History of Recording Industry:
What were the 1927 Bristol sessions?
"Big Bang Of Country Music,"(Bristol, Tennessee where 2 stars are discovered), Ralph Peer's location recording trip for Victor Records, article in local paper noted Ernest Stoneman earned $3600 in royalties(1926) and $100 per session, for almost two weeks sessions were held on the third floor of the Taylor-Christian Hat and Glove Company on state street.
What are DIY?
"Do It Yourself" usually means artist/self-released sound recordings.
Who was Charley Patton?
"Father of the Delta Blues," discovered by H.C. Spier, recorded for Paramount and vocation from 1929-1934, charismatic figure whose performance techniques included rapping on the body of his guitar, playing behind his head, and throwing it into the air, hugely influential on future blue artists- Robert Johnson, Howlin' Wokf, Muddy Waters, etc. Born in the 1880s and died in 1934.
What did Berliner's 1888 Franklin Institute Presentation say?
"Future generations will be able to condense within the space of twenty minutes a tone picture of a single lifetime." "Prominent singers, speakers, or performers may desire an income from royalties on the sale of their phonautograms, and valuable plates may be printed and registered to protect against unauthorized publication." "Collections of phonautograms may be very valuable, and whole evenings will be spent going through a long list of interesting performers."
Who was Robert Jackson?
"King of the Delta Blues," H.C. Spier, recorded for vocalion(ARC) in Dallas and San Antonio in 1936-1937(Record comes out during depression and didn't sell much and music is viewed as old), his reissues(50s and 90s) sold tremendously well and had a huge influence on rock and roll, both in 1911, died in 1938.
Who was Jimmie Rodgers?
"The singing Brakeman," effortlessly combined folk, hillbilly, blues, and other genres into his music, country music's first star, hugely influential on future artists: Hank Williams, Willie Nelson, Waylon Jennings, etc. Born 1897 and died 1933.
In 1901 what are three "major" recording companies?
1. Victor Talking Machine Company(lateral), 2. Columbia Phonograph Company(lateral), and 3. Edison Talking Machine Company(vertical/"hill and dale")
What were Edison's Ten Applications?
1.Letter writing, and all kinds of dictation without the aid of a stenographer. 2.Phonographic books, which will speak to blind people without effort on their part. 3.The teaching of elocution. 4.Music-the phonograph will undoubtedly be liberally devoted to music. 5.The family record; preserving the sayings, the voices, and the last words of the dying members of the family, as of great men. 6. Music boxes, toys, a doll which may speak, sing, cry or laugh may be promised our children for the Christmas holidays ensuing. 7.Clocks, that should announce in speech the hour of the day, call you to lunch, send your lover home at ten. 8.The preservation of language by reproduction of our Washington, our Lincoln, our Gladstones. 9.Educational purposes; such as preserving the instructions of a teacher so that the pupil can refer to them at any moment; or learn spelling lessons. 10.The perfection or advancement of the telephone's art by the phonograph, making that instrument an auxiliary in the transmission of permanent records.
During the Post Civil War what were the reconstruction amendments?
13th, 14th, and 15th. The 13th abolished slavery, the 14th grants citizenship and gives equal protection, and 15th gives you the right to vote excluding women.
What were some of the causes of the collapses?
1929 Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression(record companies go out of business, the growth of radio, the growth of film provided escape, the rationing of shellac and metals, and labels go bankrupt and/or consolidate. RCA buys Victor, consolidated film buys several indies, Warner Bros. buys Brunswick and CBS buys Columbia Records(massive consolidation)
What is country blues?
A catchall term that delineates the depth and breadth of the first flowering of guitar-driven blues, embracing solo, duo, and string band performers, the term also provides a convenient general heading for all the multiple regional styles and variations(Piedmont Texas, Delta), it is primarily but not exclusively a genre filled with acoustic guitarists, embracing a multiplicity of techniques from elaborate fingerpicking to the early roots of slide playing, but some country-blues performers like Lightnin' Hopkins and John Lee Hooker later switched over to electric guitars without having to drastically change or alter their styles.
What are the characteristics of blues?
A genre originating principally from the field hollers and work songs of African-Americans but also influenced by pop, minstrel, and vaudeville songs, marked by frequent occurrence of blue notes, and that takes the basic form, customarily improvised upon in performance, a 12-bar chorus consisting of a 3-line stanza with the second line repeating the first.
What was the Big Band/Swing?
