History Midterm
Americans began to buy their clothes almost exclusively from stores.
How did American fashion change from the early to the late nineteenth century?
appeal to city-dwellers' nostalgia for the countryside
Real estate developers created suburban communities that would ______.
three major groups of Republicans that were divided in their approach to the issue
Reconstruction was politically controlled by ______.
American Jewish leaders adopted __________ Judaism to make their faith less "foreign" to the dominant culture.
Reform
giving them access to information in their own languages
Settling in ethnic communities helped immigrants adjust to life in the United States by ______.
buffalo
Some Plains Indians lived a sedentary life as farmers, but others subsisted on hunting ______, which provided the economic basis for Plains Indians' way of life.
Californios
The Hispanic residents of California in the nineteenth century were known as ______.
move all Plains peoples onto two large reservations
The Indian Peace Commission proposed that the government ______.
undermining support for Reconstruction policies
The Panic of 1873 affected Reconstruction by ______.
Why did the actions of the Sioux at Little Bighorn ultimately fail?
The Sioux lacked the political organization or supplies to keep their troops united.
Fourteenth
The ______ Amendment guarantees citizenship to everyone born in the United States.
new employment opportunities
The consumer economy had which effect on women?
Which statements about Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) are correct?
The first HBCU was opened by a Quaker philanthropist in Pennsylvania. Every Southern Reconstruction government founded at least one HBCU. Most HBCUs opened in the South in the decades after the Civil War.
False
The rise of consumerism had little impact on the lives of American women, T/F?
journalists
The term muckraker was reserved for progressive-era ______.
What was an advantage department stores had over other stores?
They made shopping alluring and glamorous.
Which statement best describes where the middle class tended to live in late-nineteenth-century urban areas?
They moved to the edges of the city to find less expensive land.
founded by social worker Jane Addams
Which of the following accurately describes Hull House, the most famous of the settlement houses?
+ It banned Chinese in the United States from becoming naturalized citizens. + It resulted in a dramatic decline in the Chinese population in the United States.
Which of the following are true of the Chinese Exclusion Act?
economic pressure, such as refusals to rent land or extend credit
Which of the following describes the greatest obstacle faced by African Americans in asserting their rights during Reconstruction?
veterans of the Union Army who viewed the South as a promising frontier
Which of the following describes the majority of white Northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction?
dishonest political appointees
Which of the following describes typical agents of the Bureau of Indian Affairs?
Tennessee
Which state accepted the offer of the Radical Republicans to readmit to the Union any state whose legislature ratified the Fourteenth Amendment?
It was seen by many in the United States government as a plan to save Native American groups.
Which statement about the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 is true?
It failed.
Which statement best characterizes the effort to reform land ownership in the South during Reconstruction?
Immigrants to other countries tended to come from only one or two other nations.
Which statement best describes how late-nineteenth-century immigrants to the United States differed from immigrants to other countries?
They had no possessions except for the clothes they wore.
Which statement best describes the economic status of most formerly enslaved people at the end of the Civil War?
They moved to the edges of the city to find less expensive land.
Which statement best describes where the middle class tended to live in late-nineteenth-century urban areas?
They built homes in exclusive areas close to downtown.
Which statement best describes where the wealthy tended to live in late-nineteenth-century urban areas?
They wished to advance their own social status.
Which statement best identifies why the wealthy contributed to building public spaces in urban centers?
After designing New York's _______ Park, Olmsted and Vaux created parks for several other major cities.
central
The new ________stores, some in nation-wide networks, offered a wider array of goods at lower prices than small local stores.
chain
The women's clubs of the progressive era generally began as ______.
cultural organizations for women from the middle and upper classes
consumerism
A society interested in buying goods is practicing ______.
obtain land of their own.
After the Civil War, many formerly enslaved people sought to:
the East
After the Civil War, most new settlers to the West came from ______.
Mexican aristocracy
After the mission society collapsed in the 1830s, who emerged as leaders west of the Sierra mountains?
Chinese laborers accepting lower wages
Anti-Chinese activities in the latter part of the nineteenth century were the result of the resentment of white workers toward ______.
