History Exam

Civilization

A complex culture in which large numbers of people share a number of common elements such as social structure, religion, and art

Hieroglyphics

A complex system of writing that used both pictures and more abstract forms; used by the ancient Egyptians and Maya

Patriarchal

Dominated by men

Pope _____ framed the Crusades as a quest to free Jerusalem and the _____ from _____, or unbelievers.

Urban II; holy land; inphedeles

At the end of the "_____", two ships sank in a storm. The children on the other five ships were sold into _____ in North Africa.

children's crusade; slavery

Imperator

commander in chief; the Latin origin of the word emperor

In Europe, pilgrims often traveled to Rome or Santiago de Compostela, which housed the _____ of several of the _____.

relics; apostles

Polytheistic

Believing in many gods

_____, the first Russian state, ended in 1169.

Kievan Rus

Clergy

church leaders

In the late 1000s and early 1100s, a wave of _____ enthusiasm led to a rise in monasteries and monastic _____.

religious; orders

Monotheist

Believing in one God

How did the bubonic plague spread throughout Europe?

flea invested rats

How did Ferdinand (from Aragon) and Isabella (from Castille) unify Spain?

forced the Muslims out of Spain and converted everyone to Catholic Christianity.

King _____ and his successors attempted to rule both Germany and _____ as the _____ Empire.

Otto; Italy; Holy Roman Empire

What were the first three European universities, and what subjects did they teach?

Oxford, Paris, Balona; liberal arts: grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy

What features characterized the basilicas of the late Roman Empire?

rectangular buildings with flat wooden roofs.

Monasticism

the practice of living the life of a monk

The _____ Controversy, which was initiated by a decree from Pope Gregory VII in 1075, ended in an 1122 compromise called the _____.

investiture; Concordat of worms

What was the most popular vernacular literature of the 1100s?

troubadour poetry

Interdict

a decree by the pope that forbade priests from giving the sacraments of the Church to the people

Triumvirate

a government by three people with equal power

Missionary

a person sent out to carry a religious message

Plague

an epidemic disease

What features characterized Romanesque churches?

arched vaulted roofs in the shape of a cross, massive pillars, thick walls, barrel vaults, not many windows

Consul

chief executive officer of the Roman Republic; two were elected each year to run the government and to lead the army into battle

Plebeian

in the Roman Republic, a social class made up of minor landholders, craftspeople, merchants, and small farmers

The Church's _____ sometimes used _____ to extract confessions of heresy and used executions to punish it.

inquisition; torture

What were the rights and responsibilities of lords?

look after the serfs and cannot harm them

What change in crop rotation increased farm yields?

they shifted from two-fields to three-fields

Epic Poem

A long poem that tells the deeds of a great hero, such as the Iliad or the Odyssey of Homer

The Crusades provided a backdrop for the persecution of _____, who suffered periodic _____, or defamatory statements, attacks, and expulsions.

Jews; livels

Christians also made _____ to shrines, the greatest of which, they believed, was the Holy City of _____.

pilgrimages; Jerusalem

Laity

regular church members

Knight

under feudalism, a member of the heavily armored cavalry

In the First Crusade, European Christians captured _____ in 1098. In June 1099, they reached _____ and killed many of its inhabitants.

Antioch; Jerusalem

In the Fourth Crusade, Western forces sacked _____ and destroyed the power of the _____ Empire.

Constantinople; Byzantine

Who initiated the Hundred Years' War, and how was it won?

King Phillip VI of France ceased the Duchy of Gascony from Edward III of England, military victories of Joan of ark

What benefits did guilds offer craftspeople?

it directed almost every aspect of the production process. standards of quality fixed prices and a certain number of people who participate

Bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

What was the status of medieval women?

Most were subservient to their husbands, but some could be very powerful

Infidel

an unbeliever; a term applied to the Muslims during the Crusades

Satrap

"Protector of the kingdom"; the governor of a province (satrapy) of the Persian Empire under Darius

Democracy

"The rule of many"; government by the people, either directly or through their elected representatives

Oligarchy

"The rule of the few"; a form of government in which a select group of people exercises control

Cuneiform

"Wedge-shaped," a system of writing developed by the Sumerians using a reed stylus to create wedge-shaped impressions on a clay tablet

How was the Carolingian Empire divided after Charlemagne's death in 814?

