history chapter 7

why did Madison not agree with report on manufactures

- American workers would leave the countryside and crowd into urban centers - threatened to concentrate power in the federal government, leaving the states defenseless.

In what ways was Washington's Farewell Address in 1796 a piece of party propaganda?

- By waiting until sept. to announce his retirement, Washington denied the republicans time to organize an effective campaign - Events such as jay's treaty and the suppression of the whiskey rebellion transformed Washington into the poster boy for the federalists

By avoiding war with France, how did President John Adams influence future land acquisitions of the U.S.?

Adams avoided war, he had created an atmosphere of mutual trust that paved the way for the purchase of the Louisiana Territory

How did Hamilton justify the creation of the Bank of the United States?

He argued that a growing financial community required a central bank to facilitate complex commercial transactions

who resisted the restriction on presidential authority on dismissing the cabinet level appointees

James Madison—still a voice for a strong, independent executive

What did Jefferson mean when he claimed in his first inaugural address that "We are all republicans; we are all federalists"?

Jefferson reminded his audience that whatever the politicians might say, the people shared a deep commitment to a federal union based on republican ideals set forth during the American Revolution.

who wanted war and why

The secretary of state and, believed that nations desiring American goods should be forced to honor American neutrality.

why did people fear the Haitan refugees

The specter of slaves killing white planters thoroughly frightened southern planters who feared that Haitian refugees might carry dangerous ideas about liberty and violence to the United States.

why did Jay's omission stood little chance with Britain

British people were surely desperate for American foodstuffs.

Who was Edmond-Charles Genet and why did he cause problems for the United States' neutrality with regard to the European war?

- Edmond-Charles Genet, the French ambassador to the United States, sought U.S. support for France's war effort - Genet tried to recruit ordinary Americans as French privateers. The Proclamation of Neutrality issued on April 22, 1793, warned American citizens against doing anything that would undermine the U.S. policy of neutrality.

What was the structure of the federal government under President Washington?

- Edmund Randolph served as part-time attorney general, a position that ranked slightly lower than the head of a department. - set up 13 district courts authorized to review the decisions of the state courts. - John Jay, a leading figure in New York politics, became chief justice - Department of war: henry knox - Department of state: Thomas Jefferson - Department of Treasury: alexander Hamiliton

Why could America's political leaders not ignore the French Revolution?

- France/ Britain immediately challenged the official American position on shipping - No one was certain whether the Franco-American treaties of 1778 legally bound the US to support its old ally against Britain

What did Alexander Hamilton hope his new credit system would accomplish?

- It would reduce the power of the individual states in shaping national economic policy, - Signal to foreign and domestic investors that the US was now solvent, that its bonds represented good stock

Why did Congress reject Hamilton's Report on Manufactures?

- Jefferson argued" when they get piled upon one another in large cities... they will become corrupt as in Europe - Southern congressmen saw tariffs/bounties as vehicles for enriching Hamilton's northern friends at the planer's expense

How did Britain discriminate economically against the U. S. during the 1790s?

- Moreover, even though 75 percent of American imports came from Britain, that country refused to grant the United States full commercial reciprocity. - and did not vacate military posts on American land.

What was the Constitutional basis of Hamilton's argument for a national bank and why did President Washington sign the Bank Act into law?

- The Congress shall have Power ... To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers"—justified issuing charters to national banks. The "foregoing Powers" on which Hamilton placed so much weight were taxation, regulation of commerce, and making war. He articulated a doctrine of implied powers that the Constitution did not explicitly grant to the federal government, but which it could be interpreted to grant. - Hamilton's "loose construction" carried the day. Washington signed the bank act into law.

What started the Whiskey Rebellion?

- The crisis developed when farmers in western Pennsylvania protested a federal excise tax on distilled whiskey that Congress had passed in 1791. - the excise threatened to put them out of business. - protests in 1794 by western Pennsylvania farmers against a federal tax on whiskey.

