History Exam 3 Blackshear

Red River War of 1874

-The Red River War, a series of military engagements fought between the United States Army and warriors of the Kiowa, Comanche, Southern Cheyenne, and southern Arapaho Indian tribes from June of 1874 into the spring of 1875, began when the federal government defaulted on obligations undertaken to those tribes by the Treaty of Medicine Lodge in 1867. -Rations to be issued the Indians consistently fell short or failed entirely, gun running and liquor trafficking by white profiteers were not curtailed, and white outlaws from both Kansas and Texas who entered the Indian Territory to steal Indian stock were not punished or even, in most cases, pursued.

The Southern Mercury

-The Southern Mercury, was a newspaper published in Dallas by Macune. -By late 1885 the Mercury was friendly with the state Farmers' Alliance -Like the alliance in Texas, the Southern Mercury stayed officially nonpartisan, though it looked favorably on the reform wing of the Democratic party.

Zimmerman Letter

-The Zimmermann Note was an internal diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico in the event of the United States entering World War I against Germany

Economic Warfare on the Plains

-"Bad Hand" engages in economic warfare (kill the bison, take away their homes, kill their economy) -Once they take everything from the Indians then they will have to surrender -Plains were rich with Bison

Free State of Galveston

-"Free State" is a term sometimes used to describe the culture and history of that era. -Gambling, illegal liquor, and other vice-oriented businesses were a major part of tourism here. -Much of this period represented a high point in Galveston's economy. -It is sometimes referred to as the "open era" because the business owners and the community made little effort to hide the illegal vice activities -The tourist industry spawned by the illegal businesses helped to offset Galveston's decline as a commercial and shipping center following a devastating hurricane in 1900. -Crackdowns against gambling and prostitution in Texas during the mid-20th century made these businesses increasingly difficult to sustain. -By the 1950s, this era of Galveston's history had ended. -In 1900 it is the largest city in Texas with 37,00 people -Trade center of the State -All the ships with cotton come here and it is exported -Hurricane sweeps Galveston in September of 1900 -Cline was the weather man stationed in Galveston, Tx -20 ft tide hits Galveston -1902 they rebuild Galveston

KKK in 1920s

-1922: 150,000 Texan members -Popular all over the Country after WWI -conservatives who believe the country was going to "hell in a handbasket" -fear of communism, immigration, new liberal attitudes -supported prohibition (behind the prohibition movement) -More than terrorizing the black community -In 1920s anyone who is different (or threat) is a target of the KKK (equal opportunity terrorist) -lose power in the late 1920's

Texas and World War I as presented in class

-25 percent of the forces of Texas are black -197,000 Texans were volunteered or drafted into the War -449 of Texan women served as nurses or hospital staff -5000 Texans died from war and disease -Single women contribute much more than married women -Prohibition -Texas experienced positive economic growth during the war primarily because of the war camps that were in various cities in Texas

Women's Suffrage in Texas

-Alcohol began affecting the family so they became big prohibitionists -Create temperance movement groups all over country against alcohol (especially throughout WWI)

James "Pa" Ferguson

-Anti-prohibitionist -Passed laws to help sharecroppers reduce fees -Gave aid to local school districts -Vetoed appropriations for UT -Only Texas Governor that was impeached -Misapplication of funds -His wife runs for Governor

Elizabeth Ney

-At age 39, she immigrated to Texas -One of the temperance Union founders -Leader for the Women's movement -Some of her most famous works during her Texas period included sculptures of Sam Houston and Stephen F. Austin. -Her works can be found in the Texas State Capitol, the US Capitol

Freedmen's schools

-Attaining an education was both a symbolic step away from slavery. -During reconstruction the Freedmen's Bureau used its authority over former Confederate properties to provide buildings for schools. -Despite problems there was an accelerated education of freedmen -Teachers are mainly abolitionist women and church missionaries from the north -End of 1865 (more violence;schools burned down regularly) there were 16 schools with 1000 students -July 1870 (less violence during this year) there are 150 schools with 9800 students in each

Boss Rule

-Boss rule became a prevalent pattern of political organization in the big cities of the United States. -Party bosses organized voters, determined winners, dispensed patronage -Helped where no Government agency existed -Farmers Alliance advocates does is not successful in south Texas because of Bosses Rule -Similar to the Patron "system" within the Hispanic culture -They looked to a Patron while they were living on his land (share croppers) -The patron helps them out when they are sick and gives them a place to live -Bosses are always there for the poor and the disadvantaged and when they need help. In exchange the Boss wants patronage and their votes -In south Texas the Bosses (generally) determine who people are going to vote for

The Buffalo Soldiers

-Buffalo soldiers was the name given by the Plains Indians to the four regiments of African Americans, and more particularly to the two cavalry regiments, that served on the frontier in the post-Civil War army.

