history of astronomy

atom facts

- usually same number of electrons as protons - + and + repel - -and - repel - + and - attract - H= one proton HE= two proton ... # of protons defines types of atom

what theory did Einstein publish in 1905? 1915? What distinguishes these theories

-1905: Special Relativity: what happens when there is a constant movement linking the event and the observer. -1915: General Relativity: brings in gravity and what happens as the speed of any movement increases or decreases. -both deal with how an observer and an event are related.

what process forms new elements

-H atoms in space were pulled together by gravity until the pressure becomes so great that it fuses atoms together to form He ... nuclear reactions -larger than iron = supernovas

what is Charles Messier known for

-around 1770 he began to map out the fuzzy patches, trying to establish a pattern of the universe. -mapped 110 objects

Hubble

-had doppler shift, telescope, and cepheid stars as tools HE OBSERVED -all distant galaxies are moving away from us: older and farther galaxies were moving faster: universe was expanding, there was a beginning point

what ideas did Newton have for the universe

-his telescope showed stars moved and gravity was a force between all objects - nothing was at rest -no limits to the universe, infinite in both space and time -helped with the church because of the idea of infinite and eternal

what evidence do we have that the universe is expanding

-light was red-shifted, Doppler Effect.

Copernicus

-lived in the 16th century -heliocentric model: sun centered -circular orbits -not taken seriously by the church -knew he could only improve Ptolemaic system with flawed alternative

Ptolemy

-lived in the 2nd century -geocentric model: earth centered -circular orbits with epicycles: going around earth and itself -foundation on which our future understanding of the universe was built on

once the core of a star is mostly iron, what happens

-smaller stars: starts to die, elements go into space as the star cools leaving behind a hot iron core (white dwarf star). which cools into a brown dwarf that no longer emits light -large stars: crush the iron core until it implodes causing a dramatic explosion. may form dense neutron stars or pulsars.

orbit

-the path of an object as it revolves around another object in space -continuous state of free-fall ex: cannon shot perfectly

who watched over scientists in the past... who watches over scientists today...

...church ...other scientists

why does the moon follow us... why does it look so big... why does it look "on fire"

...distance ...on horizon, compares it to other things ...GBIV is filtered through atmosphere

1. Doppler Shift occurs when there is motion between the observer and the source 2. Doppler Shift occurs in both sound and light waves 3. if an object is moving toward an observer the frequencies are shifted to lower freq 4. the larger the speed between source and observer the larger the shift 5. if a star is moving away it is red shifted

1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T

what are the two death blows to the Ptolemaic model

1. jupiter had moons: heavenly bodies clearly orbits something other than the moons 2. there were shadows seen on venus: clear that they were the result of venus orbiting the sun

main functions of a telescope

1. magnify (eyepiece) 2. funnel light (bigger the better)

know!!

1.) astronomers put spectrometers (like our diffraction gradings) on telescopes and found what stars of made of 2.) our sun (special to us because of proximity) is like many others: lots of hydrogen, helium, and some other elements 3.) UV = strong/highest frequencies

what is the doppler shift?

19th century -shift to higher frequency when moving toward -blue shift - colors shift towards blue (moving towards) ROYGBIV -shift to lower frequency when moving away -red shift - colors shift towards red (moving away) ROYGBIV

Gaileo saw what moons

4 moons orbiting jupiter (Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto) (same as we see today)

what is the title of the best seller stephen hawking wrote

A Brief History of Time

Kepler "tweaked" ...

Copernicus's circular orbits to elliptical

who wrote stephen hawking's universe

David Filkin

"cosmological constant"

Einstein's fudge factor to show that general relativity doesn't slow expanding universe ... biggest blunder of his life

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

Fg = G (m1m2)/r²

KISS

Keep It Simple Stupid -beautiful in simplicity (Copernicus model had more beauty than Ptolemy)

this type of star... revolutionized the way astronomers measured distances

Leavitt found Cepheid stars - every kind had same brightness - used parallax (used to determine distance to nearby stars: thumb with switching eyes)

the Greeks observed what five wandering stars

Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn (same as we see today)

can white light be separated and if so what colors

ROYGBIV.... every color in between!

Tycho Brahe

an extremely careful observer *(great data taker)* who had all the instruments to help him map the sky and planets very precisely; his data helped Kepler *(thinker)* discover that planets must have elliptical orbits around the sun

satellites on earth

artificial: 2218 natural: 1 (moon)

Copernicus v Ptolemy

competing models

Hoyle

developed stellar nucleosynthesis, said stars create hydrogen, helium, +more, up through iron

what did stephen hawking have to do with the book

he was a scientific adviser and inspiration

what does newton's law of universal gravitation represent

how to calculate the size of gravity, NOT how it works

what is the problem with Newton's universe

if gravity was acting on everything why do the stars stay apart? wouldn't everything be pulled into one spot?

where do all of the elements form

in stars: need immense heat and pressure

what happened in 1840 that changed the universe

it was finally confirmed that there were individual stars within galaxies and other galaxies

Did Galileo invent the telescope

no

are advances in science always connected to advances in technology

no; sometimes it is, but not always (ex. Copernicus and Ptolemy model)

what is a wandering star

planets

type of telescope that can be big

reflecting

type of telescope that can't be big

refracting

why can we see only one side of the moon

rotates 1, spins 1

definition of science

science cannot promise eternal truths; only the elimination of false hypothesis and the establishment of what is currently the most likely explanation of an aspect of reality

what are the three pieces of evidence that proved the Earth was not flat

stick and shadows experiment, boats and the horizon lines, eclipses

Galileo used what tool to prove the Heliocentric theory to be correct

telescope

science is not

the truth

general relativity

the warping of space, time, +more

steady state universe

universe is infinite and unchanging -pretty much everyone believed this (including Einstein)

scientific models

use to communicate and predict

retrograde motion

when a planet doubles back on itself