history midterm

Unit 3

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Based on the passage and what you have read in this unit, what were Akbar's policies toward religion? same pic

Akbar showed tolerance of and interest in a variety of religions

Which of the following is a similarity between the Ottoman and Chinese governments during the period 1450-1750?

An extensive governmental bureaucracy

The Spanish discovered that they could get Asian luxury products in exchange for the SILVER they were mining in...?

Andean South America

UNIT 4

...

The letter below written by the Sunni Ottoman Sultan Selim I to the Shia Safavid Shah Ismail highlights...? "Animated by the spirit of this fatwa, conforming to the Quran, the code of divine laws, and wishing on one side to strengthen Islam, on the other to liberate the lands and peoples who writhe under your yoke, we have resolved to lay aside our imperial robes in order to put on the shield and coat of mail [armor]... -Letter written by Sunni Ottoman Sultan Selim I to the Shia Safavid Shah Ismail

the intensification of the split between Sunni and Shia sects of Islam

This map best supports the claim that one effect of the movements shown on the map was that between 1500 and 1800 Africa's population...? same pic

was growing less than it would have without the slave trade

Which of the following demonstrates syncretic belief systems? When Protestantism led to different branches of Christianity. When the natives in Mexico adapted Catholicism, worshipping Catholic Saints similarly to how they had worshipped their old gods. When Africans in the Caribbean mixed traditional African religion with Christianity to create voodoo. When the Jesuits were created to help spread Catholicism.

2 and 3

Throughout the Americas, policies of the European empires were resisted by maroon societies. What were these?

Africans resisting slavery by running away & fighting for freedom.

The recruitment depicted in the image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 ? same pic

Attempts by imperial states to centralize their authority

Due to the rise of plantation economies specializing in labor intensive cash crops, what form of coerced labor was most used in the Americas?

Chattel Slavery

The SANTERIA religion of CUBA (in the Caribbean) would have been a blend of all of these cultures EXCEPT...?

East Asian Buddhism

same passage that starts "according to both oral tradition and official versions..." Which coercive labor system most directly led to the belief system described in the passage?

Encomienda

What was NOT a reason for Unit 4 European maritime exploration and empire building?

Europe wanted to rely on the Ottoman Empire for its trade

Why would the families portrayed in the paintings above have been rarer to find in a French colony than in other European colonies? same pic

French settlers were less likely to settle permanently in one place

All of the following were parts of Martin Luther's arguments against the Catholic Church EXCEPT...?

He argued that doing good works was more important than faith.

In the passage, what is the author's attitude toward Akbar's behavior? same pic

He is impressed by Akbar's curiosity and open-mindedness.

Which statement best descries the point of view of the source, Ralph Fitch. same pic as before

He was hoping to make profits just as the Portuguese were doing.

Today, Iran and Turkey are often political rivals. This passage suggests that the rivalry is based on historical conflicts over...? "Througout the 16th century, the Safvi [Safavid] empire remained a profoundly disturbing force in the Moslem [Muslim] world, dedicated to the defense and propogation of Shi'a doctrines at home and abroad. This policy implied a normal state of hostility with the Ottoman empire, punctuated only briefly by periods of peace. By the 17th century, however, when the Safavi empire reached its apogee [peak] under Shah Abbas the Great (1587-1629), the fanaticism of the Shi'a revolution had faded, at least in court circles; and a lasting peace with the Ottomans was concluded in 1639." William H. McNeill, The Rise of the West, 1963

How to practice Islam correctly

Which statement best explains why Portugal established a trading post empire?

It had only enough people and power to maintain trading posts rather than a large empire.

Which of the following explains the most common effect that the process illustrated in the image had on relationships between states in Afro-Eurasia in the period 1450-1750 ? same pic

It led to deepening rivalries and conflicts as states' military capabilities grew.

What impact did the products of mines described in the passage, along with metals extracted from other mines, have on Spain and the rest of the world? same pic

It resulted in inflation and a worldwide devaluation of silver

Why was Spain's sponsorship of Ferdinand Magellan's voyage in 1519 historically SIGNIFICANT?

It was the first circumnavigation of the entire world.

Which of the following is the best illustration of this world economy theory? World Economy Theory, 1500-1800 The world economic system that developed after 1500 featured unequal relationships between western Europe and dependent economies in other regions. Strong governments and large armies fed European dominance of world trade. Dependent economies used slave or serf labor to produce cheap food and minerals for Europe and they imported more expensive European items in turn. Dependent regions had weak governments which made European penetration and slave systems possible.