Farmers Alliance demands

-Called for the creation of a sub-treasury plan to allow farmers to store their crops until they could get the best price and the nationalization of railroads.

Cattle and Cattle Drives

-Cattle drives were a major economic activity in the 19th-century American West when 20 million cattle were herded from Texas to railheads in Kansas -Abilene, Kansas railhead -37,000 in 1867 -600,000 in 1871 -Boom is bust by late 1880's -Big businesses -Thirsty young men far from home -Great risk/great reward

Charles W. Macune

-Charles William Macune was the leader of the Texas and National Farmers Alliances -Pushed for a more local appeal than the grange -South must work with the west -Politicians will listen to larger voting blocks -Headquarters in Dallas

Isaac Cline

-Chief meteorologist of U.S. weather service

The Galveston Plan

-City commission government is a form of municipal government -Voters elect a commissioner who has a specific task (taxes, waste management, public safety) -Blend executive and legislative -Looking for efficiency -This form of government originated in Galveston Texas as a response to the Galveston Hurricane of 1900

Miriam "Ma" Ferguson

-Elected as anti-klan member -Remained popular political leader even in husband's deceit. -Elected because "pa" could no longer be in office. -Serves 2 terms

Rebecca Hayes

-Famous women Populist -Part of the Texas Equal Rights Association (1893) -Pressured political parties for women's suffrage

Great Depression and Texas-Great Depression

-Farmers went out of business -Farming depression hits 10 years before the great depression -1929-1932:100,000 companies go broke in US -1929-1931: 4,300 banks go broke in US -No FDC -A lot of Texans have been starving for 2 years prior to the Great Depression -Texans who do not feel the Great Depression have to do with the oil

Spindletop 1901

-First major oil strike in Texas -Started modern Texas and urbanization -Texas economy became oil based -"Black Gold" -Located near Beaumont -Houston -Inspired search for oil in other parts of Texas

Freedmen's Town, Texas

-Freedmen's Town in Houston was one of the many communities in Texas established by freedmen. -Had a Baptist Church for the growing Baptist African American population -Pastor was Henry J. Yates -Yates founds Houston College where they teach carpentry. Turns into Texas Southern University -By 1915 over 400 African American owned businesses in Freedman's Town -Money made stayed within the community -Gives the community stability and opportunity for homeownership -By 1920 Freedman's Town represented 1/3 of Houston's population (85,000 people)

Edward M. House

-He acted as Wilson's unofficial Secretary of State in Europe. -He tried to arbitrate peace between the Allies and the Central Powers in 1916. -Progressive democrat -Political operative -Prefered to remain anonymous

Ima Hogg

-Her family had struck oil on their property -Ima Hogg helped build Texas public schooling. -"first lady" of texas progressivism -A philanthropist -collector of the arts -helped locate historical furniture for the white house -served on the Houston School Board 1943 -Sought equal education of all Texas students

Lydia Mendoza

-Her voice and skillful guitar playing reminds us of the Hispanic "corrido" music

Creative Destruction as discussed in class

-Idea that capitalism was an economic system that underwent periodic waves of transformation fueled by technological innovations in production and distribution

Tejano Demographics in 1890

-In 1890 there were 105,000 Tejanos living in Texas -Most Hispanics are in south Texas -Very few Hispanics in the West and North by the turn of the Century -In the North and West they are catholic and are traditional -They live in hispanic isolated communities -During the day their business were in unsegregated places

Texan's first reaction to Depression

-In the second half of the 1930s, as the Depression wore on, a major drought devastated the southern plains. -The Texas Panhandle suffered greatly, as winds eroded the parched land and made life on farms and in towns all but impossible. -Texas remained deeply segregated by race and by custom. -Job opportunities were limited, schools for Hispanic and black students were inferior and in many parts of the state the threat of violent attacks against blacks and Latinos remained very real -With its long coastline, oil reserves and abundant land, Texas was ideally situated for war-related industrial and military facilities. -New industries emerged, luring large numbers of people to the state and enticing rural residents into rapidly growing urban centers

