History Exam
Civilization
A complex culture in which large numbers of people share a number of common elements such as social structure, religion, and art
Hieroglyphics
A complex system of writing that used both pictures and more abstract forms; used by the ancient Egyptians and Maya
Patriarchal
Dominated by men
Pope _____ framed the Crusades as a quest to free Jerusalem and the _____ from _____, or unbelievers.
Urban II; holy land; inphedeles
At the end of the "_____", two ships sank in a storm. The children on the other five ships were sold into _____ in North Africa.
children's crusade; slavery
Imperator
commander in chief; the Latin origin of the word emperor
In Europe, pilgrims often traveled to Rome or Santiago de Compostela, which housed the _____ of several of the _____.
relics; apostles
Polytheistic
Believing in many gods
_____, the first Russian state, ended in 1169.
Kievan Rus
Clergy
church leaders
In the late 1000s and early 1100s, a wave of _____ enthusiasm led to a rise in monasteries and monastic _____.
religious; orders
Monotheist
Believing in one God
How did the bubonic plague spread throughout Europe?
flea invested rats
How did Ferdinand (from Aragon) and Isabella (from Castille) unify Spain?
forced the Muslims out of Spain and converted everyone to Catholic Christianity.
King _____ and his successors attempted to rule both Germany and _____ as the _____ Empire.
Otto; Italy; Holy Roman Empire
What were the first three European universities, and what subjects did they teach?
Oxford, Paris, Balona; liberal arts: grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy
What features characterized the basilicas of the late Roman Empire?
rectangular buildings with flat wooden roofs.
Monasticism
the practice of living the life of a monk
The _____ Controversy, which was initiated by a decree from Pope Gregory VII in 1075, ended in an 1122 compromise called the _____.
investiture; Concordat of worms
What was the most popular vernacular literature of the 1100s?
troubadour poetry
Interdict
a decree by the pope that forbade priests from giving the sacraments of the Church to the people
Triumvirate
a government by three people with equal power
Missionary
a person sent out to carry a religious message
Plague
an epidemic disease
What features characterized Romanesque churches?
arched vaulted roofs in the shape of a cross, massive pillars, thick walls, barrel vaults, not many windows
Consul
chief executive officer of the Roman Republic; two were elected each year to run the government and to lead the army into battle
Plebeian
in the Roman Republic, a social class made up of minor landholders, craftspeople, merchants, and small farmers
The Church's _____ sometimes used _____ to extract confessions of heresy and used executions to punish it.
inquisition; torture
What were the rights and responsibilities of lords?
look after the serfs and cannot harm them
What change in crop rotation increased farm yields?
they shifted from two-fields to three-fields
Epic Poem
A long poem that tells the deeds of a great hero, such as the Iliad or the Odyssey of Homer
The Crusades provided a backdrop for the persecution of _____, who suffered periodic _____, or defamatory statements, attacks, and expulsions.
Jews; livels
Christians also made _____ to shrines, the greatest of which, they believed, was the Holy City of _____.
pilgrimages; Jerusalem
Laity
regular church members
Knight
under feudalism, a member of the heavily armored cavalry
In the First Crusade, European Christians captured _____ in 1098. In June 1099, they reached _____ and killed many of its inhabitants.
Antioch; Jerusalem
In the Fourth Crusade, Western forces sacked _____ and destroyed the power of the _____ Empire.
Constantinople; Byzantine
Who initiated the Hundred Years' War, and how was it won?
King Phillip VI of France ceased the Duchy of Gascony from Edward III of England, military victories of Joan of ark
What benefits did guilds offer craftspeople?
it directed almost every aspect of the production process. standards of quality fixed prices and a certain number of people who participate
Bourgeoisie
the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
What was the status of medieval women?
Most were subservient to their husbands, but some could be very powerful
Infidel
an unbeliever; a term applied to the Muslims during the Crusades
Satrap
"Protector of the kingdom"; the governor of a province (satrapy) of the Persian Empire under Darius
Democracy
"The rule of many"; government by the people, either directly or through their elected representatives
Oligarchy
"The rule of the few"; a form of government in which a select group of people exercises control
Cuneiform
"Wedge-shaped," a system of writing developed by the Sumerians using a reed stylus to create wedge-shaped impressions on a clay tablet
How was the Carolingian Empire divided after Charlemagne's death in 814?