Latin America exported sugar and silver and imported manufactured items.

How did the Unit 4 European Empires MOST differ from earlier land-based empires of Units 1, 2, & 3?

They were built by maritime conquest of regions oceans away

The types of trade goods moving between Europe, Africa and the Americas as well as the political relationship between these places best represents which economic system c. 1450 to c. 1750?

Mercantilism

Which of the following had policies on religion that most resembled those of Akbar?

Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II

Which is the correct order of classes in the casta system? (from top to bottom)

Peninsulare, Creole,Mestizo,Indio, Negro

Which of the following is true about Peter the Great of Russia?

Peter the Great used Westernizing reforms to increase his repressive control over Russia

Which of the following was an important direct cause of the processes described in the passage? Nzinga Memba, King of Kongo, to the King of Portugal, 1526 (Note: King Affonso was his Christian name) "Sir, Your Highness (King of Portugal) should know how our Kingdom is being lost in so many ways that it is convenient to provide for the necessary remedy, since this is caused by the excessive freedom given by your agents and officials to the men and merchants who are allowed to come to this Kingdom to set up shops with goods and many things which have been prohibited by us, and which they spread throughout our kingdoms and Domains, in such an abundance that many of our vassals, whom we had in obedience, do not comply because they have the things in greater abundance than we ourselves... and it was with these things that we had them content and subjected under our vassalage and jurisdiction, so it is doing a great harm not only to the service of God, but the security and peace of our kings and State as well..." "And we cannot reckon how great the damage is, since the mentioned merchants are taking every day our natives, sons of the land and sons of our noblemen and vassals and our relatives, because the thieves and men of bad conscience grab them, wishing to have the things and wares of this Kingdom which they are ambitious of; they grab them and get them to be sold; and so great, Sir, is the corruption and licentiousness that our country is being completely depopulated, and Your Highness should not agree with this nor accept it as in your service. And to avoid it we need from those (your) Kingdoms no more than some priests and a few people to teach in schools, and no other goods except wine and flour for the holy sacrament. That is why we beg of Your Highness to help and assist us in this matter, commanding your factors that they should not send here either merchants or wares, because it is our will that in these Kingdoms there should not be any trade of slaves nor outlet for them..."

Portuguese exploration of the Western coast of Africa.

The European monarch who made the greatest use of this new technology was...? same pic

Prince Henry

The inclusion of the image in the manuscript best illustrates which of the following features of the period 1450-1750 ?

Rulers using art to legitimize their rule

What was one of the primary differences between the social organization of the West and Russia in the 17th and 18th centuries?

Russia saw a progressive intensification of serfdom while the West was relaxing this institution in favor of other labor systems

Which most strongly contributed to the historical development reflected in Father Simon's description of the Safavid military structure? "He is very valiant and has a great liking for warfare and weapons of war, which he has constantly in his hands: we have been eye-witnesses of this because, whenever we were with him, he was adjusting his [swords], testing his [muskets], etc... this is the great experience, which he has obtained of warfare over so many years, that he makes it in person and from the first has made him a fine solider and very skilled, and his men so dexterous that they are little behind our men in Europe. He has introduced into his militia the use of and esteem for [muskets], in which they are very practiced. Therefore, it is that his realm has been so much extended on all sides... All the above mentioned soldiers, who will total some 100,000, receive pay for the whole year." Father Simon, a European roman Catholic priest, in a report to the pope on meeting the Safavid Shah Abbas I, 1588

Safavid intolerance for the Sunni population

What best explains the author's description of how people view the Virgin de Guadalupe? same passage

She is speaking about her own cultural beliefs

Which claim about Father Simon's purpose for meeting Shah Abbas I is best supported by the passage? "He is very valiant and has a great liking for warfare and weapons of war, which he has constantly in his hands: we have been eye-witnesses of this because, whenever we were with him, he was adjusting his [swords], testing his [muskets], etc... this is the great experience, which he has obtained of warfare over so many years, that he makes it in person and from the first has made him a fine solider and very skilled, and his men so dexterous that they are little behind our men in Europe. He has introduced into his militia the use of and esteem for [muskets], in which they are very practiced. Therefore, it is that his realm has been so much extended on all sides... All the above mentioned soldiers, who will total some 100,000, receive pay for the whole year." Father Simon, a European roman Catholic priest, in a report to the pope on meeting the Safavid Shah Abbas I, 1588

