History Chapter 24

Who's conditions are better Factory for textile worker

Factories

Pogroms

Organized riots against jews in the russian empire

The police and others were allowed to conduct

Pogroms against jewish neighbothoods and villages

Mary Wollstonecraft

apply the Revolutionary doctrines of the rights of man to the predicament of women in the Vindication of the rights of women

John Stuart Mill and his wife Harriet Taylor

apply the logic of liberal freedom to the position of women in the subject of women

why was this a thing

because the manufacturers wanted minimal capital investment

The few women who did have her professions were seen as

challenging the clear separation of male and female and women themselves often hesitated to support feminist causes because they had been so thoroughly put into a stereotype. many women saw a real conflict between family responsibilities and feminism

what did many Masters begin to follow

confection where Goods such as shoes clothing and furniture are produced in standard sizes and styles rather than by individual order

the factory workers

contributed their labor for a wage. those workers submitted to factory discipline which meant that were conditions became largely determined by the demands for smooth operation of the new machines. They had no saay over the qualiy or price of a product

it moved at different paces in

different countries

explain things within the family

divorce was difficult, cheating was more accepted by men than by women, the authority of husbands also extended to children, her husband could take children away from their mother and give them to someone else to take care of, the law on rape worked against women

None the less Jews began to acquire

equal or nearly equal citizenship

The relationship between urban Artisans and factories

factories did not harm Urban artists and many even prospered . where the urban Artisans encounter difficulty and found their skills and livelihood is threatened was in the organization of production

What still haunted Europe and explain

poor harvests like me potato famine. half a million Irish peasants starve to death hundreds of thousands left Ireland.

In northern Europe both Artisans and Factory workers underwent the process of

proletarianization meaning they entered into a wage economy and lost significant ownership of the means of production such as tools and equipment and control over the conduct of their own trade

During the early 19th century All European women faced social and legal disabilities in

property rights, family law, and education

in France the National Assembly

recognized Jews as French citizens in 1789.

religious Prejudice persisted in

rural Russia and Eastern Europe and hundreds of thousands of European Jews immigrated to the United States from these regions

what made women illegal miners throughout Europe

the Napoleonic Code and the remnants of Roman law

what else was shrinking

the number of births wish you meant that fewer married women were needed to look after other women's children

in Austria-Hungary full legal rights were extended to Jews in

1867

Journeymen

A journeyman is an individual who has completed an apprenticeship and is fully educated in a trade or craft, but not yet a master.

where were the strongest women in fighting for their rights

Britain

the factory owner provided the

Financial capital to construct the factory purchased the machinery and secured the raw materials

What about in Germany

German law actually forbade German women from political activity. the union of German women's organization was calling for the right to vote. the German Social Democratic party supported women's suffrage but the party was so deride by the German authorities and German Roman Catholics that this support and they made suffrage more suspect in their eyes

where did the system mostly take place

Germany

in what countries were Jews allowed full rights of citizenship

Germany Italy the low countries (Netherlans Belgium) and Scandinavia

Europe's most advanced women's movement was in

Great Britain

What country truly has the title of an industrial society

Great Britain

what about in France

Hubertine Aucler tBegin campaigning for the vote and she stood virtually alone. most leaders of French feminism believed that the boat could be achieved through careful legalism

who experienced proletarianization more slowly than Factory workers and what else

Urban artisans and Machinery had little to do with the process

Jews still encountered personal Prejudice throughout Europe but in

Western Europe the Jewish populations seem to have felt relatively secure

those developments give birth to

Zionism the movement to establish a Jewish state in Palestine

Joseph II the Habsburg emperor issued

a decree that placed the Jews of his empire under more or less the same laws as Christians

In the 18th century a European town or city workplace usually had

a few artisans laboring for a master, first as an apprentice and then as a journeymen, according to established Guild practices. the master owned the workshop and the larger equipment and the others owned their own tools. the Journeymen could expect to become a master this Guild system had allowed to considerable worker control over labor Recruitment and training, production pase, production quality and price

Explain a putting out system

a major manufacturer would purchase the material and then put it out for tailoring. The clothing was made in independently-owned small sweatshops or by workers in their homes

women's conditions of Labor were

always hard wherever they worked and they were vulnerable to exploitation

What kind of society begin in the 18th century end of the nineteenth Century in Europe

and industrial society

what else was improved

help the men liveed longee so wise were less likely to be thrust into the workforce by an emergency

after the Revolutions of 1848 especially in Western Europe the situation of European Jews

improved for several decades

however what was a little contradicting

in countries that granted them political rights Jews cannot own land and could be subject to discriminatory taxes

who disapproved of Labor and Guild organizations and attempted to make them illegal

political and economic liberals

when did Emancipation begin

in the late 18th century and continued throughout the 19th

Masters often found themselves under

increased competitive pressure from larger establishments

How did the industrial economy impact the home and the family life of women

it allowed many families to live on the wages of the male spouse alone which causes women to be associated with home duties and Men with supplying the money