A style of jazz, characterized by a very danceable beat. Swing styles were sweet(ballroom)-Paul Whiteman, Glenn Miller, Tommy Dorsey, Hot(syncopated dance)-Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Benny Goodman, Latin was Xavier Cugat, and Western Swing which was Bob Wills. There was the growth of booking agencies(liaisons between live, sponsors, and radio networks)
What was hillbilly?
A term used from the 1910s through the 1930s for traditional Anglo-American folk and dance music styles, and for other music of white rural southerns stemming from these sources, later termed "country music."
Who was John Hammond?
A&R/producer at Columbia for almost 50 years, an heir to the Vanderbilt family, believed music was "the greatest form of social protest," pioneer in integrating bands both on record and live, 1938: "From spirituals to swing" concert at Carnegie Hall, "discovered" Benny Goodman, Billie Holiday, Count Basie, Bob Dylan, Aretha Franklin, Bruce Springsteen, and Stevie Ray Vaughan to name a few.
What was jazz?
American music developed especially from ragtime and blues, characterized by propulsive syncopated rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, varying degrees of improvisation and often deliberate distortions of pitch and timbre.(created in New Orleans) Also, James Reese Europe didn't make it to era of jazz due to his drummer killing him.
What are Indie Labels?
Any record label not owned by one of the major labels. Primarily focused on "niche" music and operates on smaller financial margins.
What was WSM Grand Ole Opry?
Began in 1925, weekly born dance hosted by George D. Hay, 50,000 watt signal, first stars included Uncle Dave Macon, Deford Bailey, Roy Acuff, and Bill Monroe, still airs today. Built largest radio tower.
Who was Eldridge Johnson?
Berliner hires him to work in Berliner lab and he improves upon Berliner's early gramophone. He was an engineer/entrepreneur, invented the spring driven motor(consistent speed) that replaced the clock-driven motor. He developed use of waxy discs that cut grooves in a lateral pattern but didn't patent it right away so Joseph Jones who worked at the Berliner lab took the idea and goes to patent office and gets patent. Joseph sells patent to Edward Easton at Columbia and that's how Columbia gets into flat disc records. When Johnson heard that Joseph got a patent he goes and gets one and now both Victor and Columbia own lateral cut tech. Eldridge Johnson takes over for Berliner and cofounds a new company called the Victor Talking Machine.
Why were people going north?
Big huge factories were being opened in north like Chicago and their primary labor force was immigrants but when this is limited factories are in need of new labor so there was an opening for anyone and this led to the great migration of people going north specifically working class poor rural whites. They brought their music and culture and going north they arrived where industry existed.
Who was Fiddlin' John Carson?
Born 1868, died 1949, 1923 "location recording" in Atlanta, Carson was a popular radio performer and fiddling champion in Atlanta, local store owner/distributor Polk Brockman and Ralph Peer, Peer's reactions supposedly "pluperfect awful."(more than perfectly awful, said it sounded terrible)
Who was Mamie Smith "Crazy Blues?"
Born 1883, died 1946. Veteran of the vaudeville circuit, released in 1920 on Okeh, first "classic blues"/"race" record, reportedly sold over 75k copies in Harlem alone, Fred Hager, Perry Bradford, and Ralph Peer supervised session, success led to a females blues craze-Bessie Smith, Ma Rainey, and Ethal Waters were examples.
Who was Xavier Cugat?
Born 1900, died 1990, led one of the most prestigious dance bands at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, incorporated Latin Music, rhythm, and instruments, largest hit was "Brazil."
Who was Paul Whiteman?
Born in 1890 and died in 1967, called himself "The king of Jazz," classically trained violinist, popular on ballroom dance circuit, 1920: multi-platinum hit with "whispering."
Who was Blind Lemon Jefferson?
Born in 1893, died in 1929 R.T Ashford. Dallas,Tx. Recorded for Paramount Records(1926-1929), first country blues recordings, paradigm shift from female fronted blues bands to acoustic male country/delta blues, Paramount succeeded with direct and target marketing(black newspapers, local salesman)
Who was Bessie Smith?
Born in 1894 in Chattanooga, TN, "Empress of the Blues," recorded for Columbia(starting in 1923), her records were popular with both black and white audiences, "classic blues" died in 1937 in a car accident.
Who was Roy Acuff?
