History Final Exam Part 1

By 1860, the majority of African Americans lived and worked as slaves in which of the following regions? A) Deep South B) Upper South C) Midwest D) Northeast

A

Children born in slave communities in the nineteenth-century South often shared which of these characteristics? A) They were named after family members. B) Children were removed from their families at age three. C) They were raised by their grandmothers. D) Children had few sources of support.

A

How did evangelical Christians spread religious revival during the Second Great Awakening? A) By holding large camp meetings B) By creating parochial schools C) By preaching the doctrine of original sin D) By using better-educated preachers

A

In his 1829 pamphlet, An Appeal . . . to the Colored Citizens of the World, David Walker did which of the following? A) He justified slave rebellion and warned white Americans that violence and retribution would come if justice were delayed. B) He appealed to the religious consciences of slaveholders to recognize slavery as being morally wrong. C) He approved of colonization programs to establish an African republic for freed American slaves. D) He urged slaves not to rebel but to seek comfort in their relationships and religious activities instead.

A

In their book American Slavery as It Is, Theodore Dwight Weld and the Grimké sisters A) presented testimony from individual southerners about the evils of slavery. B) refuted William Lloyd Garrison's position on the necessity of African colonization. C) openly criticized individuals who did not agree with their views on slavery. D) appealed to the economic interests of southerners by arguing that slavery was unprofitable.

A

The public movement for women's rights developed out of which of the following sources in the 1840s? A) The Second Great Awakening B) Mormonism C) The American Revolution D) The Oneida Community

A

Under the task system, slaves were required to A) complete a precisely defined job each day. B) perform the same repetitive tasks every day. C) train their children to take over their tasks when they grew up. D) punish their fellow slaves who did not perform adequately.

A

What prevented planter elites from exercising complete political dominance over the Cotton South in the 1830s and 1840s? A) They lived in a republican society with democratic institutions that elicited input from all white men. B) The Cotton Revolution increased resentment on the part of poor whites toward planters' power and position. C) Plantation management required so much of their time that many planters had to refrain from political service. D) The emergence of a new class of wealthy industrial elites in the South checked their power.

A

What was the purpose of the Female Moral Reform Society, which middle-class New York women founded in 1834? A) To provide moral guidance for young, working women who were living away from their families B) To create new opportunities for male and female reformers to work together as equals in the same organization C) To create a network of schools to train young, middle-class women in manners and morals D) To condemn prostitution and punish young women who participated in urban prostitution

A

Which concept promoted by the Second Great Awakening reinforced its push for societal reform? A) Free moral agency B) The importance of group prayer meetings C) Nativism D) Evangelism

A

Which of the following attributes of American society did the planter aristocracy in the South value highly in the mid-nineteenth century? A) Inequality B) Egalitarian society C) Professional politicians D) Universal suffrage

A

Which of the following examples embodied the synthesis of African and American culture that existed in the South in the 1850s? A) Black evangelical Christianity B) The success of slave resistance C) Black and white children playing together D) Sexual relations between slave women and their masters

A

Which of the following is true of free blacks in the South? A) They became the backbone of the South's urban artisan workforce. B) Their numbers decreased between 1800 and 1860. C) Most free African Americans distanced themselves from the masses of impoverished slaves. D) Most of them were forced to emigrate to the North because they were viewed as a threat to slavery.

A

Which of the following pairs is properly matched? A) Benjamin Banneker—mathematician and surveyor; helped lay out Washington, D.C. B) Horace King—won praise for his portraiture C) Joshua Johnston—wealthy businessman D) Paul Cuffee—accused of slave revolt

A

Which of the following statements characterizes the planter elite of the Upper South in the early and mid-1800s? A) Many elite planters considered themselves benevolent masters. B) Tidewater planters frequently questioned the morality of the domestic slave trade. C) Planters' embrace of republicanism weakened plantation aristocracy. D) Rice planters, in particular, valued Jeffersonian republican simplicity.

A

Which of the following statements is true about William Lloyd Garrison? A) He attacked the U.S. Constitution because it condoned slavery. B) He was motivated by political, not religious, concerns. C) Garrison believed violence was an acceptable means for ending American slavery. D) Garrison called for the institution of gradual abolition in all states.