Commission Form of Government

-Is a form of local government -In a city commission government voters elect a small commission, typically, from five to seven members -These commissioners constitute the legislative body of the city and, as a group, are responsible for specific aspect of municipal affairs, such as public works, finance, or public safety. -As such, this form of government blends legislative and executive branch functions in the same body -Dallas, Houston -Businessmen are running the city -Was efficient -Shutout common man -Remained popular through the 50's

John B. Denton

-John B. Denton was born in Tennessee -Protestant/Methodist minister who came to Texas around the Red River area in company with a fellow preacher, Littleton Fowler -He was some kind of Texas Ranger, after an Indian Raid he is in a militia that goes after the Indians and he is killed -Texas Ranger Methodist

John B. Rayner

-John Baptis Rayner, leader in the People's party in Texas, was born a slave in North Carolina. -He taught and, as a Republican during Reconstruction -Was an African American Populist Politician in east Texas -Who hit a great political tipping point for the Populist and will convince some blacks to vote for the Populist Party in statewide elections of 1894 -As a result, the Populist gain 22 seats in the T.H.O.R and 2 Texas Senate seats

Joseph Weldon Bailey

-Joseph Weldon Bailey was a US congressman, senator and Democrat. -Blocked taxes on liquor -Opposed prohibition -Opposed women voting -Opposed wilson

Texas Equal Suffrage Association

-Minnie Cunningham was a teacher in Texas -Lead this movement in Texas

Minnie Fisher Cunningham

-Minnie Fisher Cunningham, woman suffrage leader and leading liberal Democrat -Leader of the Texas women's christian temperance union -Wanted women to be able to vote -Was a teacher in Texas

Sam Bass

-Native who is known for robbing trains and banks -He was killed by Texas Rangers

Role of Religion in last quarter of 19th century in Texas

-Northern church groups led abolitionists -Participated in Reconstruction by sending Missionaries into the South -Missionaries became teachers -At root of civil rights movement -Protestants -Methodists (a lot in Texas) 1860 majority of Churches in Texas are Methodist -Not the case in the 1900, by this time the Baptist Church takes over. -Baptist and Methodist are the two largest religious/protestant groups -Catholicism is mainly in the South (within the Hispanic Community) and Texas Hill Country (Germans) -Churches are a big deal in rural areas because they open the door to "social gatherings"

Juneteenth

-On June 19 ("Juneteenth") 1865, Union general Gordon Granger arrived in Galveston and informed that in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free. -New provisional general that is in charge of texas makes his proclamation about how the emancipation proclamation is invalid and that all slaves are freemen.

Peta Nocona

-Peta Nocona, husband of Cynthia Ann Parker and father of Chief Quanah Parker, was a physically enormous Comanche chief who led a band, the Noconies, in raids on the Texas frontier from the 1830s to December 18, 1860 -He was killed at the Pease River in a battle with Captain Ross.

Pancho Villa and Columbus, New Mexico

-President Wilson supplies Pancho but then stops -He and his men raided Columbus, New Mexico and killed 17 Americans. -President Wilson sent the Army, headed by General Pershing after Pancho Villa. -Pershing took a few thousand troops into Mexico, fought both Carranza's and Villa's troops, but couldn't catch Pancho Villa. -While hunting Villa, World War I broke out and Pershing was recalled.

Impact of the Railroads

-Railroads bring diversity -By 1901 Dallas is the leading distributer in the South west -Missouri, Kansas, Texas railroad run through the state -Railroads connect Texas and Mexico to the U.S. economy -Makes agriculture more commercialized -local officials many times wanted the railroads to go through or be near their towns (other wise it could lead to an economic decline) -turned Texas into a more modern/progressive state

Reconstruction

-Reconstruction generally refers to the period in United States history immediately following the Civil War. -Legal/political process not a physical process. -Puts the US back together by restoring former Confederate states into the Union.

Requirements of the Reconstruction Acts

-The main points included: -Creation of five military districts in the seceded states -Each district was to be headed by a military official empowered to appoint and remove state officials -Voters were to be registered; all freedmen were to be included as well as those white men who took an extended loyalty oath -State constitutional conventions, comprising elected delegates, were to draft new governing documents providing for black male suffrage -States were required to ratify the 14th Amendment prior to readmission.