Born in 1903 in Tennessee, became known as "The king of country music" due to his popularity in the 1930s and 40s on the Grand Ole Opry, his popularity changed the Opry from a string-based hoedown to a more professionalized song-based program, his recording of "Great Speckled Bird" became the national anthem for country music, co-founded Acuff-Rose Publishing, the first major Nashville-based music publisher, died in 1992.
Who was Cab Calloway?
Born in 1907, died in 1994, "The Hi-De-Ho Man," took over for Duke Ellington at the Cotton club in NYC, popularized Zoot suits(suit that is larger than body) and scat singing, scored major hits in the 1930s with "Minnie the Moocher," "St. James Infirmary," "Reefer Man," etc, starred in the Blues Brothers with John Belushi and Dan Ackroyd.(vocalist)
Who was Vernon Dalhart?
Born in Texas 1883, died in 1948. One of the most prolific vocalists who recorded pop and light opera for every label in the 1910s, Victor's 1924 release of Vernon Dalhart's "The Wreck Of The Old '97" sold approximately 7 million copies, wanting to repeat the success of the single, the victor company sent Ralph Peer to the southern mountains in 1927. Became the "King of Disaster Songs," which were popular with the rural/southern/white working class audience, recorded over 5,000 sides in the 20s and 30s, all in New York City, and inducted into the country Music Hall Of Fame(1981).
In 1877, who was Charles Cros?
Conceptualized the idea for the phonograph, cro's process involves tracing sound waves by the lateral movement of a stylus on lamp-blacked glass. Cros suggested that this glass could be photoengraved to produce lines in relief and somehow could be used to replay the recorded sound. He gave a copy of his paper to the French Academy of Sciences in April 1877, 3 months before Thomas Edision's inventions of the phonograph, but did not patent the process until May 1878 and never made a working model.(He foreshadowed the history of music business)
What is open business system?
Contextual understanding to culture and current events.(dependent on public, giving money)
Who was James Reese Europe?
Early ragtime performer(all different streams of music), bandleader and composer, Vernon and Irene Castle were popular ballroom dancers who endorsed victor products, in 1913 his orchestra became the first African-American group to sign a record contract, said "we colored people have our own music that is part of us," one of the first African-Americans to perform at Carnegie Hall.
Who was Edouard-Léon Scott de Martinville?
First person to record sound, wanted to see what sound looks like and focused on the inner ear. He invented the phonautograph that was designed to only record and create visual images of sound, not playback, stenography, learning about how sound waves travel through the air and vibrate, recorded on sooted paper and Au Clair de la lune in 1860 was the earliest known "recording."
Under the three traditions of American Music, what is African-American Stream?
Flexibly pitched, speech-like vocal delivery, repetitive riff-like melodies, lots of syncopation, melisma(singing several notes to one syllable), call and response(antiphonal) singing, and polyrhythms(simultaneous sounding of rhythms in two or more contrasting meters. Also allows expression, artist can bring unique talent to song. Ex. James Brown "I Got The Feeling."
Who was the original Dixieland jazz band?
Freddie Keppard declined 1915 offer from Victor, released on Victor in 1917, ODJB was an all-white ensemble, "Livery Stable Blues" alone sold over 250,000 copies-more than any single Caruso or Sousa record, led to a "Jazz Craze" though all recording artists were white until 1923. (Band was popular in New York City, Victor and Columbia only record white Jazz.)
Who was Benny Goodman?
From Chicago, "King of Swing," one of the first to integrate his band on both record and live, 1938 Carnegie Hall Concert.
Who was Duke Ellington?
From D.C./NYC, gained popularity for his cotton club residency("Jungle Music") and prolific recorded output, Irving Mills was his manager and publisher. (Builds a show and writes all music and runs 2 weeks, then after 2 weeks is over he repeats process.)
Who was Count Basie?
From N.J./Kansas City, innovative in the way he emphasized rhythm and riffs(influenced by Boogie-Woogie piano.)
In the genre of Jazz, who was Louis Armstrong?
From New Orleans, played in the Storyville district(lawlessness is allowed), 1923 recorded with King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band for Gennett and Paramount Records, first African-American and "traditional" or "hot" jazz recording. Chicago publishers, the Melrose Brothers, recommended several Chicago jazz artists to Gennett(New Orleans Rhythm Kong's, King Oliver, and Jellyroll Morton.) In 1925, Louis Armstrong's Hot Five and Hot seven(Ralph Peer supervised session at Okeh), "Heebie Jeebies" popularized scat vocals(improvising and other jazz artists copy this), later went on to have many hits including "Hello, Dolly"(oldest artist to reach #1, knocking off the Beatles) and "What a Wonderful World."