Nursing became a female profession. Black women were sought after for teaching at segregated schools.
As professional organizations grew more common, what changes took place in women's professions?
were split, with some arguing for assimilation and others for immigration restrictions
As the nation's immigrant population grew, progressives ______.
the possibilities of applying the principles of natural and social sciences
At the turn of the twentieth century, progressive activists believed in ______.
In the immediate aftermath of the Civil War, Southern states enacted laws known as the ________ _________ to maintain white Southerners' power over formerly enslaved people.
Black codes
electric trolleys and cable cars subways elevated railroads suspension bridges
By 1900, the transportation systems of American cities included which of the following?
country stores
During Reconstruction, most poor rural Southerners relied on credit from ______.
large cities
Early department stores in the United States tended to be in ______.
to restore peaceful local self-government
For what reason, described in his inaugural address, did President Hayes withdraw troops from Southern states and allow white Democrats to take over Southern state governments?
Among the casualties at the Battle of Little Bighorn was a man known for his skirmishes with Native Americans. Who was this man?
George Custer
What legislation provided for the gradual elimination of most indigenous land claims and allotted tracts of land to individual owners?
the Dawes Severalty Act
Which groups were key supporters of educational reform in the South during Reconstruction?
the Freedmen's Bureau Black Southerners Northern philanthropic organizations
Women's clubs played a major role in efforts to achieve which of the following?
+ regulate the food and drug industries + regulate the conditions of child labor + outlaw the manufacture of alcohol
Benefits to formerly enslaved people during Reconstruction included ______.
+suffrage for Black men under the Fifteenth Amendment +the creation and strengthening of Black institutions +U.S. citizenship under the Fourteenth Amendment
assimilation
By only selling American products, non-ethnic merchants encouraged immigrants to accept American diets, clothing, and lifestyles, thus advancing the process of _____.
After designing New York's ______ Park, Olmsted and Vaux created parks for several other major cities.
Central
Which two individuals were leaders of the Radical Republicans?
Charles Sumner Thaddeus Stevens
The first civil rights Act
Congress overrode Johnson's veto in order to enact ______, which declared Black Americans citizens of the United States.
the first Civil Rights Act
Congress overrode Johnson's veto in order to enact ______, which declared Black Americans citizens of the United States.
The immigrants settled in cities. Ethnic ties had to compete with the desire for assimilation. Most of the immigrants were young.
Despite the differences in the various immigrant communities, virtually all groups had certain characteristics in common, including which of the following?
They lost their land and were forced into poverty and unskilled labor.
How did U.S. expansion to California affect most members of the Mexican aristocracy in the region?
They left plantations, looking for a better life elsewhere.
How did many former enslaved people respond to the end of the Civil War?
It gave settlers land for a small fee in exchange for occupying and improving the land.
How did the Homestead Act encourage migration to the West?
They were forced into low-paying labor jobs.
How did the role of Mexicans change in late-nineteenth-century New Mexico?
in clusters or neighborhoods
Immigrants to U.S. cities tended to settle ______.
Which statement best describes how late-nineteenth-century immigrants to the United States differed from immigrants to other countries?
Immigrants to other countries tended to come from only one or two other nations.
levied a tax on foreign miners
In 1852, to exclude the Chinese from mining, the California legislature ______.
local and regional autonomy; independence from white control
In 1865, white Southerners defined freedom as ______, and Black Southerners defined freedom as ______.
urban areas
In 1920 it was revealed that for the first time, the majority of Americans lived in ______.
construction of an expensive new transportation hub in Georgia
In order to accept Hayes as president, Southern Democrats required all the following concessions except ______.
designed to limit the political power and mobility of Black Americans
In the 1860s, the Black Codes were ______.
taking advantage of government acts such as the Timber Culture Act
In the 1870s, many Western settlers expanded their landholdings by ______.
railroads
In the 1880s and 1890s, more white Americans entered the Southwest, largely due to the expansion of the region's ______.
encouraged the planting of cash crops
In the South, the crop-lien system ______.
crop-lien
In the ______ system of credit, merchants charged farmers exorbitant prices, which the farmers could not pay, and then demanded a lien on the farmers' crops as collateral.
technological advances in mass production and transportation made more consumer goods available, and at a lower cost
In the late 1800s and the early 1900s, Americans bought more consumer products in part because ______.
left rural areas for growing Eastern and Midwestern cities
In the late nineteenth century, Americans ______.
mass transit
In the later part of the nineteenth century, urban growth made ________ a necessity.