Main cattle trails north

-The route from Texas to Abilene became known as the Chisholm Trail -It ran through present-day Oklahoma, which then was Indian Territory, but there were relatively few conflicts with Native Americans, who usually allowed cattle herds to pass through for a toll of ten cents a head. -The Chisholm Trail was the most important route for cattle drives leading north from the vicinity of Ft. Worth, Texas, across Indian Territory (Oklahoma) to the railhead at Abilene.

Thomas B. Love

-Thomas Bell Love was a lawyer and Democrat -He was elected to the Texas House of Representatives from Dallas County (state legislator). -He was an expert on raising taxes, insurance, and banking. -At the conclusion of the 1907 legislative session, he was the commissioner of the Department of Banking. -Major progressive -He was a financial expert -Want to raise prices on alcohol

Conservative Backlash in 1920s

-To religious Americans the nation seemed to have turned to new secular values from older values -From self-denial and the Protestant work ethic to self indulgence & materialism -From tolerance to loose sexual morals among women. -This perspective fuelled a conservative backlash, as seen in revivals of the KKK and the rise of fundamentalism -Reaction against liberalism and liberal thinking about crime; against political liberalism and legal liberalism

Jim Crow in Texas

-Twenty-seven Jim Crow laws were passed in Texas from 1866 to 1958. In addition to segregation involving blacks, persons of Mexican descent were also subject to segregation laws. Some examples include: 1950: Separate facilities required for white and black citizens in state parks 1953: Public carriers to be segregated 1958: No child compelled to attend schools that are racially mixed. No desegregation unless approved by election. Governor may close schools where troops used on federal authority.

Cicero Howard

-Was elected to the Commissioners Court of Colorado for five 2 year terms by Germans and Freedmen -Served until 1884 -Conservatives did not take complete control

Quanah Parker

-Was the last Chief of the Comanches and never lost a battle to the white man -His tribe roamed over the area where the Pampas stands and was the last tribe in the Staked Plains to come into the reservation system -The tribe only went into the reservation system when he felt that it was the last resort -Never cut his hair

William Sydney Porter

-William Sydney Porter was a writer born in North Carolina. -He worked as a clerk, draftsman, handyman, singer -He died of tuberculosis and pneumonia, -Wrote about his experiences in Texas -His paintings are in The State Capitol

Women's Christian Temperance Union

-Women's organization founded by reformer Frances Willard and others to oppose alcohol consumption

1. Write an essay using the topics presented from the Society and Culture lecture. Write about at least 4 specific topics (ie, people, events) giving specific details as to why your selections are an important part of Texas history. Good detail on each of the four is essential for maximum points.