What is periphery?
From the outside(underground, niche, indie). "Peripheral" impulses come from African American, poor southern whites, work class people, Jewish and Latin American immigrants, adolescents, gays, and others. Popular music usually starts in the periphery and evolves into the mainstream.
What are some of the first "Indies?"
Gennett Records, Paramount Records, Okeh Records, Black Swan Records, and Black Patti Records.
Under the three traditions of American Music, what is Latin American Stream?
Has Habanera rhythm which is a Cuban based rhythm combining African polyrhythms and 19th century European country-dance and eight beat pattern(3-3-2) that influenced ragtime(building block for jazz). There is tango, salsa, samba, and mariachi. Ex. Amadeus Electric Quartet "Carmen Habanera."
In 1877 what did Thomas Edison invent?
He invented the phonograph which was the the mechanical recording and reproduction of sound, inspired by field telegraphy and the telephone(1876), recorded "Mary had a little lamb," recorded vibrations three dimensionally onto a tinfoil cylinder, primarily marketed for business purposes and it's novelty, music not a primary purpose for the phonograph/"talking machine." Recording and reproduction process not conducive to mass media. "Abandons" the phonograph and focuses on inventing the lightbulb, delivery of electricity, and motion pictures, will reenter the record business as Edison Records. (He uses the DC current which is a delivery of electricity but can't go long distance. He competed against Tesla that had AC current and Edison made sure that the AC was the first electrocution.)
Who was Perry Bradford?
He made an argument at Okeh Records saying "There's fourteen million Negroes in our great country and they will buy records if recorded by one of their own, because we are the only folks that can sing and interpret hot jazz songs just off the griddle."
Who was Thomas "Daddy" Rice?
He mocked a plantation slave named Jim Crow by making a song about him and putting on a black face.
Who was Sir Arthur Sullivan?
He said to Edison that "I am astonished and somewhat terrified at this evening's experiment: astonished at the wonderful power you have developed and terrified at the thought that so much, bad music may be put on record forever.
In 1887, who was Emile Berliner's Gramophone?
He was the father of the record business, said this tech is home entertainment and realized you couldn't make copies with cylinder so he records on flat disc. Flat disc is molding, stamping. He was a fan of music and did not like the sound or ability to record and reproduce recordings from the cylinder, he eventually settles on shellac as the record's material, 1901 he confounded the Victor Talking machine company, and Grammys are named after his invention.
Who was Stephen Foster?
He was the first important composer of American popular song, his work was both inspired by and made popular by minstrelsy, one of the first American songwriters to sign contracts for royalties and support himself as a full-time songwriter, his songs were "Old Susanna", "old Folks at Home(Swanee River),"and "Hard Times Come Again No More." Many of his songs became standards/evergreens.
What is disruptive innovation?
Helps to create a new market and value network, and eventually disrupts an existing market and value network(over a few years or decades), displacing an earlier technology.
What was the electrical method?
Here a perfect and natural grouping of artists.
Who was Chichester Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter?
In 1881-1886 there was Bell labs(Alexander Graham Bell). The graphophone improved upon Edison's invention: waxy cylinders(when you take it off it still exists and it produces sound more accurately), floating stylus(shock absorber for sounds high and low), stethoscope tubes, and lateral grooves(taking public domain and improving on so you get to own technology. Needle will go back and forth cutting grooves into wax.) Edward Easton purchased the patent.
What is the historical context of 1920-1940?
In 1919 World War 1 ends, 1924 immigration act(completely eliminates any immigration whatsoever from Asia, Japan, China. It severely limits immigration from the Eastern European territories like Germany, Greece, and Italy), 1929 stock market crash and the Great Depression, 1933 prohibition ends(Mafia flourishes and hires musicians that play music young kids like), 1941 U.S. enters World War 2.
What is victor verses Starr piano about?
In 1919, Victor sued Starr Piano(Gennett Records) for patent infringement, but immediately lost request for an injunction. Lateral verses vertical/ "hill and dale" 78 RPMS. In 1923, court ruled in favor of Starr thus putting the popular lateral disc into the public domain, there was birth of "indie labels."
What was every new genre of the 20th and 21st century first introduced by?
Indie and DIY labels.
What was electrical recording?
Introduced in 1925 by Bell Labs, Westrex system, combined condenser microphone, matched-impedance vacuum tube amps, and electromagnetic disc cutting, more intimate vocals and quieter instruments(guitar, banjos,etc), 1926 Victor introduced the Orthophonic Victrola-the first phonograph that could replicate the increased fidelity of electrical recordings.
