History Chapter 3 Study Guide

What are Crusades (in detail)?

Military expeditions to land where Jesus had lived, which Christians called the Holy Land. During the seventh century, this part of the Near East had come under the control of Muslims. Jerusalem, which was a holy city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims alike, became a Muslim city. Between 1095 and 1270, Christians in western Europe organized several crusades to recover Jerusalem and other sites of pilgramage. Some people went on crusades to seek wealth, and some to seek adventure. Some went in the belief that doing so would guarantee salvation. But many crusades also acted from deep religious feeling.

During the Middle Ages, where did most schooling take place?

Monasteries, convents, and cathedrals

What did monks spend their lives doing?

Monks spent their lives in prayer, study, and work. They attended 8 church services everyday. Other duties included caring for the poor and sick, teaching, and copying religious text. Since most monasteries were self-sufficient, monks spent much of their time working. They farmed their land, tended their gardens, raised livestock, and sewed clothing.

Who were monks?

Monks were men who joined monasteries (communites devoted to prayer and service to fellow Christians) and lived a way of life called monasticism. Men became monks for many reasons, such as because some were seeking refuge from war, sickness, or sinfulness, some came to study, and some were attracted by a quiet life of prayer and service.

What is a pilgrimage (in detail)?

Most Christians hoped to go on a pilgrimage at some point in their lives. Pilgrims traveled long distances to visit holy sites such as Jerusalem and Rome. The also visited churches that housed relics, such as the cathedral at Canterbury, England. They went on these journeys to show their devotion to God, as an act of penance for their sins, or in hopes of being cured for an illness. A pilgrimage required true dedication, because travel was difficult and often dangerous. Most pilgrims traveled on foot. Because robbers were a constant threat, pilgrims often banded together for safety or even hired an armed escort.

Who were nuns?

Nuns were medieval women who did not wish to marry. Women who became nuns lived in convents (also called nunneries). These communities were run the same way as monasteries. Nuns did many of the same types or work that monks performed. Many nuns became important reformers and thinkers.

What are some of things people did when they celebrated?

People listened to music, danced, ate food, sang [folk songs], danced to the music of wooden pipes and drums, drank wine and ale, ate baked and fried foods, held bonfires, watched acrobats and jugglers, had dancing bears, and saw plays.

_________________ was an ambitious leader who undertook several reforms. When Henry IV declared that Gregory was no longer pope, _________________ excommunicated Henry, but he begged forgiveness and was readmitted to the church. This pope, who's name goes in the blank, is:

Pope Gregory VII

Who was Saint Benedict? What did he do?

Saint Benedict was a man who developed the monastic way of life in Western Europe. In the 6th century, he founded a monastery in Italy. Benedict's followers made 3 solemn vows: poverty (to own no property), chastity (never to marry), and obedience (to obey their leaders).

What are the three innovations of cathedrals?

1) pointed arch; 2) flying buttresses; 3) ribbed vault

Averagely, how long did it take to complete a cathedral?

50 to 100 years- in some cases, the work took more than 200 years

Monastery

A community of monks

What was the shape of cathedrals?

A cross [with a rounded top]

In what ways did the art of medieval Europe reflect the influence of the Roman Catholic Church?

Art of medieval Europe reflects the influence of the Roman Catholic Church because paintings and sculptures of Christ and Christian saints were placed in churches to help people worship (made for religious purpose), and also the fact that people couldn't read.

What are the Seven Sacraments? Explain each one in a sentence or two.

Baptism: A priest pours water over his or her head at the baptismal font. This is their entry to the church. Confirmation: Formal declaration of belief in God and the church. Eucharist: A central part of mass, and when the priest blesses bread and wine (the body and blood of Christ). Matrimony (marriage): A formal union blessed by the church. After being married by a priest, a couple signs their names in a registry (a book of records). Holy Orders: The sacrament in which a man becomes a priest. Penance: Confession of sins to a priest in order to receive God's forgiveness. Extreme Unction: A blessing in which a person in danger of death is anointed (blessed with holy oil) by a priest.

What were cathedrals? What were some of their key architectural features?

Cathedrals were large churches headed by bishops. Some key features were buttresses, flying buttresses, gargoyles, stained glass windows, nave, transepts, pillars, vaulted ceilings, pointed arches, and more.