1. For Texans, the 20th century began on Jan. 10, when the well blew in at Spindle-top near Beaumont began spurting oil. The gusher spewed oil more than 100 feet into the air until it was capped nine days later. With that dramatic fanfare, Texas' economy was wrenched from its rural, agricultural roots and flung headlong into the petroleum and industrial age. The impact of oil on Texas and Texans is often analyzed in terms of corporate development, personal and corporate wealth, and the overall economy of the state and politics. Oil also dramatically affected the lives of those who owned the land from which oil was produced, or who were directly involved in oil exploration, extraction and processing. The discoveries of oil fields led to the founding and flourishing of numerous Texas towns, to the establishment of companies that have become multinational conglomerates, and to the amassing of vast personal fortunes. Today, oil is no longer the predominant force behind Texas' economic development. However, in the century since Spindle-top roared to life on the Texas Gulf Coast, oil has touched the lives of many Texans, and it continues to provide benefits to residents of the Lone Star State, as well as to people throughout the country. 2. In the last two decades of the 19th century, railroads had made sweeping changes in the lives of many of Texas' mostly rural, mostly agrarian citizens and forever altered the face of the state. Settlements formed around temporary railroad-workers' camps. Speculators created brand-new towns out of virgin prairie beside the gleaming rails. And existing communities that were bypassed by the tracks often curled up their municipal toes and died unless they were willing to pick up businesses, homes and churches and move to the rails. The arrival of railroad transportation expanded Texas farmers' and ranchers' markets by providing faster and cheaper shipping of products. Cattle raisers were no longer forced to trail their herds long miles to rail heads in the Midwest. The development of commercial farming and ranching received important stimulation from the growth of railroads. It provide faster and cheaper transportation for people and products. 3. The emerging towns and cities also provided focal points for social and cultural developments. Religion influenced many aspects of life, with evangelical Protestants dominant in much of the state. Texas experienced an influx of immigrants which lead to the introduction of new denominations. The most prominent religions from largest to smallest are, Methodists, Baptist, Presbyterians, Catholics and Episcopalians. Additionally, Ministers in Texas preached how important slavery was for the community since they southerners agreed that African Americans could not survive in America without the parental guidance provided by their masters. This idea allowed Texans and many Southerners to reconcile the institution of slavery with heir religious beliefs. Differences between religions emerged most clearly over the prohibition issue. One major area of church activity continued to be support for education through several denominational colleges. The state also entered the field of higher education by opening the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas (now Texas A&M University) in 1876 and the University of Texas in 1883. As a result literacy increased from 70.3 percent in 1880 to 85.5 percent in 1900. That advance resulted in part from the establishment in 1884 of the office of state superintendent of instruction and school districts, which could tax to fund public education. 4. Ranching, like farming, experienced impressive growth, as Texans drove more than three million cattle north to the railroads in Kansas between 1875 and 1885. Some farmers primarily focused on livestock. Texas farmers made several cattle drives to different states therefore increasing the value of their livestock. Major ranchers/planters in West Texas joined those in South Texas in raising large herds in the nation but also cotton bales which grew exponentially. The growing number of planters in Texas after statehood profoundly changes the states economy. Based more on cotton Texas produced 60,000 bales of cotton a year in 1850 and ten years later it produced 400,000. This increase in production allowed plantation owners to quickly become leaders in their community and the state because the wealth and time that they generated allowed time for political activities.

Richard Coke

-Richard Coke, Texas governor and United States senator. -Coke won the Democratic nomination for governor in 1873 defeating Governor Edmund J. Davis. -Was the first Texas governor that shared some of the democratic views of the new south -Governor Coke tried to restore financial order by cutting expenditures for public printing and the state asylums, but the cost of securing the safety of the Mexican border and combating Comanche and Kiowa Indians on the western frontier offset such reductions -Opened the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas (now Texas A&M University)

"Bad Hand"

-Ronald Mackenzie -Had a bad hand because it was shot during the Civil War -Served on the 4th Texas Cavalry -Stationed at Fort Concho in west Texas -Sherman called him the most promising soldier in Texas and he is told to finally take care of the Comanche raids (search out for the last of the Comanches that were still out there who refused to go into the reservations)

Pattillo Higgins

-Texas businessman who discovered oil at Spindletop in 1901

The Farmers Alliance

-The Farmers' Alliance was an organized agrarian economic movement among American farmers that developed and flourished in the 1870's and 1880's. -Loose steam it because they help people get elected but then the politicians forget about the Farmers Alliance -They create their own political party (have some success) -Germinate in the Populist Party -Do not have African American vote

Battle of Adobe Walls

-The First Battle of Adobe Walls, was a battle between the United States Army and American Indians. -The Kiowa, Comanche and Plains Apache tribes drove from the battlefield a United States Expeditionary Force against the white settlers that were moving into the Southwest. -The battle was one of the largest engagements fought on the Great Plains -The Second Battle of Adobe Walls was fought on June 27, 1874, between Comanche forces and a group of twenty-eight U.S. bison hunters defending the settlement of Adobe Walls

The Lost Cause mentality

-The Lost Cause is the name commonly given to a literary and intellectual movement that sought to reconcile the traditional Southern white society to the defeat of the Confederate States of America in the Civil War. -Defeated by the Union armies not through superior military skill, but by overwhelming force. -Has to do with ex-confederates who say okay we have been defeated but the only reason we were defeated was because we were out numbered, ran out of ammo, and ran out of food -Grows stronger after the war mainly in the south. -We were fighting for states rights -Resistance to change

Populist Party Demands

1. Subtreasury Plan: allowed farmers to store staple crops in government warehouses and receive loans against the market value of these crops in the form of government notes that could circulate as currency 2. Democratization 3. Graduated income tax 4. Government ownership of railroads 5. Unused Rail Road land, give back for public auction 6. Free coinage of silver 7. End high tariffs

3. What was going on in Texas during the Great Depression? Write an essay that explains how this depression and the government's reaction to it impacted Texans. The best essays will include four details concerning specific people, events, or programs that helps to explain what was going on in the state during this period.