What was "His Master's Voice" by Francis Barraud "Little Nipper" about?
It can reproduce owner's voice so clearly that dog is baffled. He goes to Thomas Edison and says do you want to buy the right to this painting for your company for a logo and Edison says no that he just wants his face on everything. So painter erases phonograph and puts in gramophone. He goes to Johnson and Berliner and says do you want this and they make that their logo.
What does article 1, section 8 say?
It creates music business and it creates industry with new ideas and cultural identity. Progress of science is human knowledge which is copyright and useful arts is science.
What was minstrelsy and blackface?
It was the first form of musical and theatrical entertainment to be regarded by European audiences as distinctly American, usually a white performer with a blackened face who mocked African-American dialect and culture. (?George Washington Dixon was under minstrelsy)
Who was "After the Ball" in 1892 written by?
It was written by Charles K. Harris, went on to sell several million copies(sheet music), but did have "cross-over" success on record.
Who was Enrico Caruso?
Italian opera tenor-recorded from 1902-1920, first "recording star" and "platinum" artist, Victor raised price of "Red Seal"(originally it's black label) 78s to over $5 per disc, many opera stars refused to record before Caruso due to sound quality, process was laborious, fear of drop in live attendance, theft of style, and demonic. He raised the phonographs cultural image and it was no longer a novelty, received annual guarantees and artist royalties for his recordings, and first posthumous sales spike after his death in 1921. (He has exclusive agreement to only record for Victor so they gave him royalties.)
Who is the first major recording artist on Columbia?
John Phillip Sousa. He was the "march king," American composer and band leader, led the U.S. Marine Corp Band, recorded for Columbia(started in the 1890s), authored "The Menace Of Mechanical Music," 1906. Coined the term "canned music"(could mean fake, pre recorded) to describe the cylinder's packaging, but came to mean the inability to perform live. His sheet music sold thousands of copies and was well established. He was the first to be recorded.
What is the difference between lateral verses vertical records?
Lateral is conventional lateral cut record: lateral movement of the needle tip that goes side to side. Vertical is rare vertical cut record and has vertical movement of the needle tip, goes up and down.
The music industry to 1900 consisted of?
Live performance(concerts,theater, vaudeville), and music publishing(sheet music and broadsides which is just the lyrics), the piano was the centerpiece of many American homes, and an "American" style began to form after the Civil War.
In 1896, what was Plessy vs. Ferguson?
Made legal for public facilities where blacks had to go to one school and whites go to other.
What is "zip coon?"
Mockery of urban African-Americans.
Who was H.C. Spier?
Music and mercantile store owner in Jackson, Mississippi, auditioned and recorded demos, talent broker/scout for a variety of labels who discovered Charley Patton, Tommy Johnson, Son House, Robert Johnson, Skip James, and more, artists with original material were "paramount," and turned down Jimmie Rodgers.
In 1901, how did music dominate?
Music industry dominated by sheet music sales/music publishing, Victor and Columbia focus on "serious" or "high brow" music-cultural uplift(the act of process of bettering moral, social, or cultural conditions as a way to shed novelty perception. Also successful with "ethnic satire" recordings: African-Americans, Jews, and Southerns were popular targets.
What is under Columbia Phonograph Company?
North American Phonograph Company, D.C. MD, DE franchise, 1884 left NAPC. It's business model is the franchise model and they sell rights to different territories for people then to build a business using what the company owns. One of the first franchises that is started is in D.C MD district by Edward Easton. He calls his company the Columbia Phonograph Company and the original purpose of the NAPC was that this tech was for business purposes. He goes down Edison's list and is attuned to Berliner saying it's home entertainment so he starts to remarket the machines to middle and upper class homes. He has to build a catalog of sound recordings so that would make you want to buy a phonograph so he starts to record.
What was the mechanical method?
Note unnatural crowding of Artists around Recording Horn.
Under the three traditions of American Music, what is European-American Stream?
Precisely pitched, rhythmically distinct vocal delivery, flowering melodies, and no syncopation(rhythmic stresses on the ordinarily weak beats). It's like classical and they have to play what is on sheet music. Examples: ballads, dance music, and strophic musical form which is a series of verses sung to a repeated melody.
What were Nickelodeons in 1890?