2,500
In the twentieth century, urban areas were defined as communities of more than ______.
Congress's response to the South's discriminatory laws included which of the following?
It passed the first Civil Rights Act.
cooks janitors domestic servants
It was most common to find urban Black people working which jobs in the late nineteenth century?
eugenics
Many progressive supporters of immigration restrictions justified their views by appealing to ______, a field that involved grading ethnic groups according to their alleged genetic qualities.
+ offer credit at outrageously high interest rates + pressure farmers into putting their farms up as collateral for loans
Most local stores in the South had no competition and thus were able to ______.
have local autonomy without federal government interference
Most white Southerners expected the postwar South would ______.
exposing corruption in businesses and government
Muckrakers such as Ida Tarbell and Lincoln Steffens were best known for ______.
fundamentally reforming land ownership in the South
Multiple Choice Question What was a major goal of the Freedmen's Bureau that it failed to achieve?
the Panic of 1873 the growing political strength of Democrats the adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment perceptions of Black-and-carpetbag misgovernment in the South
National support for Reconstruction was undermined by ______.
maintained close ties with their home countries
Once they immigrated to the United States, many immigrants ______.
prominence of women in reform movements
One of the most striking features of progressivism was the ______.
work toward social cohesion limit monopolies and concentrated power
Progressives believed that society should ______.
Which statement is most true of immigrants who settled in cities where their nationalities were predominant, such as the Irish in New York and the Germans in Milwaukee?
They were able to exert political power.
an amendment to the Constitution
Through what means was the right to vote extended to women throughout the country?
In reality, Reconstruction in general did not negatively affect the lives of Southern white elites.
True
The Compromise of 1877 effectively ended Reconstruction.
True.
equal protection of state and federal laws
Under the Fourteenth Amendment, American citizens received ______.
the Black population was a majority or the two races were almost equal
Use of intimidation and violence to undermine Reconstruction regimes was most intense in states where ______.
communal property ownership
What cornerstone of Native American culture was directly destroyed by the Dawes Severalty Act?
+disenfranchisement of a large number of white Southerners +confiscation of the property of wealthy Southerners who aided the Confederacy, and redistribution of land to those freed from slavery +protection of Black civil rights
What did the Radical Republicans believe should be conditions for the readmission of seceded states?
public institutions such as schools
What helped to ensure the assimilation of late-nineteenth-century immigrants?
the Dawes Severalty Act
What legislation provided for the gradual elimination of most indigenous land claims and allotted tracts of land to individual owners?
fundamentally reforming land ownership in the South
What was a major goal of the Freedmen's Bureau that it failed to achieve?
Chinese immigrants already in the United States could not become U.S. citizens.
What was one provision of the Chinese Exclusion Act?
to mobilize the power of female consumers to improve working conditions
What was the purpose of the National Consumers League?
True
When Chinese immigrants first arrived in the American West, they were welcomed by most white Americans.
the passage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments
Which achievement of Reconstruction was the most important to the lives of future generations of Black Americans?
+harassing and employing violence against Black people's attempts at political mobilization +using terrorism to prevent Black Americans from voting
Which activities were undertaken by groups such as the Ku Klux Klan, the Knights of the White Camellia, the Red Shirts, and the White League to undermine Reconstruction?
immigration
Which factor most accounted for the increase in urban populations in the half century after the Civil War?
completion of the transcontinental railroad pasture lands for cattle and sheep promise of gold and silver deposits federal government land policies
Which factors encouraged Western settlement in the nineteenth century?
Conservative Republicans
Which group thought that Southern states should only need to accept abolition before being readmitted to the Union?
They were able to exert political power.