Almost every day of the year was dedicated to a ____________ ___________ or an important ___________ _____________.

Christian saint; religious concept

Who was Geoffrey Chaucer? What did he do?

Geoffrey Chaucer wrote a popular book of verse about pilgrims called the Canterbury Tales. Chaucer lived in England from about 1342 to 1400. His amusing stories are of a group of pilgrims that told each other to entertain one another as they travel to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket in Canterbury. Among Chaucer's pilgrims are a knight, a miller, a cook, and a prioress (the head of a convent).

Who were mendicants?

Mendicants were people who wanted to live a religious life without the seclusion of the monastic orders.

What are the rankings for the members in clergies (highest level to lowest level)?

The pope (the bishop of Rome and supreme leader of the Roman Catholic Church), cardinals (the pope's assistants and counselors by high-ranking clergymen), archbishops (they oversaw large or important areas called archdioceses), bishops (they governed areas called dioceses from great cathedrals), priests (local communities called parishes were served by priests; each parish had its own church building)

What role did the Roman Catholic Church play in education during the Middle Ages?

The role in the Roman Catholic Church in education during the Middle Ages was that most schooling took place in monasteries, convents, and cathedrals, most clergy were being educated.

Before Christianity spread and was recognized as the religion of the Roman empire, what did Romans do to Christian for their beliefs?

They persecuted them.

Who was Thomas Aquinas? What did he do?

Thomas Aquinas was an Italian scholar of theology and philosophy. He tried to bridge the gap between reason and faith. Aquinas saw no conflict between reason and faith, because he believed, helped people discover important truths about God's creation. Faith, meanwhile, revealed its own truths about God. Aquinas's teaching brought ancient philosophy and Christian theology together. His teachings were later accepeted and promoted by the church.

Persecute

To cause a person to suffer because of their beliefs

What role did the church play in government in medieval Europe?

Where everyone gathered people to read and write. People collected taxes. Also the church was the largest land holder.

religious order

a brotherhood or sisterhood or monks, nuns, or friars

convent

a community of nuns; also called a nunnery

illuminated manuscript

a handwritten book decorated with bright colors and precious metal

pilgrimage

a journey to a holy site

Monk

a man who has taken a vow to devote his life to prayer and service in a monastery

university

a school of advanced learning

sacrament

a solemn rite of Christian churches (traditions)

monasticism

a way of life where men and women withdraw from the rest of the world to devote themselves to their faith

nun

a woman who has taken a sacred vow to devote her life to prayer and service to the church

relic

an object considered holy because it belonged to or was touched by a saint or a holy person

What helped people who could not read understand the story of Christ's life?

art

Who were the people most likely to be educated?

clergy

What is an example of a unique Gothic cathedral feature?

gargoyles

friar

member of a certain religious order devoted to teaching and works of charity

What are some decorations of Gothic cathedrals?

stained glass windows and pillars decorated with religious images

What is one of the most important legacies of ancient Rome?

the Christian religion

Clergy

the body of people such as priests (cardinals, bishops) who perform sacred functions of a church

natural law

the concept that there is a universal order built into nature that guides moral thinking

theology

the study of God and religious truth

rhetoric

the study of persuasive writing and speaking

Excommunicate

to formally deprive a person of membership in a church

During the Middle Ages, what was the purpose of sacraments, accordings to the teachings of the church?

Christians believed that sacraments brought them grace and brought them into heaven.

What were the 2 greatest religious holidays?

Christmas and Easter

What was the subject of the conflict between Pope Gregory VII and the Holy Roman emperor, Henry IV?

Excommunication

Who was Francis of Assisi?

Francis of Assisi was a famous man who was born to a wealthy Italian family, but gave up his money to serve the poor.

Who were friars?

Friars were members of a certain religious order devoted to teaching and works of charity. They traveled among ordinary people to preach and to care for the poor and sick.

What did the church teach its members in order for the members to go to heaven and not hell?

The Seven Sacraments

How were the lives of mendicant friars different from monks?

The lives of mendicant friars were different from monks' because they traveled among people to preach [and care for the sick]. They lived in complete poverty, unlike monks, and had to work or beg for food.