Before: Texans were optimistic about the future in January 1929. Over the past decade the state population had increased to 5,824,715, representing a gain of more than one million people, or almost 25 percent. Although geared to one crop-"Cotton is King"-the economy was somewhat diversified. In East Texas the Piney Woods accounted for a substantial lumber industry; in the lower Rio Grande valley, with the introduction of irrigation, both truck and citrus farming had proved extremely profitable; on the Edwards Plateau and in West Texas, livestock had established the state as the nation's number-one producer of hides and wool and mohair; and at many oftentimes isolated sites such as Desdemona and Wink, wildcatters pursued the legacy of Spindletop by producing vast amounts of oil and gas. In fact, Texans prided themselves on their situation, in being the largest state-indeed more spacious in area than any western European nation-and in maintaining the American frontier traits of rugged individualism, of fierce competitiveness, of unblushing patriotism. At the same time they had solidified and strengthened their economic position through political action. The East Texas oil boom, centering around Kilgore, lessened thoughts of depression until the summer of 1931, when overproduction and falling prices affected the city economy. The overproduction of oil, gas and agricultural products impacted the Texas economy during the Great Depression that when prices declined and economic growth slowed. After: As depression worsened across the United States in 1931 and 1932 Texans eventually had to recognized its existence, then attempt to combat its devastating effects. At Temple in Bell County, after two banks folded in 1931 and cotton dropped between five and six cents a pound. To obtain more money for relief, to provide soup kitchens and breadlines as well as shelter for the hapless, any number of cities-Houston, Dallas, Fort Worth, Austin-sponsored plays or musicals, the proceeds of which went to charity. In rural Texas economic conditions during 1931 and 1932 also deteriorated. But farmers, many of whom were sharecroppers and tenants, were already accustomed to some poverty and therefore did not always realize the degrees of hardship. Yet, as prices plummeted, as drought exacerbated their plight, as debts rose and foreclosures mounted alarmingly, they sought relief from their worsening situation. Nor did Governor Ross Sterling of Texas or the Hoover administration, although funnelling some funds to farmers through the RFC (Reconstruction Finance Corporation), reverse this dire trend. The depression had, indeed, overwhelmed them. Consequently, Texans sought new solutions to their problems. President Hoover, whom they had ardently supported for over two years, was now a villain of huge proportions, a betrayer of capitalism and democracy, the man who was responsible for their economic calamity. So when Democrats nominated Governor Franklin Delano Roosevelt of New York for president in the summer of 1932, the election choice was evident. Texans agreed that a "New Deal for the forgotten man" required their backing; the Democratic ticket garnered 88.6 percent of the state vote. The New Deal was a series of domestic programs enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1938, and a few that came later. They included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term (1933-37) of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The programs were in response to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians refer to as the "3 Rs": Relief, Recovery, and Reform. That is Relief for the unemployed and poor; Recovery of the economy to normal levels; and Reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression. The New Deal programs change the lives of Texans during the Great Depression because thousands found employment building roads and bridges. Texas economically benefited from U.S. involvement in the Second World War because natural resources in Texas were needed to supply the war effort.

Turn of the Century Texas musicians as discussed in class

Country Music -Southern roots -Irish influence -Banjo came from Africa -Primarily dancing -Seldom professional (just normal get togethers) -Farmers with fiddlers, banjos and guitars -Ed Robinson Blues Music -Call & response pattens -Field hollers -Work songs -Banjos & guitars -Huddle "leadbelly" Ledbetter -Henry "ragtime texas" Thomas Tex-Mex Music -Spanish and/or Mexican roots -Wind instruments -Violins -Guitars and drums -Diatonic button accordion from the Germans -Lydia Mendoza Western Swing -Bob Wills

Programs-Projects in Texas related to Great Depression

Public work of Art Project: -employed dozens of texas artists -taught art classes -painted morals -federal writers project WPA Projects in Texas -Greatest single area of public spending in Texas was construction -Parks and swimming pools Civilians conservation crops: -Put young men to work on public projects -federal land and parks -organized like military -wore uniforms marched to mass hall -worked some hours and slept in barracks Lyndon Johnson's young organizations: -helped teens work to help their families

Texas Fuel & Oil Company

Texaco 1925