Precursor to the jukebox, pacific franchise of NAPC, popular but seen as a novel/ "low brow." Popular were whistlers, ethnic caricatures, fiddlers, operettas, and brass bands.
What is radio?
Radio telegraphy invented by Guglielmo Marconi and Nikola Tesla, 1912-sinking of the Titanic (growth of public interest and congressional oversight, General Electric created RCA, 1920 KDKA(Pittsburgh with election with James Cox, RCA began setting up radio stations. Prior to 1932, music was performed live on radio by Martin Block who hosted The Make Believe Ballroom, labels at first fought against allowing the airing of their sound recordings on radio.
Who were the Carter Family?
Ralph Peer says they looked like hillbillies. They become first family of country music. The Carter's image borne out in radio appearances and interviews was one of quiet conservatism, Carter scratch which was learned from Lesley Riddle. (Ralph Peer was interested in commerciality and he liked Carter due to: going house to house collecting songs and changing them to copyright and loved talent of women in band.)
Who was Ralph Peer?
Record executive at Okeh and Victor, important in the growth and development of blues, country, and Latin music, took little/no salary, but received a royalty on each record, which he split with the artist and took an ownership position in the publishing, southern music and peer music publishing. (He wanted royalties on each record sold)
What was the copyright act of 1909?
Response to growth of player piano(mechanically reproduce composition, plays itself) and extended to sound recordings, created a royalty(mechanicals) for songwriters and music publishers, created a compulsory mechanical license(record label paid 2 cents to publishing company), led to the birth of the American Society of composers, Authors and Publishers in 1914(ASCAP), which dealt with public performance licenses.
What are innovations currently disrupting the recording industry?
Spotify, Apple Music, Amazon music, YouTube, Tidal, and Deezer. The disruption is a change from ownership to rental, the disruption is a change from physical to virtual, the disruption is a change from a product to service, and the disruption is a change from a lump sum to a use fee.
What is center?
The mainstream, place where power, capital, and control over mass media are concentrated(NYC, LA, Nashville, mainstream radio)
What is under Black Patti Records?
They are a parent company which is Chicago Record Company(Gennett and Paramount personnel were investors), location is Chicago, label founder is Jay Mayo Williams(first African American executive), years active were 1927, known for one of the first African American "owned" labels. Great, but poor selling, race records were barely in business for a year.
What is under Okeh Records?
They are a parent company which is Heineman Phonograph Supply Company, location is New York City, label founder is Otto K. Heineman, years active was 1918-1935, known for "first" race which is blues and jazz and hillbilly records, among the biggest race and hillbilly labels in the 1920s.
What is under Gennett Records?
They are a parent company which is Starr Piano, the location is Richmond,Indiana, the label founder is Fred Gennett, years active was 1916-1934, known for among first to record race(jazz,blues, African American audience) and hillbilly music, and there was the victor verses Starr case.
What is under Paramount Records?
They are a parent company which is Wisconsin chair company, location is Grafton, Wisconsin, label founder is Fred Dennett, years active was 1917-1935, known for its landmark early blues recordings.
What is under Black Swan Records?
They are a parent company which is pace and handy publishing company, location is New York City, label founder is Harry Pace, W.C. Handy and W.E.B. DuBois were early investors, years active were 1921-1923, known for one of the first African American owned labels, strong advocates for race recording, hits with Ethel Waters.
Bell and Tainter sell their patent to who?
They sell their patent to the North American Phonograph Company and Edison licenses or leases his patent to that very same company so the tech to record and reproduce sound on a cylinder is now under one roof.
What were the Jim Crow Laws?
They separated racial segregation.
Who was Son House?
Though his 1930s recordings on Paramount weren't big sellers, he was hugely influential on Robert Johnson and Muddy Waters, recorded later by Alan Lomax for the library of Congress, a part of the 1960s Folk Revival, born in 1902 and died in 1988.
Who was Fred Gaisberg?
Victor Talking Machine Company, the first full-time A&R person(talent scout) and record producer, and signed and recorded Enrico Caruso.
What are two companies that will dominate the record industry?
Victor and Columbia.
Who was Bob Wills?
Western swing, effortlessly incorporated string band, jazz, blues, polka, Latin, Hawaiian, and pop music, introduced steel guitar and trap drums to country music. (Lands record at Columbia Records and now San Antino Rose is next era for country artists.
What came about from 1914-1919?
World War 1(1917 for U.S), in 1917 the Great Migration, and in 1919 prohibition begins(18th amendment)
