Chapter 18 Blood
Hemostasis: First Phase The first phase in hemostasis is
vascular spasm.
Role of ANS During Blood Loss To compensate for significant blood loss, the autonomic nervous system triggers
vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate.
Congenital Hemolytic Anemia Congenital hemolytic anemia is
when destruction of erythrocytes is more rapid than normal.
Clinical Measurements When trying to diagnose an infection that alters the percentages of leukocyte types found in the blood, it is useful for clinicians to perform a
white blood cell differential count.
Centrifuged Blood 2 In the centrifuged sample of blood illustrated, which number indicates the layer containing water, plasma proteins, nutrients, and waste products?
1
Blood Development In fetal development, hemocytoblasts begin to colonize red mone marrow at approximately
10 weeks.
RBC Life Span The life span of an erythrocyte is about _________ days.
120
Temperature of Blood vs. Body Temperature The temperature of blood is about _________ than measured body temperature.
1° C higher
Abundance of Globulins The globulins make up about ________ percent of all plasma proteins.
37
Hb Functions How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?
4
Hb Structure How many globins (protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecule? 1
4
Amount of Blood in Body Typically, an adult's body contains _______ of blood.
5 liters
Composition of Blood: Plasma Plasma makes up about ______ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood.
55
Percentage of Water in Plasma Which most closely approximates the percentage of water in plasma by weight?
92%
Leukocytes that Releases Histamine Which type of leukocyte releases histamine?
Basophil
Least Abundant Leukocyte Which are the least numerous of the leukocytes?
Basophils
Functions of Blood: Carbon Dioxide and Hormones Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones?
Transportation
Blood Types: Inheritance The ABO and Rh blood types are inherited independently of each other.
True
Classification of Colony-Stimulating Factors Most colony-stimulating factors are growth factors.
True
Classification of Platelets Platelets are formed elements
True
Functions of Blood: pH and Temperature Blood helps regulate the pH and the temperature of the body.
True
GM-CSF Function The GM-CSF growth factor accelerates the formation of all granulocytes and monocytes from their progenitor cells.
True
Lymphocyte Production During hemopoiesis, the lymphoid line forms lymphocytes only.
True
Marrow Amount vs. Age Compared to young adults, older individuals have relatively less red bone marrow.
True
Nutrients in Plasma Iron, lactic acid, and lipids are all considered to be nutrients in blood plasma.
True
Origin of Macrophages Macrophages are the converted monocytes that phagocytize bacteria, cell fragments, dead cells, and debris.
True
Platelet Plug Formation: Speed For a relatively small injury, a platelet plug is formed within 1 minute.
True
RBC Life Cycle: Lifespan Erythrocytes exhibit a limited lifespan due to their inability to synthesize the proteins necessary to repair themselves.
True
Reticulocytes A reticulocyte is a cell formed during erythropoiesis that has lost its nucleus and all organelles except some ribosomes.
True
Role of Antibodies Simply put, antibodies are molecules on the lookout for antigens.
True
Vascular Spasm Vascular spasm is triggered by blood vessel injury and further triggered by the release of serotonin.
True
Characteristics of O Blood Which are characteristics of type O blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes
a, b, e
Granulocytes Which leukocytes are granulocytes? a: Neutrophils b: Eosinophils c: Lymphocytes d: Monocytes e: Basophils f: Erythrocytes
a, b, e
Recycling of RBCs Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes? (Order is not important.) a: The heme group is converted into biliverdin. b: Bilirubin is placed in long-term storage in the liver. c: The iron ions in hemoglobin are removed. d: The iron ions are stored in the liver. e: The iron ions are stored in the red bone marrow. f: Membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down and reused. g: The erythrocyte contents, excluding the globins, are excreted unchanged via the digestive tract.
a, c, d, f
Changes in Hematocrit An individual's hematocrit would vary with
age. sex. altitude. All of the choices are correct.
Most Abundant Plasma Proteins The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the
albumins
Characteristics of Leukocytes Which are characteristic of leukocytes? a: Smaller than erythrocytes b: Have a nucleus c: Have no hemoglobin d: More numerous than erythrocytes e: Depending on type, may or may not contain granules
b, c, e
Characteristics of A Blood Which are characteristic of type A blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen B on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes f: Will agglutinate with blood type B
b, c, f
Characteristics of Rh-Negative Blood Which are characteristic of type Rh negative blood? a: Always has Rh (anti-D) antibodies b: Only under certain conditions will Rh (anti-D) antibodies be present c: Always has Rh (D) antigen d: Only under certain conditions will the Rh (D) antigen be present e: Is inherited independent of the ABO group
b, e
pH of Blood Blood plasma is slightly _______; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of _______ .
basic, proteins
Hemostasis: First Phase Events The first phase of hemostasis involves
blood vessel constriction.
Role of Hb The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to
both oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Erythropoiesis Which depicts the order of cell formation in erythropoiesis? a: Proerythroblast b: Normoblast c: Myeloid stem cell d: Reticulocyte e: Erythroblast f: Mature erythrocytec
c, a, e, b, d, f
Platelet Plug Formation During platelet plug formation, platelets begin to stick to
collagen with the assistance of von Willebrand factor.
Clotting Pathways: Formation of Fibrin Polymer The formation of a web-like polymer of fibrin occurs late in the ________ pathway.
common
Color of Blood: Oxygen-Poor Oxygen-poor blood is _________ in color.
dark red
Blood Pressure Changes One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will
decrease
Changes in Plasma Abundance: Application If a patient becomes dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged sample of his or her blood would likely
decrease
Changes with Age In many of the elderly, leukocytes appear to be
decreased in number and less efficient.