Which statement is most true of immigrants who settled in cities where their nationalities were predominant, such as the Irish in New York and the Germans in Milwaukee?
technological innovations mass production techniques rising incomes
Which three of the following most contributed to the growing consumerism in the United States?
population increases the slowness of horsecars
Which two factors prompted cities to build mass transportation networks in the late nineteenth century?
the slowness of horsecars population increases
Which two factors prompted cities to build mass transportation networks in the late nineteenth century?
carpetbaggers
White people from the North that moved to the South during Reconstruction, many of them veterans, were known as ______.
wealthy residents
Who contributed most to the development of public buildings like museums and theaters?
Eugene V. Debs, Socialist Party
Who ran for president several times on the Socialist Party of America's ticket?
working-class wives and mothers industrial employers political reformers critics of economic privilege
Who supported temperance in the progressive era? Multiple select question. Catholic immigrants
Why did large-scale efforts to redistribute land in the South ultimately fail?
Why did large-scale efforts to redistribute land in the South ultimately fail?
to escape poverty and oppression
Why did many Black Americans move from rural to urban areas in the late 1800s?
to create an antidote to urban congestion
Why did urban leaders begin to arrange for the creation of city parks?
White people became jealous of the Chinese who prospered, especially in the gold mines.
Why did white opinion of Chinese immigrants change during the 1850s?
The Sioux army united an almost unprecedented number of warriors.
Why is the Battle of Little Bighorn significant?
Most people of the time believed that women were not suited for the public world.
Why was the role of women in progressive reform movements so striking?
fifteenth
With the 1870 passage of the ______ Amendment, which gave all male citizens the right to vote, many reformers felt that their campaign on behalf of Black Americans was over because the vote allowed them to take care of themselves.
Real estate developers created suburban communities that would ______.
appeal to city-dwellers' nostalgia for the countryside
What did the Radical Republicans believe should be conditions for the readmission of seceded states?
disenfranchisement of a large number of white Southerners protection of Black civil rights confiscation of the property of wealthy Southerners who aided the Confederacy, and redistribution of land to those freed from slavery
Among the most important accomplishments of Reconstruction was a dramatic change in Southern ______.
education
What was a part of the Fourteenth Amendment?
entitling all U.S. citizens to the privileges and immunities guaranteed by the Constitution
Many scalawags, or Southern white Republicans, could also be classified as ______.
farmers from remote areas former Whigs
Before the great white migration, indigenous groups on the Pacific Coast supported themselves by participating in agriculture as well as ______.
fishing and foraging
The slaughter of buffalo in huge numbers greatly impacted Native American peoples' ______.
food sources
During the progressive era, the Socialist Party of America ______
gained strength
Louis D. Brandeis argued that the ______.
government should work to break up large corporations
Progressives believed that ______.
improving society required direct, purposeful human intervention
Immigrants to U.S. cities tended to settle ______.
in clusters or neighborhoods
The Bureau of _____ ____ was established to administer to the reservations.
indian affairs
In the late nineteenth century, Americans ______.
left rural areas for growing Eastern and Midwestern cities
During the 1840s, many Hispanics living in California ______.
lost their land and became part of the lower end of the state's working class
Which three of the following most contributed to the growing consumerism in the United States?
mass production techniques technological innovations rising incomes
In the later part of the nineteenth century, urban growth made ________ a necessity.
mass transit
White Southerners who supported the Republican Party during Reconstruction were known in the South as ______.
scalawags
In the mid-nineteenth century, the Plains Indians were ______.
the most widespread native group in the West
Which achievement of Reconstruction was the most important to the lives of future generations of Black Americans?
the passage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments
Reconstruction was politically controlled by ______.
three major groups of Republicans that were divided in their approach to the issue
Why did many Black Americans move from rural to urban areas in the late 1800s?
to escape poverty and oppression
What was the purpose of the National Consumers League?
to mobilize the power of female consumers to improve working conditions
The progressive-era term Boston marriage referred to ______.
two women who lived together
The Panic of 1873 affected Reconstruction by ______.
undermining support for Reconstruction policies