What else

it created new modes of employment that allowed many young women to earn enough money to marry or support themselves independently

Lastly

it lowered the skills required of women

Attitudes changed again during the

last two decades of the 19th century

Emmeline Pankhurst

led a radical branch of British feminist. she was familiar with the disruptive political tactics used in both labor and Irish nationalists politics. she and her daughters founded the women's social and political union. their followers were known as the suffragetts and wanted the right to vote. they eventually got pretty violent by breaking windows and sabotage of postal boxes. they marched in big groups on Parliament and the liberal government of Herbert Asquith in prison too many of them and force-fed those who went on hunger strikes in jail

although these jobs did open new and often better employment opportunities for women they none the less required

low-level skills and involved minimal training

legal prohibitions against

marriages between Jews and non-jews were repealed

Millicent Fawcett

merge the moderate National Union of women's suffrage societies. she believed Parliament would grant women the vote only when convinced that women would be responsible and their political activity. this organization could rally almost half a million women in London using liberal tactics

legal codes required wives

obey their husbands

in the eighteen eighties

organize anti-Semitism erupted in Germany as it did in France in the 1890s

from approximately 1850 to 1880 there was relatively little

organized or overt prejudice towards Jews

until late in the 19th century in most European countries married women could not

own property in their own names

outside of Russia Jewish political figures

served in the highest offices of the state. politically they tended to be aligned with liberal parties because such groups had wanted equal rights. especially in Eastern Europe many Jews became associated with the Socialist parties

After 1858 Jews and Great Britain coukd

sit in Parliament

in the 1870 s

some attributed the economic stagnation of that decade to Jewish bankers and financial interests

What industrial occupations that woman had filmed in the mid-nineteenth century were shrinking

textile and garment making

What did the Industrial Revolution began as

textile production so women wear involved from the very start because of their experience with cloth and making clothes

Why

textile workers resisted the factory mode of production

What was the disadvantage of this

the dilution of skills and lower wages made it more difficult for urban Journeymen to become masters with their own workshops. increasingly Artisans became lifetime wage laborers

what did this practice increase

the division of labor in the workshop so less skill was required of each artisan and the particular skill possessed by a worker became less valuable

What was one of the most important social changes that happened in Europe during the 19th century

the emancipation of European Jews from the narrow life of the ghetto into a world of nearly equal citizenship and social status

feminismwhat two factors affected the economic lives of women

the expansion in the variety of jobs available outside the better-paying Learned professions and a withdrawal of married women from the workforce

What opened up many new employment opportunities for women

the expansion of governmental bureaucracies, the emergence of large-scale businesses, and to the expansion of retail stores. also the need for school teachers because of education laws. typewriters and telephones were invented which created employment. secretaries and clerks for governments and private businesses. shop assistant

the more prosperous of working-class became...

the less involved in employment it's women were supposed to be

how did some prosper

the lower prices for machine made textiles it is artisan involved in the making of clothing by reducing the cost of their raw materials.

What happened once textiles moved into factories and involved large machines

the men took the woman's jobs

some women were often reluctant to support what and why

the reluctant to support feminist causes. some women considered their class and economic interests higher political priorities. other subordinated feminist political issues to National unity and nationalistic patriotism. others would not support because of differences over tactics or religious beliefs

what about in Russia

the traditional modes of prejudice and discrimination continued until World War 1

liberal society and its values did not automatically improve the lot of women in particular it did not give them

the vote or access to political activity

most Jewish leaders however believed

their communities would remain safe under the 19th centuries legal protections and Analysis that would be proved disastrously wrong during the 1930s and 1940s

wages for male workers were increased meaning that

they didn't need a second outcome for women

how are they treated

they were treated as aliens under Russian Rule and the government under minded Jewish Community Life limited publication of Jewish books, restricted areas were Jews Night Live, required internal passports from Jeews, and banned them from many forms of State service and for many institutions of higher education

Education

throughout the 19th century women have less access to education than men at what was available to them was inferior. there are many illiterate women. there are no universities or professional education for women except in Italy they are more open to women students and women instructors. this stopped women from social and economic advancement

women in the factories were almost always

young and single or widowed Factory owners disliked employee married women because of the likelihood of pregnancy and the influence of husbands and the duties of taking care of children

who was primarily required and what were their wages like

unmarried women or widows and they continue to pay women lower wages because they assumed that a woman did not need to support herself independently

however when new machines were created who was employed

unmarried women rapidly became employed in the factories and jobs that tended to require few skills

during the Napoleonic Wars Jewish communities in Italy and Germany

we're allowed to mix on a general equal footing with the Christian population

where else did this process occur

wherever the factory system lines

Lastly

working children stay at home and contributed to the family's wave pool

consequently liberals who did not like the church had difficulty

working with feminist

male liberals feared that granting the women the right to vote

would benefit political conservatives because of women were thought to be controlled by the clegy