Changes in COP: Application - Malnourished A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. As a result, colloid osmotic pressure
decreases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space.
Function of Leukocytes The main function of leukocytes is to
defend against pathogens.
Changes in Platelets During Platelet Plug Formation As a platelet plug forms at an injury site, platelets become activated and their cytosol
degranulates as they release chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2.
Fibrinolysis Fibrinolysis involves ________ of the fibrin framework, and it involves the protein _______.
destruction, plasmin
Viscosity of Blood The viscosity of blood is ________ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and _______ proportional to the amount of fluid.
directly, indirectly
Classification of Sodium, Calcium, and Bicarbonate Sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate are all described as plasma
electrolytes.
Centrifuged Blood 1 In the centrifuged sample of blood illustrated, number 2 indicates
erythrocytes
Most Numerous Formed Element The most numerous of the formed elements are the
erythrocytes
Defintion of Hematocrit The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of
erythrocytes in the blood.
Components of Blood: After Centrifugation When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds the
erythrocytes.
Hemopoiesis Location vs. Age In young children, hemopoiesis occurs in most of their bones, but in adulthood it primarily occurs in
flat bones of the axial skeleton.
Location of Agglutinogens The agglutinogens (or antigens) that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are
found on the surface of erythrocytes.
Carbon Dioxide Transport by Hb The carbon dioxide molecules that bind to the hemoglobin molecule are attached to the __________ units.
globin
Production of Formed Elements The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called
hemopoiesis
Role of Platelets Platelets play a key role in _________, but if they are not used they are broken down after about ________ days.
hemostasis, 9
Effects of Blood Doping One of the unhealthy effects of blood doping is to
increase the viscosity of the blood.
Characteristics and Functions of Globulins Beta-globulins transport ________, whereas gamma-globulins are ________.
iron ions, antibodies
Erythrocytes as Formed Elements The reason it is more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a "formed element" rather than a "cell" is that erythrocytes
lack a nucleus and organelles.
Leukocyte Characteristics Leukocytes are the _______ of the formed elements, and leukocytes have ______________.
largest, prominent nuclei
RBC Life Cycle Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the
liver and spleen.
Classification of T-Lymphocytes T-lymphocytes are a category of
lymphocytes
Leukocyte Becomes Macrophage The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n)
monocyte
Function of Macrophage CSF Macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates the production of
monocytes from monoblasts.
Formation of Granulocytes In hemopoiesis, granulocytes such as neutrophils are formed from the _________ line.
myeloid
WBC Active During Bacterial Infection The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection is a(n)
neutrophil
Function of Prostacyclin Prostacyclin is an eicosanoid that acts as a
platelet repellant.
Buffy Coat The "buffy coat" in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of
platelets and leukocytes.
Classification of Glucose Glucose is a
polar molecule, and therefore it dissolves readily in plasma.
Extensions from Megakaryocytes Extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in red marrow are sliced off from the cells by the force of blood flow. These extensions are
proplatelets
Length of Vascular Spasm Vascular spasms last
several minutes when tissue damage is extensive.
Nervous System Response to Blood Loss When over 10% of the body's blood has been lost, a survival response occurs involving activation of the ________ nervous system.
sympathetic
Agglutination After Transfusion If agglutination occurs after a blood transfusion, it may indicate
the wrong blood type was used.
Clinical vs. True Hematocrit A comparison of the clinical hematocrit and true hematocrit would indicate that
their values are very similar.
Blood Classification Blood is correctly classified as a(n)
tissue
Transfusion Reactions: Application Which is going to result in significant agglutination?
Donor is type AB, recipient is type B
Blood Types The blood type of a person missing the surface antigen D is Rh-positive.
False
Characteristics of Platelets Platelets are roughly the same size as erythrocytes, and like erythrocytes, they eject their nucleus just before entering circulation.
False
Extrinsic Clotting Pathway The extrinsic pathway is a clotting system that is initiated by chemicals that come from outside the body.
False
Functions of Blood: Antigen-Antibody Reaction The antigen-antibody reaction is an example of the regulation function of blood.
False
Leukopoiesis Natural killer cells derive from T-lymphoblasts and monocytes derive from the granulocyte line.
False
Location of RBCs in Centrifuged Blood When viewing a centrifuged blood sample, the erythrocytes will be on the top.
False
M-CSF Function M-CSF is a growth factor that stimulates the production of monocytes from myeloblast cells.
False
Centrifuged Blood 3 In the centrifuged sample of blood illustrated, what blood components are contained in the layer labeled number 3?
Leukocytes and platelets
Role of Growth Factors The growth factor that increases the formation of erythrocytes, all classes of granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets from myeloid stem cells is
Multi-CSF.
Most Abundant Leukocyte Which are the most numerous of the leukocytes?
Neutrophils
WBCs Derived from Myeloid Line Which leukocytes are derived from the myeloid line?
Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes
Functions of Blood: Leukocytes Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies?
Protection
Common Clotting Pathway Which of the following is a step within the common pathway of blood clotting?
Prothrombin is activated to thrombin.
Clotting Pathways: Factor III and Factor VII Which clotting pathway involves the combining of thromboplastin (factor III) with factor VII and calcium?
The extrinsic pathway
Clotting Pathways: Speed Which clotting pathway involves more steps and takes more time (approximately 5 minutes)?
The intrinsic pathway