History Chapter 4

Ferdinand

Catholic Hapsburg King of Bohemia who sought to suppress Protestants and to assert royal power over nobles

Hapsburg Empire

Charles I was heir to this which included the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands.

Versailles

Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility.

Miguel de Cervantes

Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616)

Levee

a rising , competition of high ranking nobles for the honor of holding the royal wash basin

Constitutional Government

power is defined and limited by law

depopulation

reduction in population

mercenary

A professional soldier hired by a foreign army

partition

Division into pieces

Frederick II

"Frederick The Great"-1712-1786;King of Prussia, aggressive in foreign affairs. He preferred playing flute and poetry. His father put him in solitary confinement. He later used military to increase power and encouraged religious tolerance and legal reform.

Louis XIV

"the Sun King;" considered to be the model of absolute monarchs; he controlled all aspects of government,built the French army into the strongest in Europe to enforce his policies ; engaged in efforts to increase his power . He quoted, "I am the state." (followed policies of Richelieu)

Charles V

(1519-1556) Hapsburg dynastic ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and of extensive territories in Spain and the Netherlands.

Cardinal Richelieu

(1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII. His three point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.

James I

(1603-1625) First Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings.

Maria Theresa

(1717-80): queen of Hungary and Bohemia 1740-80. Her accession triggered the War of the Austrian Succession.

War of Austrian Succession

(1740-48)Conflict caused by the rival claims for the dominions of the Habsburg family. Before the death of Charles VI, Holy Roman emperor and archduke of Austria, many of the European powers had guaranteed that Charles's daughter Maria Theresa would succeed him.

westernization

Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture

Henry IV

-Huguenot prince . For 4 years he fought against the fierce Catholic opposition to gain control of France. Finally, to end the conflict, he converted to Catholicism. "Paris is well worth a mass." is his quote.

Oliver Cromwell

-Officer of the Parliamentary army (the New Model Army) English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

Edict of Nantes

..., 1598, decree made by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants

Elector

1 0f seven German princes who woul choose the Holy Roman Emperor

English Bill of Rights

1689 laws protecting the rights of English subjects and Parliament over the monarchy

Frederick William I

1713-1740, King of Prussia - prominence of army continued . He cleverly gained the loyalty of the Prussian nobles called Junkers by giving them positions in the army and government. His tactiics reduced the noble's independence and increased his own control.

armada

A fleet of warships

Catherine the Great

A monarch and Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796) She embraced western ideas and and worked to bring Russia fully into European cultural and political life.

Dissenter

A person who does not agree with the beliefs of his or her leaders

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Absolute Monarch

A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power

Philip II

Absolute monarch of Spain, military man that inherits one of the most powerful countries in the world. Expanded Spanish influence, strengthened Catholic Church, and made his own power absolute.

El Greco

Although he was not Spanish, was considered to be a master of Spanish painting(born in Greece) remembered for his religious works characterized by elongated human forms and dramatic use of color (1541-1614)

Jean Baptiste Colbert

An economic minister to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France.

Divine Right

Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.

St Petersburg

Capitol city created by Peter the Great to resemble a French city. It was built on land taken from Sweden

Cabinet

Handful of Parliamentary advisors

Charles I

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649

Huguenots

Known as French Protestants who were at war with Catholics.

boyars

Land owning aristocracy in early Russia.

warm-water port

Port that is free of ice year round.

Peace of Westphalia

Treaty negotiated in 1648 to end the Thirty Years' War, Europe's most destructive internal struggle over religion. The treaties contained new language recognizing statehood and nationhood, clearly defined borders, and guarantees of security

Prussia

While Austria was molding a strong Catholic state, a region called_________emerged as a new Protestant power.

Peter the Great

czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government. He used his powers to put Russia on the road to becoming a great modern power.

Balance of Power

distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong

Obligarchy

form of government in which a few people have the power

intendants

imposed by Louis XIV, they were law officials who collected taxes and administered justice, and were cause of much discontent, "government agents"; took power from nobles and consolidated power of the King

autocratic

unlimited power or authority