A

Which of these statements describes Southern rice planters of the mid-nineteenth century? A) They were at the apex of the plantation aristocracy. B) Rice planters avoided selling slaves or working slaves harshly. C) Rice planters occupied the bottom rung of the plantation aristocracy. D) They lived only in the Upper South.

A

Which of these statements most accurately describes the experiences of free blacks in the early nineteenth-century United States? A) Most held low-wage jobs as farmworkers, day laborers, or laundresses. B) They constituted a majority of the African American population in the South by 1820. C) Many free blacks would have settled in Africa had they been able to afford the trip. D) Most northern states passed laws banning free blacks from owning or running a business.

A

Which statement characterizes the typical relationship between slaves and their masters in the 1850s? A) Slaves were investments and therefore were generally provided with clothes, shelter, and enough food to keep them healthy. B) White women felt so guilty about their husbands' transgressions with female slaves that they treated those slave women with extra kindness. C) Accounts of sexual contact between masters and their slaves were greatly exaggerated and rarely occurred. D) Tobacco planters in Virginia usually treated their slaves more harshly than Mississippi cotton planters.

A

Which were the two fastest-growing American church denominations during the early nineteenth century? A) Baptists and Methodists B) Lutherans and Presbyterians C) Presbyterians and Episcopalians D) Episcopalians and Congregationalists

A

Why did many northern wage earners not support abolition in the mid-eighteenth century? A) Wageworkers feared that freed blacks would work for lower wages and compete for jobs. B) The northerners supported slavery only because of the belief of black inferiority. C) They were interested in maintaining the English Protestant society of the North. D) They did not want the Baptists beliefs held by many slaves to spread to the North.

A

Why did the United States decline to annex Texas in 1837? A) President Van Buren feared that annexation would spark an American civil war over the issue of slavery. B) Texans refused to legalize slavery, which was the only condition on which southern politicians would accept Texan statehood. C) President Van Buren could not convince the Whig-dominated Senate to accept the treaty. D) The U.S. Congress refused annexation because it did not want to assume Texas' large Mexican population.

A

Abolitionist leaders used which of the following in their crusade to end slavery in the middle of the 1800s? A) Lecture tours demanding the end of the international slave trade B) Aid to fugitive slaves C) Continuous demonstrations against slavery outside the White House D) Financial support for free blacks willing to foment rebellion in the South

B

As a result of Turner's Rebellion, the Virginia legislature did which of the following in the 1830s? A) It refused to even consider a bill providing for gradual emancipation and colonization. B) It debated but rejected a bill providing for gradual emancipation and colonization. C) It adopted a resolution supporting the colonization of all of Virginia's free blacks. D) It called on slave owners to treat their slaves more humanely in order to prevent future slave rebellions.

B

During the 1840s, American women's rights activists focused on which of the following goals? A) Challenging the conventional division of labor within the family B) Strengthening the legal rights of married women C) Making it easier for married women to file for divorce D) Educating women about birth control and abortion

B

Efforts by women reformers to regulate sexual behavior resulted in laws in Massachusetts and New York that did which of the following? A) Banned the manufacture, distribution, and sale of birth control devices B) Made seduction of women a crime C) Banned the common practice of abortion D) Made solicitation of prostitutes a crime

B

Horace Mann and Catharine Beecher were both actively involved in which of the following movements in the 1840s? A) Prison reform B) Educational reform C) Temperance D) Abolition

B

In the early 1800s, free blacks in the North were encouraged to "elevate" themselves through which of the following activities? A) Legal reform B) Temperance C) Political activism D) Forming friendships with whites

B

In the election of 1840, Whigs boosted their electoral hopes by appealing to which of the following groups? A) Irish immigrants B) Women C) Wealthy Northern businessmen D) Freemasons

B

In the nineteenth-century South, free blacks lived primarily A) in rural Mississippi. B) in the coastal cities and the Upper South. C) in Tennessee. D) near the Texas border.