Congress drew up three Alien Acts.:

- The first, the Alien Enemies Law, vested the president with extraordinary wartime powers, - A second act, the Alien Law, empowered the president to expel any foreigner from the United States by executive decree, - The third act, the Naturalization Law, was the most flagrantly political. It established a 14-year probationary period before foreigners could apply for U.S. citizenship.

What recommendations were made in Alexander Hamilton's Report on the Public Credit and why did Representative James Madison oppose the report?

- first, under his plan, the United States promised to fund its foreign and domestic obligations at full face value. Current holders of loan certificates, whoever they were and no matter how they had obtained them, could exchange the old certificates for new government bonds bearing a moderate rate of interest. - Second, the secretary urged the federal government to assume responsibility for paying the remaining state debts. - the Virginia congressman agreed that the United States should honor its debts. He worried about citizens and soldiers who, because of financial hardship, had been compelled to sell their certificates at prices far below face value.

Officials in Madrid offered Pinckney extraordinary concessions:, which were

- the opening of the Mississippi - the right to deposit goods in New Orleans without paying duties - a secure southern boundary on the 31st parallel (a line roughly parallel to the northern boundary of Florida and running west to the Mississippi) - promise to stay out of Indian affairs.

what type of figures did the newspaper have

- the papers vilified public figures, even President Washington. - a battle that focused largely on the ideas of Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson

What motivated newspaper publishers in the 1790s? 7.5.7

- the press aggressively took partisan positions. - Interested more in expanding sales than in the accuracy of their stories, - American public developed an appetite for political news. - not reliable sources

when did the explosion of newsprint transformed national politics

1790s

who didn't want a French invasion

Adam

What was the dominant issue during Washington's second term of office?

During Washington's second term (1793-1797), war in Europe thrust foreign affairs into the forefront of American life.

how did congress reacted when Adams presented XYZ to commission's officials correspondence to congress

Federalists burst out with a war cry.

During the XYZ Affair, why did representatives of the French government treat American diplomats with such disrespect?

French regarded jay's treaty as an affront. By allowing Britain to define the conditions for neutrality, the US had in effect sided with that nation against France

who wanted to avoid war between Britain and France

Hamilton and Jefferson

What kept John Jay from being very successful in his negotiations with Britain in 1794?

Hamilton secretly informed British officials that the United States would compromise on most issues.

What was the difference between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson when it came to choosing the class of people to whom the success of the nation should be entrusted?

Hamilton- If the wealthiest people could be persuaded that their economic self-interest could be advanced they would work to strengthen it, and thus bring more prosperity to the common people. Jefferson- farmers were more responsible citizens than those who labored in factories for wages, he encouraged the nation's farmers to participate in an expanding international market. Americans could exchange raw materials

Why did leaders of the Federalist Party not appreciate that the Alien and Sedition Acts undermined the Constitution of the United States?

High federalists dismissed republican complaints: The constitution did not condone " the most groundless and malignant lies, striking at the safety and existence of the nation." They were determined to shut down the opposition press and willing to give the gov. almost dictatorial powers to do so

Farewell address :

In this 1796 document, president George Washington announced his intention no to seek a third term, He also stressed federalist interests and warned Americans against political factions and foreign entanglement

What impact did the XYZ Affair have on national politics in the U.S.?

It provoked anti-French outrage in the u.s. Federalist attempted to crush republicans. A silent war started, and political atmosphere was tense.

What position did the United States take in 1793 with regard to the war between Britain and France?

Neutrality seemed to be the most prudent

who announced they would not pay prerevolutionary debts to British merchants.

Southerns

How did the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions propose to protect American freedoms?

Statements penned by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison o mobilize opposition to the lien and sedition acts, which they argued were unconstitutional. Jefferson's statements suggested that states could declare null and void congressional acts they demand unconstitutional

what did the branch do during the french revolution

The French could not stop the revolutionary violence. Constitutional reform turned into bloody purges

Why did the Spanish government accept the terms of Pinckney's Treaty (1795)?

They assumed Britain and the u.s. formed an alliance to strip Spain of its North American possessions.

why did the whiskey rebellion get whiskey businesses out of business

They did not relish paying any taxes, but this tax struck them as particularly unfair. They made a good deal of money distilling their grain into whiskey

Why did many Americans oppose the Sedition Law?

