History of Comp - CC pt 1
There are three fundamental operations in Boolean Algebra:
a NOT, an AND, and an OR operation.
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
a code for representing English characters as numbers, with each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127
Each of these binary digits 1 or 0 is called a
bit
64-bit computer
operate in chunks of 64 bits
ternary
three part form (ABA)
In September 1947, operators on the Harvard Mark II pulled a dead moth from a malfunctioning relay.
"From then on, when anything went wrong with a computer, we said it had bugs in it." And that's where we get the term computer bug.
Terabyte (TB)
eight trillion 1s and 0s or said another way 1 trillion bytes
IBM 608
Released in 1957 - the first fully transistor-powered, commercially-available computer. It contained 3,000 transistors and could perform 4,500 additions, or roughly 80 multiplications or divisions, every second.
Ada Lovelace
She is considered to be the first computer programmer. She wrote a computer language for the Analytical Engine.
Binary
A way of representing information using only two options.
Logic Gate
An electrical circuit that produces output as determined by the corresponding logic table.
Step Reckoner
a digital mechanical calculator invented by the German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
In 1947, Bell Laboratory scientists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invented the _____________.
transistor
diode
a semiconductor device with two terminals, typically allowing the flow of current in one direction only.
triode
a vacuum tube that has three electrodes
The earliest recognized device for computing was the _____________, invented in Mesopotamia around 2500 BCE.
abacus
These devices made something that was previously laborious to calculate much faster, easier, and often more accurate -- it lowered the barrier to entry,
and at the same time, amplified our mental abilities
A byte is
8 bits
The largest value a 64-bit number can represent is around
9.2 quintillion
Unicode
A character code that enables most of the languages of the world to be symbolized with a special character identification.
Gigabyte (GB)
1 billion bytes or 8 billion bits
AND gate
takes two inputs, but still has a single output. In this case the output is only true if both inputs are true.
32-bit floating-point number,
the first bit is used for the sign of the number, positive or negative. The next eight bits are used to store the exponent, and the remaining 23 bits are used to store the significand.
The more intermediate states there are,
the harder it is to keep them all separate.
In boolean terms, when the input is false,
the output is false.
In boolean terms, when the input is true,
the output is true.
thermionic emission
the release of electrons from the tungsten filament when the electrical current passes through it and heats the filament
ENIAC
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer; U.S. government-sponsored machine developed to calculate the settings used for weapons
One of the largest electro-mechanical computers built was the _______________________, completed in 1944 by IBM for the Allies during World War 2. It contained 765,000 components, three million connections, and five hundred miles of wire. To keep its internal mechanics synchronized, it used a 50-foot shaft running right through the machine driven by a five horsepower motor.
Harvard Mark I
Herman Hollerith
He invented the "Tabulating Machine." The Tabulating Machine used punch cards to store information. It was later used to tabulate the U.S. Census.
Charles Babbage
He is known as the "Father of Computers." He developed the Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine. These two machines were powered by steam to move the punch cards and operate the gears. His ideas were later used to design calculators and computers.
John Ambrose Fleming
In 1904, English physicist who developed a new electrical component called a thermionic valve, which housed two electrodes inside an airtight glass bulb - this was the first vacuum tube.
base 2
The name given to the counting system for Binary
What made the transistor amazing?
-solid state component reducing wear and tear - it could switch between on and off states 10,000 times per second -could be made smaller than the smallest possible relays or vacuum tubes
Megabyte (MB)
1 million bytes or 8 million bits
Analytical Engine
1st mechanical computer. Ran off of punched cards. Created by Charles Babbage, but never completed by him.
Kilobyte (KB)
2^10 bytes, or 1024
slide rule
A manual calculator invented by William Oughtred that uses John Napier's logarithms to perform complex engineering and scientific calculations
Boolean Algebra
A mathematical notation for expressing two-valued logical functions. Invented by George Boole, a self-taught English mathematician in the 1800s. He was interested in representing logical statements that went "under, over, and beyond"
The Tabulating Machine Company, which later merged with other machine makers in 1924 to become
The International Business Machines Corporation or IBM
interoperability
The ability, generally by adoption of standards, of systems to work together
Difference Engine
automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions created by Charles Babbage
The military was among the first to apply
computing to complex problems.
quinary
consisting of five
In a relay, there is a
control wire that determines whether a circuit is opened or closed. The control wire connects to a coil of wire inside the relay. When current flows through the coil, an electromagnetic field is created, which in turn, attracts a metal arm inside the relay, snapping it shut and completing the circuit.
Alan Turing
created first operational electronic digital computer in the 1940s and turing machine
In the olden days a computer was a person who
did calculations, sometimes with the help of machines, but often not.
Colossus Mk 1
first large-scale use of vacuum tubes for computing that was designed by engineer Tommy Flowers and completed in December of 1943. It was installed at Bletchley Park, in the UK, and helped to decrypt Nazi communications.
NOT gate
input will be off and the output will be on
Transistors in just your smartphones, computers can seem pretty complicated, but really,
they're just simple machines that perform complex actions through many layers of abstraction
Instead of 'true' and 'false',
we can call these two states 'one' and 'zero'
OR gate
where only one input of the two inputs has to be true for the output to be true
Exclusive OR (XOR)
where only one input of the two inputs has to be true for the output to be true or if both inputs are true, the output is false.