B

In which of the following ways did evangelical religions in the South evolve during the first decades of the nineteenth century? A) After initially rejecting black converts, white Southern Methodists and Baptists began to welcome them into their churches. B) They began by preaching spiritual equality but gradually adopted a message that justified white patriarchal authority. C) These denominations were dominated by white men during the first years of the revival, but women gradually became a substantial majority. D) Evangelical Southerners initially embraced original sin but over time came to preach the message of universal salvation.

B

Mob violence against abolitionist efforts in the 1830s and 1840s was A) confined to border and southern cities such as Baltimore, St. Louis, and Nashville. B) often directed against "respectable" black organizations such as churches and against orphanages. C) directed only at free black communities and the homes of prominent abolitionists. D) responsible for the deaths of hundreds of abolitionists and free blacks during this period.

B

President Martin Van Buren responded to the Panic of 1837 by A) revoking Andrew Jackson's Specie Circular of 1836. B) adopting a hands-off, limited-government stance. C) instituting an extensive public works program. D) depositing government gold and silver from private banks

B

Smallholding planters in the nineteenth-century South owned about how many slaves, on average? A) None B) One to five C) Eight to ten D) Fifteen to twenty

B

The Second Great Awakening deeply influenced American culture and society by A) reinforcing the Calvinist doctrine of predestination. B) promoting the ideas of human reason and free will. C) increasing respect for hierarchical authority in American churches. D) increasing the intellectual power of Protestant preaching.

B

The U.S. federal government participated in the expansion of slavery during the early to mid-1800s through which of the following? A) The American Colonization Society B) The Indian Removal Act C) The international slave trade D) The inland system

B

The cotton boom that began in the 1810s set which of the following results in motion? A) A wave of European immigration to the SouthB) The redistribution of the African American populationC) The beginnings of a manumission movement in the South D) An increase in the legal importation of slaves

B

What was the gag rule passed by the House of Representatives in 1836? A) It suspended the writ of habeas corpus for any abolitionist speaker arrested for violating antiabolitionist laws. B) The policy automatically tabled and prevented discussion of any antislavery petitions received by the House. C) It prevented southern politicians from giving proslavery speeches on the floor of the House. D) The rule made it a federal crime to distribute abolitionist tracts in any state where slavery was legal.

B

Which of the following individuals went to jail rather than pay taxes in support of the Mexican War and slavery? A) Ralph Waldo Emerson B) Henry David Thoreau C) William Lloyd Garrison D) Sarah Grimké

B

Which of the following made the Oregon Territory so appealing to Americans in the mid-1800s? A) Its proximity to California B) Its mild climate and rich soil C) The absence of Native Americans in the area D) The transcontinental railroad terminus there

B

Which of the following methods was a highly uncommon form of slave resistance in the slave South? A) Feigning illness B) Large-scale uprisings C) Running away D) Individual acts of violence

B

Which of the following statements characterizes blacks' resistance to slavery by the 1820s? A) Most slaves still clung to the hope of returning to Africa. B) In their situation, most blacks had no choice but to build the best possible lives for themselves. C) The frequency of escape to Spanish Florida and the frontier increased. D) Many slaves planned or participated in revolts, knowing that some would be successful.

B

Which of the following statements characterizes the presidential campaign of 1840? A) Whig organizers pinned their hopes on clear explanations of the American System and on the voters' desire for national moral purification. B) The Whigs' campaign was a carnival of speeches, parades, and mass meetings to demonstrate the man-of-the-people qualities of their presidential candidate. C) The Democrats outdid the Whigs by presenting Martin Van Buren as the true man of the people, in the tradition of Andrew Jackson. D) Big businesses and labor unions contributed large sums of money to the candidates for the first time in American history.

B

Which of the following statements describes the class of propertyless whites living in the South in the mid-nineteenth century? A) Propertyless whites directly benefited from the institution of slavery. B) They worked hard physical jobs as day laborers and enjoyed little respect from other whites. C) Planters courted their loyalty by providing gifts and small favors to their families. D) Propertyless whites were free but lived in conditions worse than that of many slaves.

B

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between the economies of the North and the South in the mid-nineteenth century? A) Both the South and the North had equally strong economies in 1860. B) The wealth of the industrializing Northeast was increasing more quickly than that of the South. C) Southerners' wealth in slaves made the South's economy ten times stronger than the North's. D) The economy of the North was stronger and more prosperous than that of the South.