They thought it undermined rights and didn't believe federal government should handle such matters they thought it should be left to the state.

Why would a revolutionary and republican like Thomas Jefferson not support the Haitian Revolution?

Thomas Jefferson, who had once declared that "all men are created equal," had no sympathy for the rebellious slaves of Saint-Dominique.

Why did Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson find it so difficult to cooperate as members of Washington's cabinet?

Washington's secretaries disagreed on how united states should fulfill its destiny

Why did Jay's Treaty spark such hostility throughout the nation?

While Jay salvaged peace, he appear to have betrayed the national interest

Was the Convention of Mortefontaine a victory for American diplomacy?

Yes it proved that negotiations still under hostile conditions, could be handled peaceably. It also paved the way for the Louisiana purchase.

what did the Judiciary Act of 1789 created

a Supreme Court staffed by a chief justice and five associate justices.

XYZ:

a diplomatic incident which American peace commissioners sent to France by president john Adams in 1797 were insulted with bribe demands from the French counterparts, dubbed x, y , z in American newspapers. The incident heightened war fever against France.

French revolution:

a social and political revolution in France

The chief justice John Jay did persuade the British to

abandon their frontier posts and allow small American ships to trade in the British West Indies, but the British rejected outright the U.S. position on neutral rights

what did the convection of Mortefontiane remove

annoying French restrictions on U.S. commerce.

where did the slaves demand freedom

armed slaves in Haiti

Alien and sedition acts:

collective name given to four laws congress passed in 2798 to suppress critism of the federal government and curb liberties of foreigners living the US

how did the federalist punish Jefferson's followers during the alien and sedition laws

created the nation's first major crisis over civil liberties.

What would the bank of the United States issue

currency acceptable to pay federal taxes.

what did congressmen wanted to prohibit presidents from

dismissing cabinet-level appointees without Senate approval

what system did congress provide

federal court system.

For the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions, the states transferred certain explicit powers to the national government, but they retained

full authority over all matters the Constitution did not specifically mention.

Hamilton's Report on the Public Credit contained two major recommendations covering

funding and assumption

What political party became the target of the Alien and Sedition Laws?

his legislation authorized using federal courts and the powers of the presidency to silence the Republicans.

Whiskey rebellion:

protests in 1794 by western Pennsylvania farmers against a federal tax on whiskey. The uprising was suppressed when present George Washington called an army of 15,000 troops to the area

what was John Jay's main objectives

removal of the British forts on U.S. territory, payment for ships taken in the West Indies, improved commercial relations, and acceptance of the American definition of neutral rights.

what happen to the republicans and federalists relationship during the XYZ affair

shattered

During the Britain and France war, European rivals immediately challenged the official American position on

shipping: "free ships make free goods," meaning that belligerents should not interfere with the shipping of neutral carriers.

what was the report on manufactures and when was it submitted to congress

submitted to Congress in December 1791, Hamilton revealed the final details of his grand design for the economic future of the United States. This lengthy document suggested ways the federal government might stimulate manufacturing

What was the situation within the Federalist Party in the election of 1800?

the federalists were divided, some stood by Hamilton others felt betrayed and tried to rig the campaign. Without a new government there would be disorder, rebellion, or revision of the Constitution.

what did the federalist to create an American standing army

they pushed for rearmament, new warships, harbor fortifications, and, most important, an expanded U.S. Army.... Adams saw no likelihood of French invasion.

In may 1794, why did the Chief Justice John Jay sent to London

to negotiate a formidable list of grievances.

what did Adam threaten the federalist if they push him to declare war

to resign, making Jefferson president.

Jay's treaty:

treaty with Britain negotiated by chief justice john jay in 1794. though the British agreed to surrender forts on US territory , the treaty provoked a storm of protest in America

what did the Bank of the United States do financially

would own millions of dollars in new U.S. bonds, its financial stability would be tied directly to the strength of the federal government and, of course, to the success of Hamilton's program.