It divided into three major sections by the Kings grandsons. Western, Eastern Frankish Lands and the Middle Kingdom
Culture
The way of life a people follows
In return for fighting in the Crusade, the pope promised forgiveness of _____.
sins
What features characterized Gothic cathedrals?
tall soaring towers round ribbed vaults and pointed arches, supported by flying buttresses, thin walls and stain glass windows
What did King Louis XI do to strengthen the French monarchy?
talle;, reduced power of French nobles, new territory, promoted industry in commerce
Magna Carta
the "Great Charter" of rights, which King John was forced to sign by the English nobles at Runnymede in 1215
Caught up in disputes with _____ in Italy, and the _____ in German lands, the emperor had no real power in either part of his empire.
the Pope; German Lords
Heresy
the denial of basic Church doctrines
What is significant about the Song of Roland?
the earliest and best examples of the heroic ethic, a form of vernacular literature
What events in European Christianity st the stage for Martin Luther's reformation?
the great Schism, John Widcliffe, John Hus
Abbess
the head of a convent
Patriarch
the head of the Eastern Orthodox Church, originally appointed by the Byzantine emperor
Vernacular
the language of everyday speech in a particular region
Artisan
A skilled worker who makes products such as weapons and jewelry
Insulae
Roman apartment blocks constructed of concrete with wooden-beam floors
Procurator
in the Roman Empire, an official in charge of a province
Feudal contract
under feudalism, the unwritten rules that determined the relationship between a lord and his vassal
How did the concept of chivalry influence medieval life?
wanted people to defend the church and poor, respect women and captives
The Crusades were fought by knights who were motivated by the promise of _____ and _____ zeal.
wealth; religious
Dynasty
A family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family
Theocracy
A government established by divine authority
Expedition
A journey taken for a specific purpose
The _____ order of monks was one of the first to take their religion to people outside the monastery.
Cistercian
The abbess _____ was an important contributor to a type of music known as _____ chant.
Hildegard of Bingen; Gregorian
Ostracism
In ancient Athens, the process for temporarily banning ambitious politicians from the city by popular vote
Who owned the land that serfs farmed?
Lords
Stoicism
The school of thought developed by the teacher Zeno in Hellenistic Athens; it says that happiness can be achieved only when people gain inner peace by living in harmony with the will of God and that people should bear whatever life offers
Sacrament
a Christian rite
William of _____ conquered England in the year_____.
Normandy; 1066
How did the use of iron affect medieval farming?
helped make tools that came in handy
In the Middle Ages, the Church played a large role in everyday life; the _____ guided people from birth to death, and included baptism, the Eucharist, and marriage.
sacraments
Idolatry
the worship of a physical idol as a god
Inflation
a rapid increase in prices
Dictator
an absolute ruler
Where were Europe's main medieval trading centers?
Italian cities, towns in Flanders
Who were the nobility during the Middle ages?
Kings, Dukes, Counts, Barons, and Bishops
Theology
the study of religion and God
Phalanx
A wall of shields created by foot soldiers marching shoulder to shoulder in a rectangular formation
Empire
A large political unit or state, usually under a single leader, that controls many peoples or territories
Technology
A manner of accomplishing a task using technical processes, methods, or knowledge
Ziggurat
A massive stepped tower on which was built a temple dedicated to the chief god or goddess of a Sumerian city
Pastoral Nomad
A person who domesticates animals for food and clothing and moves along regular migratory routes to provide a steady source of nourishment for those animals
Tyrant
A ruler who seized power by force from the aristocrats, gained support from the newly rich and the poor, and maintained power by using hired soldiers and fighting tactics
Bureaucracy
An administrative organization that relies on nonelective officials and regular procedures
What were the consequences of the Black Death?
1/3 of the population of Europe will die, violence toward Jews, decline of trade, shortage of workers, benefits of peasants
In the year _____, the _____ recognized the rights and obligations of the King and Vassals.
1215; Magnacarda
City-State
A state with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside
Direct Democracy
A system of government in which the people participate directly in government decision making through mass meetings
Chariot
A two-wheeled horse-drawn battle cart, also used in processions and races
Th last two Crusades ended in France's defeat by _____. King Louis IX later died of the _____.
Baybar; plauge
The monastic leader _____ inspired leaders such as _____ of France to enter into a failed Second Crusade.
Bernard of Clairvaux; Louis VII
In what ways were knights central to feudalism?
Formed the backbone of the European aristocracy. They protected Europe.
_____ monks preached simplicity, took vows of poverty, and aided the poor, while _____ also lived in poverty and battled _____.
Franciscan; Dominicans; heresy
Who were the Norsemen, and what effect did they have on western Europe?
Germanic people (Vikings) who loved everything about Europe and invaded by destroying and building new things
Monarchy
Government by a sovereign ruler such as a king or queen
Oracle
In ancient Greece, a sacred shrine where a god or goddess was said to reveal the future through a priest or priestess
Helot
In ancient Sparta, a captive person who was forced to work for the conqueror
Arete
In early Greece, the qualities of excellence that a hero strives to win in a struggle or contest
Acropolis
In early Greek city-states, a fortified gathering place at the top of a hill that was sometimes the site of temples and public buildings
Agora
In early Greek city-states, an open area that served as a gathering place and as a market
Priest
In early urban civilizations, an important and powerful person who supervised rituals and aimed at pleasing the gods and goddesses
In the 1200's, Pope _____ used tools such as the _____ to bring the Church to the height of its political power.
Innocent III; interdict
What was the status of medieval Vassals?
Lords would give gifts of land which would honor them and their families. Landowners that served their Lords.