B

Which of the following statements was true of the American South in 1860? A) Most slaves lived in the Upper South. B) The vast majority of southern white families did not own any slaves. C) Most slaves did not have stable families. D) Most whites in the South who did not own slaves were opposed to slavery.

B

Which of the following was a result of the Second Great Awakening? A) Churches split into warring factions. B) Different denominations cooperated with one another. C) Americans turned their backs on the poor. D) The gulf between American politics and religion widened further.

B

Which of the following were core institutions for African American society in the mid- nineteenth-century South? A) Marriage and resistance movements B) Church and family C) The American Anti-Slavery Society and Christianity D) Friendships and kinship

B

Which of these factors made enslaved African Americans reluctant to attempt to escape to the North? A) Slaves internalized their inferiority and felt incapable of successful flight. B) They hesitated to leave their families and communities behind. C) Slaves' embrace of the Golden Rule led them to treat their masters well. D) They knew that the civil war and abolitionism would come sooner rather than later.

B

Which of these statements describes the planter aristocrats who lived in the cotton- growing regions of the South in the mid-nineteenth century? A) Cotton planters consciously rejected the luxurious lifestyles adopted by the rice- growing aristocracy. B) Aristocratic planters took the lead in defending slavery as a benevolent social system. C) Planter aristocrats in the Cotton Belt emphasized the hypocrisy of their Chesapeake counterparts. D) Cotton-planting aristocrats increasingly avoided interference in the lives of their slaves.

B

Why was the domestic slave trade crucial to the southern economy? A) The trade provided Native American slaves to the southern economy. B) The trade provided tens of thousands of new workers to build plantations. C) It provided a new source of income for Virginians who had abandoned tobacco cultivation. D) The trade encouraged thousands of free blacks to move to the Lower South.

B

African Americans who converted to Christianity during the Second Great Awakening embraced which of the following teachings? A) The doctrine of original sin B) Calvinist predestination C) God as the liberator of the Jews D) Unthinking obedience to authority

C

Americans who migrated to the Oregon Territory in the 1840s settled in which of these regions? A) Puget Sound B) Columbia River V alley C) Willamette Valley D) The city of Independence

C

By the early 1840s, Garrison and his supporters in the American Anti-Slavery Society had transformed their agenda in which of the following ways? A) They softened their rhetoric in an effort to end pro-slavery activists' violent attacks on lecturers. B) The group joined the Tappan brothers and Theodore Weld to form the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. C) They advocated a broad-based reform program, embracing women's rights as well as the rights of American blacks. D) The group decided that working for abolitionism within existing institutions was more effective than creating new ones.

C

Charles Grandison Finney found success as a young revivalist preacher in the 1820s by emphasizing which of the following issues in his sermons? A) Workers' need for higher wages B) Poor children's need for better schools C) The importance of personal conversion D) Religious justifications for slavery

C

In the cotton-growing regions of the South, which of the following was true of the gang- labor system of work? A) It allowed slaves to work individually and at their own pace. B) The labor system was primarily used on plantations with twenty or fewer slaves. C) Gang-labor depended upon the work of white overseers and black drivers. D) The system controlled slave laborers without the use of violent discipline or punishment.

C

Many African American slaves who converted to Christianity compared themselves to which of the following groups? A) Native Americans B) Mormons C) Jews D) The Irish

C

Mid-nineteenth-century publications such as Godey's Lady's Book and Catharine Beecher's Treatise on Domestic Economy did which of the following? A) Advocated women's right to vote and hold elected offices B) Promoted the notion that higher education would make women better mothers C) Emphasized the social importance of homemaking and domesticity D) Promoted less restrictive feminine clothing to protect women's health

C

The notion of slavery as a "necessary evil" and a "positive good" was supported by which idea? A) In a slave-owning society, every free man is an aristocrat. B) Slavery gave whites the psychological satisfaction of knowing they ranked above blacks. C) Slavery allowed a civilized lifestyle for whites and cared for genetically inferior blacks. D) Whites educated and Christianized slaves in return for their love, labor, and loyalty.