It divided into three major sections by the Kings grandsons. Western, Eastern Frankish Lands and the Middle Kingdom

Culture

The way of life a people follows

In return for fighting in the Crusade, the pope promised forgiveness of _____.

sins

What features characterized Gothic cathedrals?

tall soaring towers round ribbed vaults and pointed arches, supported by flying buttresses, thin walls and stain glass windows

What did King Louis XI do to strengthen the French monarchy?

talle;, reduced power of French nobles, new territory, promoted industry in commerce

Magna Carta

the "Great Charter" of rights, which King John was forced to sign by the English nobles at Runnymede in 1215

Caught up in disputes with _____ in Italy, and the _____ in German lands, the emperor had no real power in either part of his empire.

the Pope; German Lords

Heresy

the denial of basic Church doctrines

What is significant about the Song of Roland?

the earliest and best examples of the heroic ethic, a form of vernacular literature

What events in European Christianity st the stage for Martin Luther's reformation?

the great Schism, John Widcliffe, John Hus

Abbess

the head of a convent

Patriarch

the head of the Eastern Orthodox Church, originally appointed by the Byzantine emperor

Vernacular

the language of everyday speech in a particular region

Artisan

A skilled worker who makes products such as weapons and jewelry

Insulae

Roman apartment blocks constructed of concrete with wooden-beam floors

Procurator

in the Roman Empire, an official in charge of a province

Feudal contract

under feudalism, the unwritten rules that determined the relationship between a lord and his vassal

How did the concept of chivalry influence medieval life?

wanted people to defend the church and poor, respect women and captives

The Crusades were fought by knights who were motivated by the promise of _____ and _____ zeal.

wealth; religious

Dynasty

A family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family

Theocracy

A government established by divine authority

Expedition

A journey taken for a specific purpose

The _____ order of monks was one of the first to take their religion to people outside the monastery.

Cistercian

The abbess _____ was an important contributor to a type of music known as _____ chant.

Hildegard of Bingen; Gregorian

Ostracism

In ancient Athens, the process for temporarily banning ambitious politicians from the city by popular vote

Who owned the land that serfs farmed?

Lords

Stoicism

The school of thought developed by the teacher Zeno in Hellenistic Athens; it says that happiness can be achieved only when people gain inner peace by living in harmony with the will of God and that people should bear whatever life offers

Sacrament

a Christian rite

William of _____ conquered England in the year_____.

Normandy; 1066

How did the use of iron affect medieval farming?

helped make tools that came in handy

In the Middle Ages, the Church played a large role in everyday life; the _____ guided people from birth to death, and included baptism, the Eucharist, and marriage.

sacraments

Idolatry

the worship of a physical idol as a god

Inflation

a rapid increase in prices

Dictator

an absolute ruler

Where were Europe's main medieval trading centers?

Italian cities, towns in Flanders

Who were the nobility during the Middle ages?

Kings, Dukes, Counts, Barons, and Bishops

Theology

the study of religion and God

Phalanx

A wall of shields created by foot soldiers marching shoulder to shoulder in a rectangular formation

Empire

A large political unit or state, usually under a single leader, that controls many peoples or territories

Technology

A manner of accomplishing a task using technical processes, methods, or knowledge

Ziggurat

A massive stepped tower on which was built a temple dedicated to the chief god or goddess of a Sumerian city

Pastoral Nomad

A person who domesticates animals for food and clothing and moves along regular migratory routes to provide a steady source of nourishment for those animals

Tyrant

A ruler who seized power by force from the aristocrats, gained support from the newly rich and the poor, and maintained power by using hired soldiers and fighting tactics

Bureaucracy

An administrative organization that relies on nonelective officials and regular procedures

What were the consequences of the Black Death?

1/3 of the population of Europe will die, violence toward Jews, decline of trade, shortage of workers, benefits of peasants

In the year _____, the _____ recognized the rights and obligations of the King and Vassals.

1215; Magnacarda

City-State

A state with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside

Direct Democracy

A system of government in which the people participate directly in government decision making through mass meetings

Chariot

A two-wheeled horse-drawn battle cart, also used in processions and races

Th last two Crusades ended in France's defeat by _____. King Louis IX later died of the _____.

Baybar; plauge

The monastic leader _____ inspired leaders such as _____ of France to enter into a failed Second Crusade.

Bernard of Clairvaux; Louis VII

In what ways were knights central to feudalism?

Formed the backbone of the European aristocracy. They protected Europe.

_____ monks preached simplicity, took vows of poverty, and aided the poor, while _____ also lived in poverty and battled _____.

Franciscan; Dominicans; heresy

Who were the Norsemen, and what effect did they have on western Europe?

Germanic people (Vikings) who loved everything about Europe and invaded by destroying and building new things

Monarchy

Government by a sovereign ruler such as a king or queen

Oracle

In ancient Greece, a sacred shrine where a god or goddess was said to reveal the future through a priest or priestess

Helot

In ancient Sparta, a captive person who was forced to work for the conqueror

Arete

In early Greece, the qualities of excellence that a hero strives to win in a struggle or contest

Acropolis

In early Greek city-states, a fortified gathering place at the top of a hill that was sometimes the site of temples and public buildings

Agora

In early Greek city-states, an open area that served as a gathering place and as a market

Priest

In early urban civilizations, an important and powerful person who supervised rituals and aimed at pleasing the gods and goddesses

In the 1200's, Pope _____ used tools such as the _____ to bring the Church to the height of its political power.

Innocent III; interdict

What was the status of medieval Vassals?

Lords would give gifts of land which would honor them and their families. Landowners that served their Lords.

