History of Comp - CC pt 1

There are three fundamental operations in Boolean Algebra:

a NOT, an AND, and an OR operation.

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

a code for representing English characters as numbers, with each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127

Each of these binary digits 1 or 0 is called a

bit

64-bit computer

operate in chunks of 64 bits

ternary

three part form (ABA)

In September 1947, operators on the Harvard Mark II pulled a dead moth from a malfunctioning relay.

"From then on, when anything went wrong with a computer, we said it had bugs in it." And that's where we get the term computer bug.

Terabyte (TB)

eight trillion 1s and 0s or said another way 1 trillion bytes

IBM 608

Released in 1957 - the first fully transistor-powered, commercially-available computer. It contained 3,000 transistors and could perform 4,500 additions, or roughly 80 multiplications or divisions, every second.

Ada Lovelace

She is considered to be the first computer programmer. She wrote a computer language for the Analytical Engine.

Binary

A way of representing information using only two options.

Logic Gate

An electrical circuit that produces output as determined by the corresponding logic table.

Step Reckoner

a digital mechanical calculator invented by the German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

In 1947, Bell Laboratory scientists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invented the _____________.

transistor

diode

a semiconductor device with two terminals, typically allowing the flow of current in one direction only.

triode

a vacuum tube that has three electrodes

The earliest recognized device for computing was the _____________, invented in Mesopotamia around 2500 BCE.

abacus

These devices made something that was previously laborious to calculate much faster, easier, and often more accurate -- it lowered the barrier to entry,

and at the same time, amplified our mental abilities

A byte is

8 bits

The largest value a 64-bit number can represent is around

9.2 quintillion

Unicode

A character code that enables most of the languages of the world to be symbolized with a special character identification.

Gigabyte (GB)

1 billion bytes or 8 billion bits

AND gate

takes two inputs, but still has a single output. In this case the output is only true if both inputs are true.

32-bit floating-point number,

the first bit is used for the sign of the number, positive or negative. The next eight bits are used to store the exponent, and the remaining 23 bits are used to store the significand.

The more intermediate states there are,

the harder it is to keep them all separate.

In boolean terms, when the input is false,

the output is false.

In boolean terms, when the input is true,

the output is true.

thermionic emission

the release of electrons from the tungsten filament when the electrical current passes through it and heats the filament

ENIAC

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer; U.S. government-sponsored machine developed to calculate the settings used for weapons

One of the largest electro-mechanical computers built was the _______________________, completed in 1944 by IBM for the Allies during World War 2. It contained 765,000 components, three million connections, and five hundred miles of wire. To keep its internal mechanics synchronized, it used a 50-foot shaft running right through the machine driven by a five horsepower motor.

Harvard Mark I

Herman Hollerith

He invented the "Tabulating Machine." The Tabulating Machine used punch cards to store information. It was later used to tabulate the U.S. Census.

Charles Babbage

He is known as the "Father of Computers." He developed the Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine. These two machines were powered by steam to move the punch cards and operate the gears. His ideas were later used to design calculators and computers.

John Ambrose Fleming

In 1904, English physicist who developed a new electrical component called a thermionic valve, which housed two electrodes inside an airtight glass bulb - this was the first vacuum tube.

base 2

The name given to the counting system for Binary

What made the transistor amazing?

-solid state component reducing wear and tear - it could switch between on and off states 10,000 times per second -could be made smaller than the smallest possible relays or vacuum tubes

Megabyte (MB)

1 million bytes or 8 million bits

Analytical Engine

1st mechanical computer. Ran off of punched cards. Created by Charles Babbage, but never completed by him.

Kilobyte (KB)

2^10 bytes, or 1024

slide rule

A manual calculator invented by William Oughtred that uses John Napier's logarithms to perform complex engineering and scientific calculations

Boolean Algebra

A mathematical notation for expressing two-valued logical functions. Invented by George Boole, a self-taught English mathematician in the 1800s. He was interested in representing logical statements that went "under, over, and beyond"

The Tabulating Machine Company, which later merged with other machine makers in 1924 to become

The International Business Machines Corporation or IBM

interoperability

The ability, generally by adoption of standards, of systems to work together

Difference Engine

automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions created by Charles Babbage

The military was among the first to apply

computing to complex problems.

quinary

consisting of five

In a relay, there is a

control wire that determines whether a circuit is opened or closed. The control wire connects to a coil of wire inside the relay. When current flows through the coil, an electromagnetic field is created, which in turn, attracts a metal arm inside the relay, snapping it shut and completing the circuit.

Alan Turing

created first operational electronic digital computer in the 1940s and turing machine

In the olden days a computer was a person who

did calculations, sometimes with the help of machines, but often not.

Colossus Mk 1

first large-scale use of vacuum tubes for computing that was designed by engineer Tommy Flowers and completed in December of 1943. It was installed at Bletchley Park, in the UK, and helped to decrypt Nazi communications.

NOT gate

input will be off and the output will be on

Transistors in just your smartphones, computers can seem pretty complicated, but really,

they're just simple machines that perform complex actions through many layers of abstraction

Instead of 'true' and 'false',

we can call these two states 'one' and 'zero'

OR gate

where only one input of the two inputs has to be true for the output to be true

Exclusive OR (XOR)

where only one input of the two inputs has to be true for the output to be true or if both inputs are true, the output is false.