Simon wanted the pope to know of the Safavids' military power

The image above supports which development from c. 1450 to c. 1750 CE? see pic on number 18

Slave resistance challenged existing authorities in the Americas

Which of the following best explains the process illustrated in the image? MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION INCLUDED IN A PERSIAN HISTORY OF THE MUGHAL CONQUEST OF INDIA SHOWING THE MUGHAL DEFEAT OF THE SULTAN OF DELHI AT THE BATTLE OF PANIPAT IN 1526 The illustrated history was prepared for the Mughal emperor Akbar in the late sixteenth century. see pic on question 10

States used gunpowder weapons to establish large empires

The passage above best demonstrates which of the following developments from c. 1450 to c. 1750? "According to both oral tradition and offıcial versions, a beautiful Mexica woman appeared to Juan Diego and speaking to him in Nahuatl, asked him to tell the bishop that her name was La Virgen de Guadalupe and that she wanted a church built on Tepeyac. When Juan Diego was not believed, as proof of his story, She instructed him to fıll his tilma (cape) with roses and take them to the Catholic bishop yet again with instructions to build a church on that same site. When Juan Diego opened his cloak to show the bishop the flowers, instead of roses, the image that we know of today as Our Lady of Guadalupe was miraculously imprinted upon the cotton fabric. That tilma is now enshrined at the Catholic Basilica in Mexico City. The devout Catholic will tell you that Our Lady of Guadalupe appeared to a peasant by the name of Juan Diego in a demonstration of faith for the conquering Spaniards. Ask a mestizo or indigenous person and they will tell you that Our Lady of Guadalupe is really Coatlaxopeuh, another name for Earth Mother Tonantzin, to whom offerings were made on that same hill of Tepeyac hundreds of years before the arrival of the Spaniards. They will tell you that Tonantzin/Coatlaxopeuh appeared to Cuauhtlatoatzin to inspire hope in a people who were being oppressed by the Spanish and, later when the Church acknowledged Our Lady of Guadalupe as the Patroness of Mexico, to allow the people to continue to honor her in safety. To many people, she is not either/or, but rather one: TonantzinGuadalupe." Source: "A Bridge of Light Between Cultures" by Griselda Alvarez Sesma a Mestiza of Yaqui/Mexica heritage born in Baja California (Mexico). Adjunct professor at Arizona Western College in Yuma, Arizona. 2008

Syncretic belief systems and practices due to increased interactions between the newly connected hemispheres

Which of the following historical cultural developments was a direct consequence of the trade networks seen in the map?

Syncretic religions of the Caribbean

The new trade route in the period c. 1450 to c. 1750, shown in yellow on the map is referred to as...? see pic on number 11

The Columbian Exchange

Which of the following contributed most directly to the creation of the sistema de castas (caste system) during the 17th and 18th centuries in Spanish America and the Spanish Philippines that can been seen in the documents? see pic number 6

The Spanish linked the idea of purity of blood to race, particularly pertaining to mixing of whites and non-whites as an attempt to designate those who are impure to create a racial hierarchy.

Same Passage Which of the following conclusions about the western coast of Africa during the period 1450-1750 is best supported by this letter?

The Trans-Atlantic slave trade reduced the population of West African societies.

What social restructuring took place in the Americas as a result of European conquest?

The adoption of the Casta System limited the opportunities of certain groups politically, economically, and socially

Which of the following contributed the most to the Ottoman Empire's successful expansion in Europe and the Middle East and Mughal expansion into India in the period from 1450 to 1600? see pic on number 3

The adoption of the latest gunpowder and artillery technology

The Ottoman Empire's recruitment of soldiers and bureaucrats through the system depicted in the image is most similar to which broader method that rulers used to strengthen their empires in the period 1450-1750 ? ILLUSTRATION IN A MANUSCRIPT WRITTEN TO CELEBRATE THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE OTTOMAN SULTAN SULEIMAN THE MAGNIFICENT, CIRCA 1560 The image shows Ottoman officials forcibly enlisting boys from the empire's Christian subjects in the Balkans to train them for service in the Ottoman army and bureaucracy.

The collection of tribute

Which of the following was an important direct effect on Europe of the processes reflected in the diagrams? see pic on number 8

The intensification of state rivalries over control of trade routes, leading to colonial wars

Same passage In this passage, there were two major changes Nzinga Memba described. One was the damage caused by the introduction of the slave trade to his kingdom. What was the other major change?

The selling of wares, often forbidden to the Kongolese people had threatened King Affonso's own power.