C

What was the Second Great Awakening that took place in the United States in the nineteenth century? A) A wave of educational reforms in the early republic inspired by Thomas Grimké B) The republican cultural and intellectual movement inspired by Thomas Jefferson C) A long-lasting religious revival that made the United States a genuinely religious society D) The nationalistic cultural backlash that demonstrated a rejection of English cultural supremacy

C

Which factor led to planters' need to smuggle slaves into the country rather than import them legally? A) A Supreme Court ruling B) State legislation C) Congressional legislation D) Missouri's application for statehood

C

Which of the following areas is correctly matched with its primary crop? A) Chesapeake—rice B) Carolina low country—hemp C) Louisiana—sugar D) Kentucky and Tennessee—cotton

C

Which of the following characterizes the plantation labor system of the southern cotton industry? A) Native Americans formed an important subgroup of southern plantation laborers. B) Immigrants formed an important subgroup of southern plantation laborers. C) African American slaves worked from sunup to sundown all year long. D) African American slaves were unable to escape the labor system due to planter violence.

C

Which of the following describe John Tyler and his presidency? A) He had become famous as a hero during the War of 1812. B) Tyler was a longtime supporter of the American system. C) He so angered Whigs that he was kicked out of the party while president. D) Tyler's presidency faithfully upheld Harrison's priorities.

C

Which of the following statements characterizes the American party system by the early 1840s? A) As the 1840 election demonstrated, the Whigs clearly held the edge in party discipline and mass loyalty. B) The two parties offered nearly the same social and economic platform but employed differing campaign styles to attract voters. C) The practice of Americans voting for a particular party along ethnic and religious lines began to emerge. D) The Democrats had a major advantage in their wealth and the cohesiveness of their leadership and support.

C

Which of the following statements characterizes the domestic slave trade in the nineteenth century? A) The market for domestic slaves declined during the early 1800s. B) The domestic slave trade was outlawed by Congress in 1807. C) The domestic market brought wealth to American traders. D) It included thousands of Native Americans held as slaves.

C

Which of the following statements characterizes the relationship between church and state in postrevolutionary America? A) Most citizens believed that government and politics should be completely free from the influence of religious beliefs. B) The Baptist Church led the campaign for state protection and funding of all Christian denominations. C) Most states continued to support churches indirectly by not taxing their property or ministers' incomes. D) By 1786, the Anglican Church of Virginia was the only example of an established church in any state.

C

Which of the following was a result of the Turner Rebellion of the 1830s?A) The rebels won their freedom.B) A national convention of African American activists met in Philadelphia. C) Tougher slave codes and restrictions were implemented.D) Rioting erupted in northern cities.

C

Which of these factors contributed to the development of an increasingly homogenous African American culture in the rural South in the nineteenth century? A) Marriage patterns B) Kinship relations C) The domestic slave trade D) The development of the Gullah dialect

C

Which of these factors created a major economic obstacle for small, family farmers aiming to improve their lot in the mid-nineteenth-century South? A) Competition from immigrant labor B) Export taxes on their products C) The cotton revolution D) Poor distribution networks

C

Which of these factors explained the surplus of slaves in the Chesapeake region in the early nineteenth century? A) Chesapeake planters' hesitancy to work their slaves too hard B) The profitability of the international slave trade C) Population growth through natural reproduction D) The rapid contraction of the region's tobacco market

C

Which of these factors prompted many plantation masters to reduce reliance on violence and adopt positive incentives to motivate slaves in the 1830s and 1840s? A) Christian values B) Domestic ideology C) Abolitionist scrutiny D) Frequent mass uprisings

C

Who founded the Liberty Party in 1840? A) William Lloyd Garrison, after he broke with most of the other abolitionist leaders B) Theodore Dwight Weld, who sought to unify the antislavery movement C) Antislavery leaders who had broken with Garrison D) Proslavery advocates in both the North and the South

C

From 1818 until the early 1840s, the Oregon Territory was administered under which of the following arrangements? A) The Oregon Territory was a British protectorate. B) It was a no man's land not formally claimed by any government. C) Russia controlled the territory as part of its Alaska claim. D) Great Britain and the United States controlled it jointly.