King Henry II expanded the power of the English_____; he strengthened the power of the royal _____ and struggled for power over the _____.
Monarchy; courts; catholic church
Ephor
One of the five men elected each year in ancient Sparta who were responsible for the education of youth and the conduct of all citizens
Some eastern Slavic peoples were converted to _____ by the missionary brothers, _____ and _____.
Orthodox Christianity; Cyril; Methodius
How did Feudalism develop?
People needed protection from the vikings so they turned to the noble people
King _____ fought English dominance and gained control of several French territories, King _____ was known for trying to bring justice to the people, and King _____ created a French parliament.
Phillip II Augustus; Louis IX; Philip IV
In 1187 Jerusalem fell to _____'s Muslim forces, prompting the _____ led at its end by _____, who negotiated a settlement that gave Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem.
Saladin; third crusade; Richard I
The _____ peoples of _____ Europe divided into three major groups, each of which formed new kingdoms.
Slavic; central
What caused the Great Schism?
The Italian and French Cardinals each elect their own pope / Gregory IX
Hellenistic Era
The age of Alexander the Great; period when the Greek language and ideas were carried to the non-Greek world
Polis
The early Greek city-state, consisting of a city or town and its surrounding countryside
Systematic Agriculture
The keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis
Socratic Method
The method of teaching used by the Greek philosopher Socrates; it employs a question-and-answer format to lead pupils to see things for themselves by using their own reason
How did increased trade give rise to commercial capitalism?
The money economy rose with the trade industry
Pharaoh
The most common of the various titles for ancient Egyptian monarchs; the term originally meant "great house" or "palace"
Epicureanism
The school of thought developed by the philosopher Epicurus in Hellenistic Athens; it held that happiness is the chief goal in life, and the means to achieve happiness was the pursuit of pleasure
The eastern Slavs who lived in present-day Ukraine and Russia were conquered by _____, who were in turn conquered by _____.
Vikings; Mongols
Icons
a conventional religious image typically painted on a small wooden panel and venerated itself as sacred by Eastern Christians
Republic
a form of government in which the leader is not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote
How does Chaucer's Canterbury Tales Provide both historical and literary insight into medieval England?
a group of 29 people that represented all the countries in Europe.
Bishopric
a group of Christian communities, or parishes, under the authority of a bishop
Monk
a man who separates himself from ordinary human society in order to dedicate himself to God; monks live in monasteries headed by abbots
Scholasticism
a medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason
What was the feudal contract?
a set of unwritten rules determining the relationship between Lord and Vassel
Patrician
a social class of wealthy, powerful landowners, they formed the ruling class in the Roman Republic
Common law
a uniform system of law that developed in England based on court decisions and on customs and usage rather than on written law codes; replaced law codes that varied from place to place
Nun
a woman who separates herself from ordinary human society in order to dedicate herself to God; nuns live in convents headed by abbesses
How did King Henry VII strengthen the English monarchy?
abolished private armies, didn't over-burden nobles, and middle class
Praetor
an official of the Roman Republic in charge of enforcing civil law
Relic
bones or other objects connected with saints; considered to be worthy of worship by the faithful
What was Anselm of Canterbury's most significant contribution to scholasticism?
demonstrate the truths of faith are compatible with reason
Serf
in medieval Europe, a peasant legally bound to the land who had to provide labor services, pay rents, and be subject to the lord's control
Manor
in medieval Europe, an agricultural estate that a lord ran and peasants worked
Chivalry
in the Middle Ages, the ideal of civilized behavior that developed among the nobility; it was a code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold
Paterfamilias
in the Roman social structure, the dominant male head of the household, which also included his wife, sons and their wives and children, unmarried daughters, and slaves
Parliament
in thirteenth-century England, the representative government that emerged; it was composed of two knights from every county, two people from every town, and all the nobles and bishops throughout England
How did Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologica attempt to reconcile Aristotle with Christian doctrine?
logic and scholarly investigation
Crusades
military expeditions carried out by European Christians in the Middle Ages to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims
Medieval popes controlled the _____ in Italy, and bishops were often _____ to nobles.
papal states; vassals
The establishment of the _____ brought representative government to England.
parliament
Feudalism
political and social order that developed during the Middle Ages when royal governments were no longer able to defend their subjects; nobles offered protection and land in return for service
The Crusades benefited some Italian _____ cities and helped cause the end of _____ and the emergence of nation-states.
port; feudalism
Medieval Christians dedicated churches to _____ and venerated _____, objects connected with saints.
saints; relics
Lay investiture
the practice by which secular rulers both chose nominees to church offices and gave them the symbols of their office
When did townspeople gain new rights, and why?
they needed freedom to trade, wanted their own laws and were willing to pay them; 1100
When the Carolingian Empire was divided in 843 into _____ sections, the western Frankish lands formed the kingdom of _____.
three; France
Fief
under feudalism, a grant of land made to a vassal; the vassal held political authority within his fief
Vassal
under feudalism, a man who served a lord in a military capacity