive political tactics used in both labor and Irish nationalists politics. she and her daughters founded the women's social and political union. their followers were known as the suffragetts and wanted the right to vote. they eventually got pretty violent by breaking windows and sabotage of postal boxes. they marched in big groups on Parliament and the liberal government of Herbert Asquith in prison too many of them and force-fed those who went on hunger strikes in jail
although these jobs did open new and often better employment opportunities for women they none the less required
low-level skills and involved minimal training
legal prohibitions against
marriages between Jews and non-jews were repealed
Millicent Fawcett
merge the moderate National Union of women's suffrage societies. she believed Parliament would grant women the vote only when convinced that women would be responsible and their political activity. this organization could rally almost half a million women in London using liberal tactics
legal codes required wives
obey their husbands
in the eighteen eighties
organize anti-Semitism erupted in Germany as it did in France in the 1890s
from approximately 1850 to 1880 there was relatively little
organized or overt prejudice towards Jews
until late in the 19th century in most European countries married women could not
own property in their own names
outside of Russia Jewish political figures
served in the highest offices of the state. politically they tended to be aligned with liberal parties because such groups had wanted equal rights. especially in Eastern Europe many Jews became associated with the Socialist parties
After 1858 Jews and Great Britain coukd
sit in Parliament
in the 1870 s
some attributed the economic stagnation of that decade to Jewish bankers and financial interests
What industrial occupations that woman had filmed in the mid-nineteenth century were shrinking
textile and garment making
What did the Industrial Revolution began as
textile production so women wear involved from the very start because of their experience with cloth and making clothes
Why
textile workers resisted the factory mode of production
What was the disadvantage of this
the dilution of skills and lower wages made it more difficult for urban Journeymen to become masters with their own workshops. increasingly Artisans became lifetime wage laborers
what did this practice increase
the division of labor in the workshop so less skill was required of each artisan and the particular skill possessed by a worker became less valuable
What was one of the most important social changes that happened in Europe during the 19th century
the emancipation of European Jews from the narrow life of the ghetto into a world of nearly equal citizenship and social status
feminismwhat two factors affected the economic lives of women
the expansion in the variety of jobs available outside the better-paying Learned professions and a withdrawal of married women from the workforce
What opened up many new employment opportunities for women
the expansion of governmental bureaucracies, the emergence of large-scale businesses, and to the expansion of retail stores. also the need for school teachers because of education laws. typewriters and telephones were invented which created employment. secretaries and clerks for governments and private businesses. shop assistant
the more prosperous of working-class became...
the less involved in employment it's women were supposed to be
how did some prosper
the lower prices for machine made textiles it is artisan involved in the making of clothing by reducing the cost of their raw materials.
What happened once textiles moved into factories and involved large machines
the men took the woman's jobs
some women were often reluctant to support what and why
the reluctant to support feminist causes. some women considered their class and economic interests higher political priorities. other subordinated feminist political issues to National unity and nationalistic patriotism. others would not support because of differences over tactics or religious beliefs
what about in Russia
the traditional modes of prejudice and discrimination continued until World War 1
liberal society and its values did not automatically improve the lot of women in particular it did not give them
the vote or access to political activity
most Jewish leaders however believed
their communities would remain safe under the 19th centuries legal protections and Analysis that would be proved disastrously wrong during the 1930s and 1940s
wages for male workers were increased meaning that
they didn't need a second outcome for women
how are they treated
they were treated as aliens under Russian Rule and the government under minded Jewish Community Life limited publication of Jewish books, restricted areas were Jews Night Live, required internal passports from Jeews, and banned them from many forms of State service and for many institutions of higher education
Education
throughout the 19th century women have less access to education than men at what was available to them was inferior. there are many illiterate women. there are no universities or professional education for women except in Italy they are more open to women students and women instructors. this stopped women from social and economic advancement
women in the factories were almost always
young and single or widowed Factory owners disliked employee married women because of the likelihood of pregnancy and the influence of husbands and the duties of taking care of children
who was primarily required and what were their wages like
unmarried women or widows and they continue to pay women lower wages because they assumed that a woman did not need to support herself independently
however when new machines were created who was employed
unmarried women rapidly became employed in the factories and jobs that tended to require few skills
during the Napoleonic Wars Jewish communities in Italy and Germany
we're allowed to mix on a general equal footing with the Christian population
where else did this process occur
wherever the factory system lines
Lastly
working children stay at home and contributed to the family's wave pool
consequently liberals who did not like the church had difficulty
working with feminist
male liberals feared that granting the women the right to vote
would benefit political conservatives because of women were thought to be controlled by the clegy