D

How did planters attempt to resolve a labor crisis in the cotton South in the early nineteenth century? A) By refusing to take part illegally in the international slave trade B) By resorting to buying slaves from the British in Canada C) By beginning to import European peasant immigrants as servants D) By buying domestic slaves from the Chesapeake region

D

How did women participate in the abolition movement in the mid-eighteenth century? A) Female abolitionists often discussed issues of slavery among themselves, but they had limited involvement in the movement. B) Women were not active in the abolition movement. C) Women interested in abolition attended meetings with their husbands but did not actively participate in the societies. D) Women abolitionists established influential groups such as the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society.

D

In its campaign to end slavery, the American Anti-Slavery Society embraced which of the following tactics? A) Smuggling weapons to slaves for use in an eventual uprising B) Purchasing and freeing slaves threatened with a sale that would break up their families C) Mounting civil disobedience actions and mass demonstrations to protest slavery D) Sponsoring public lectures and collecting signatures on antislavery petitions

D

Slaves' practice of "taking root" involved which of the following? A) Cultivating their own food crops in small yards after their workday B) Adopting American culture and rejecting African influences C) Forming fictive kinship relationships for social support D) Building the best possible lives for themselves as slaves

D

The domestic slave trade affected the African American family unit before 1865 by A) destroying the sense of family. B) separating adults but not children from their families. C) destroying 75 percent of black marriages. D) separating family members through sale and trade.

D

What did nineteenth-century American expansionists mean by the term Manifest Destiny? A) Americans were culturally equal to the native and Hispanic populations to the west. B) The western boundaries of the United States should stop at the Rocky Mountains. C) Protestantism and the American form of government should be established in Mexico. D) The citizens of the United States had a God-given right to conquer the land to the Pacific Ocean.

D

What prevented white southerners from working to diversify their economy in the nineteenth century? A) Southerners did not want to exploit white workers economically. B) Wealthy southern investors believed agricultural labor was more virtuous than industrial labor. C) Southerners resisted railroad construction because they believed it would divide large landholdings. D) Wealthy planters believed that the plantation economy would continue to produce wealth indefinitely.

D

Which of the following describes the changes in slaves' living conditions in the early nineteenth century? A) Sexual abuse of black women increased because white males on the southwestern frontier knew the law would not punish them. B) Blacks lost the few work privileges they had gained in the eighteenth century, especially in the lowlands of South Carolina. C) Mutilations of black men increased as whites sought to deter runaways and slave revolts. D) As blacks formed stronger social, family, and cultural ties, they resisted the breakup of families through sale by their owners.

D

Which of the following statements characterizes African American marriage customs in the slave South? A) Marriage between cousins was very common among plantation slaves. B) African American marriage customs imitated those of white Christians. C) Many slaves married and moved into their own cabins without their white owners' permission. D) Slave couples often followed the African custom of "jumping the broom" to signify their union.

D

Which of the following statements describes the institution of slavery in the nineteenth- century South? A) The percentage of white slave-owning families continually increased between 1800 and 1860. B) Throughout the nineteenth century, most white southerners owned some slaves. C) Slave gangs proved to be less efficient than those who worked more independently. D) About 5 percent of southern whites owned 50 percent of the South's slave population.

D

Which of these concepts became a central tenet of slave Christianity in the South in the nineteenth century? A) Predestination B) Original sin C) Obedience to authority D) All people as children of God

D

Which of these groups accounted for the largest percentage of the white population in the mid-nineteenth-century Cotton South? A) Plantation owners B) Middling planters C) Yeoman farmers D) Tenant farmers and day laborers

D

Why did Harriet Beecher Stowe pen her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, which was published in 1852? A) She wanted to promote African colonization as the best solution to the evils of slavery. B) She wanted women to leave any church that did not preach against slavery. C) She wanted more white Northern women to join abolitionist societies. D) Stowe sought to depict slavery as degrading to slave women.

D

Why did a labor crisis develop in the Cotton South in the first few decades of the 1800s? A) Americans sent thousands of slaves to Africa, creating a shortage of slave labor. B) Disease killed tens of thousands of slaves every year in the Deep South. C) Patriot planters had gradually emancipated their slaves after the Revolutionary War. D) Planters heading west needed many new slaves to clear, plant, and harvest the land.

D