King Henry II expanded the power of the English_____; he strengthened the power of the royal _____ and struggled for power over the _____.

Monarchy; courts; catholic church

Ephor

One of the five men elected each year in ancient Sparta who were responsible for the education of youth and the conduct of all citizens

Some eastern Slavic peoples were converted to _____ by the missionary brothers, _____ and _____.

Orthodox Christianity; Cyril; Methodius

How did Feudalism develop?

People needed protection from the vikings so they turned to the noble people

King _____ fought English dominance and gained control of several French territories, King _____ was known for trying to bring justice to the people, and King _____ created a French parliament.

Phillip II Augustus; Louis IX; Philip IV

In 1187 Jerusalem fell to _____'s Muslim forces, prompting the _____ led at its end by _____, who negotiated a settlement that gave Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem.

Saladin; third crusade; Richard I

The _____ peoples of _____ Europe divided into three major groups, each of which formed new kingdoms.

Slavic; central

What caused the Great Schism?

The Italian and French Cardinals each elect their own pope / Gregory IX

Hellenistic Era

The age of Alexander the Great; period when the Greek language and ideas were carried to the non-Greek world

Polis

The early Greek city-state, consisting of a city or town and its surrounding countryside

Systematic Agriculture

The keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis

Socratic Method

The method of teaching used by the Greek philosopher Socrates; it employs a question-and-answer format to lead pupils to see things for themselves by using their own reason

How did increased trade give rise to commercial capitalism?

The money economy rose with the trade industry

Pharaoh

The most common of the various titles for ancient Egyptian monarchs; the term originally meant "great house" or "palace"

Epicureanism

The school of thought developed by the philosopher Epicurus in Hellenistic Athens; it held that happiness is the chief goal in life, and the means to achieve happiness was the pursuit of pleasure

The eastern Slavs who lived in present-day Ukraine and Russia were conquered by _____, who were in turn conquered by _____.

Vikings; Mongols

Icons

a conventional religious image typically painted on a small wooden panel and venerated itself as sacred by Eastern Christians

Republic

a form of government in which the leader is not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote

How does Chaucer's Canterbury Tales Provide both historical and literary insight into medieval England?

a group of 29 people that represented all the countries in Europe.

Bishopric

a group of Christian communities, or parishes, under the authority of a bishop

Monk

a man who separates himself from ordinary human society in order to dedicate himself to God; monks live in monasteries headed by abbots

Scholasticism

a medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason

What was the feudal contract?

a set of unwritten rules determining the relationship between Lord and Vassel

Patrician

a social class of wealthy, powerful landowners, they formed the ruling class in the Roman Republic

Common law

a uniform system of law that developed in England based on court decisions and on customs and usage rather than on written law codes; replaced law codes that varied from place to place

Nun

a woman who separates herself from ordinary human society in order to dedicate herself to God; nuns live in convents headed by abbesses

How did King Henry VII strengthen the English monarchy?

abolished private armies, didn't over-burden nobles, and middle class

Praetor

an official of the Roman Republic in charge of enforcing civil law

Relic

bones or other objects connected with saints; considered to be worthy of worship by the faithful

What was Anselm of Canterbury's most significant contribution to scholasticism?

demonstrate the truths of faith are compatible with reason

Serf

in medieval Europe, a peasant legally bound to the land who had to provide labor services, pay rents, and be subject to the lord's control

Manor

in medieval Europe, an agricultural estate that a lord ran and peasants worked

Chivalry

in the Middle Ages, the ideal of civilized behavior that developed among the nobility; it was a code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold

Paterfamilias

in the Roman social structure, the dominant male head of the household, which also included his wife, sons and their wives and children, unmarried daughters, and slaves

Parliament

in thirteenth-century England, the representative government that emerged; it was composed of two knights from every county, two people from every town, and all the nobles and bishops throughout England

How did Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologica attempt to reconcile Aristotle with Christian doctrine?

logic and scholarly investigation

Crusades

military expeditions carried out by European Christians in the Middle Ages to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims

Medieval popes controlled the _____ in Italy, and bishops were often _____ to nobles.

papal states; vassals

The establishment of the _____ brought representative government to England.

parliament

Feudalism

political and social order that developed during the Middle Ages when royal governments were no longer able to defend their subjects; nobles offered protection and land in return for service

The Crusades benefited some Italian _____ cities and helped cause the end of _____ and the emergence of nation-states.

port; feudalism

Medieval Christians dedicated churches to _____ and venerated _____, objects connected with saints.

saints; relics

Lay investiture

the practice by which secular rulers both chose nominees to church offices and gave them the symbols of their office

When did townspeople gain new rights, and why?

they needed freedom to trade, wanted their own laws and were willing to pay them; 1100

When the Carolingian Empire was divided in 843 into _____ sections, the western Frankish lands formed the kingdom of _____.

three; France

Fief

under feudalism, a grant of land made to a vassal; the vassal held political authority within his fief

Vassal

under feudalism, a man who served a lord in a military capacity