The medical procedure Lady Montagu witnessed in the Ottoman Empire led to which of the following medical advances in the West? "People send to one another to know if any of their family has a mind to have the small-pox; they make parties for this purpose, and . . . the old woman comes with a nut-shell full of the matter of the best sort of small-pox, and asks what vein you please to have opened." Lady Mary Montagu, while on a trip with her husband, the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, 1717

The use of live viruses in preventing contagious diseases

Why would Tsar Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) use Cossacks to expand the Russian empire into Siberia? same pic

They had a tradition of being fierce warriors.

Which conclusion about the Portuguese is best supported by the passage? see pic on number 21

They made great profits transporting goods between Asian countries.

How did both the Qing Dynasty & Tokugawa Shogunate respond to European influence?

They promoted Asian trade but limited European missionaries & merchants

Based on the passage, one can assume that Columbus's primary objective was: "As I know you will be rejoiced at the glorious success that our Lord has given me in my voyage, I write this to tell you how in thirty-three days I sailed to the Indies with the fleet that the illustrious King and Queen, our Sovereigns, gave me, where I discovered a great many islands, inhabited by numberless people; and of all I have taken possession for their Highnesses by proclamation and display of the Royal Standard without opposition.... Another island, I am told, is larger than Hispaniola, where the natives have no hair, and where there is countless gold; and from them all I bring Indians to testify to this. To speak, in conclusion, only of what has been done during this hurried voyage, their Highnesses will see that I can give them as much gold as they desire, if they will give me a little assistance, spices, cotton, as much as their Highnesses may command to be shipped, and mastic as much as their Highnesses choose to send for, which until now has only been found in Greece, in the isle of Chios, and the Signoria can get its own price for it; as much lign-aloe as they command to be shipped, and as many slaves as they choose to send for, all heathens." Letter from Christopher Columbus to Luis de Sant Angel Announcing His Discovery (1493)

To make a profit for the throne.

Which would be the most useful source of evidence to support McNeill's contention that "the Safavi [Safavid] empire remained a profoundly disturbing force in the Moslem [Muslim] world"? "Througout the 16th century, the Safvi [Safavid] empire remained a profoundly disturbing force in the Moslem [Muslim] world, dedicated to the defense and propogation of Shi'a doctrines at home and abroad. This policy implied a normal state of hostility with the Ottoman empire, punctuated only briefly by periods of peace. By the 17th century, however, when the Safavi empire reached its apogee [peak] under Shah Abbas the Great (1587-1629), the fanaticism of the Shi'a revolution had faded, at least in court circles; and a lasting peace with the Ottomans was concluded in 1639." William H. McNeill, The Rise of the West, 1963

Writings by modern-day Muslim historians

The movements shown in the map were part of a global trend between 1500 and 1800 of...? same pic

greater contact among people of different ethnic backgrounds

According to Klyuchevsky, what was the purpose of the military reforms discussed? . . . Peter's military reform would have remained an isolated incident in Russian military history had it not left a distinct and deep impression on the social and intellectual composition of all Russian society, and even influenced future political development ... The new recruiting methods, by spreading military obligations to classes hitherto exempt, and thus affecting all social classes, gave the new army a more varied composition, and completely altered existing social relationships. From the time that noblemens' serfs and servants joined the new army as ordinary recruits instead of only as menials or valets, the position of the nobility, which had been preponderant in the old army, was completely changed. . . . Source: Vasili Klyuchevsky, translated by Liliana Archibald, Peter the Great, St. Martin's Press

help Peter maintain centralized control over his population

One similarity between Cossacks and American cowboys was that both...? see pic on number 31

lived on the frontier of an expanding country

What was a unique innovation of The Netherlands and England to unit 4 economics?

mercantilist joint-stock companies.

The system for using Indian labor described in the passage was most similar to the system of labor used...? same pic

on indentured servants in the British North American colonies

Of the movements shown on the map, the largest resulted from a high demand for labor to grow...? see pic on number 27

sugar

The excerpt implies that Espinosa felt...? pic on number 24

sympathy for those working in the mine

The methods of warfare shown in the image were instrumental in explaining the territorial expansion of all of the following land-based empires EXCEPT same pic

the Aztec (Mexica) Empire

The technological innovation depicted in the image was first used in...? see pic on number 19

the Indian Ocean

The conflict between the Cossacks and Catherine the Great known as the Pugachev Rebellion was most similar to...? same pic

the conflicts in Japan during the Heian period in which feudal lords controlled the lives of the serfs