History Unit 7
What kinds of changes would the appearance of vernacular writing indicate?
More people could read; audience wider than just the elite
How did medieval teaching methods differ from today's methods?
Only a few did in convents and some private schools
Ferdinand and Isabella
monarchs of Spain who forced the Moors out of Spain with the Reconquista and instituted the Inquisition to drive out the remaining Moors and Jews
How was religion central to art and architecture of the Middle Ages?
The major architectural advance of the Middle Ages was the Gothic cathedral. Stained-glass windows, painting, and sculpture often had religious themes.
How did the combination of plague, upheaval in the Church, and war affect Europe in the 1300s and 1400s?
They caused widespread fear and disruption and began to change society. Medieval culture was beginning to break down, paving the way for the Renaissance and the modern world
Given the emotions caused by the Crusades, how do you think European Christians regarded Muslim control of a part of Europe?
They hated the idea and tried to drive the Muslims out
How did the pope's move to Avignon and the establishment of a rival pope in Rome affect Church authority and power?
They weakened the Church's authority. The move of the papacy put the Church under French influence and having rival popes showed further disarray in the hierarchy of the Church.
What were three effects of the Black Death on late medieval Europe?
What were three effects of the Black Death on late medieval Europe?
Why did the English win early victories Hundred Years' War?
Why did the English win early victories Hundred Years' War?
Inquisition
a Church court set up to try people accused of heresy
Crusades
a series of wars form the 1000s through 1200s in which European Christians tried to win control of the Holy Land from Muslims
How did new knowledge pose a challenge to Christian scholars?
Aristotle taught that people should use reason to discover truth; the Church taught that faith and the Church were the final authority
Why were these works a challenge to medieval thinkers?
Aristotle taught that people should use reason to discover truth; the Church taught that faith and the Church were the final authority.
Why did an improving economy lead to the growth of universities?
As some people became wealthy, they looked for opportunities for their children in government bureaucracies and the Church, which required education
Why did the Crusades leave a legacy of religious hatred?
Atrocities on both sides; unresolved claims over the holy city of Jerusalem
Black Death
Bubonic Plague; killed one in three of all Europeans
Compare the effects of the Hundred Years' War on France and on England.
France: created pride and national feeling, allowed French kings to expand their power England: power began to shift to Parliament, away from the monarchy
How does Dante's journey reflect the interests of medieval Europeans?
It reflects the quest for religious understanding and the sense that life is a journey toward the afterlife, which is determined by people's actions.
How did Europe compare with the other cultures that existed in 1050?
It was less unified than many of them and in some ways less advanced.
How did the Black Death affect the authority of the Church?
It weakened Church authority since the Church could not prevent or even explain the plague and many Church officials had also died
What achievements in learning, literature, and the arts characterized the High and late Middle Ages?
Learning - rise of universities, interest in ancient Greek and Muslim learning, scholasticism Literature - heroic epics, Dante's Divine Comedy, Chaucer's Canterbury Tales Art and Architecture - Gothic style, stained-glass, illuminated manuscripts, religious art, tapestries
Pope Innocent III
claimed supremacy over all rulers
Reconquista
during the 1400s, the campaign by European Christians to drive the Muslims from preset-day Spain
Vernacular
everyday culture of the people; may include language, architecture, etc.
Illumination
had intricate designs and miniature paintings of biblical scenes, etc
Inflation
rapid rise in prices
Gothic style
replaced the heavy Romanesque churches; larger windows, spires and towers, thinner walls, stain class windows of intricate design
Flying buttresses
stone supports that stood outside the church
Thomas Aquinas
wrote Summa theological; he concluded that faith and reason exist in harmony
How was the unified state of Spain formed?
By the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
How did trade lead to a wider world view of people?
Contact with goods and merchants from other lands; travel to other lands
How did the Crusades accelerate change in Europe?
Crusaders brought goods and ideas back with them, trade increased a money economy, began to undermine serfdom, and ships that had carried crusaders were available for trade and exploration
Geoffrey Chaucer
English writer who wrote Canterbury Tales - describes a band of pilgrims traveling to Saint Thomas Becket's tomb at Canterbury
What was the impact of the Hundred Years' War in Europe?
France had a growing sense of nationalism French kings were allowed to expand their power English kings were limited due to their need to have Parliament's approval for spending money Castles and armored knights were out due to new inventions of war Feudalism was doomed as kings saw the need for standing, paid armies and not vassals to wage war Signaled the beginning of the development of modern Europe
How did the Church react to these challenges?
How did the Church react to these challenges?
How did the Crusades change life in Europe and beyond?
In Europe, the Crusades led to economic expansion; increased trade and use of money, which undermined serfdom and led to prosperity of northern Italian cities. They led to increased power of the monarchs, and, briefly, to increased power of the papacy. In the Middle East, Muslim regimes united to fight the invaders and, under Saladin, began to reunify the region.
Why did science make little progress at this time period?
It did not fit with Church teachings and was therefore rejected
Why was the invasion of the Byzantine empire by the Turks significant?
It led to the call for help form the Byzantine emperor and thus to the Crusades.
Holy Land
Jerusalem and other places in Palestine where Christians believe Jesus had lived and preached
Who preserved and continued to study ancient Greek works?
Muslim scholars of the Middle East
Why were heroic epics in the vernacular popular with medieval Europeans?
People could understand the stories, whose heroes embodied their own ideals
How was this conflict resolved?
Scholastics said that both faith and reason lead to the same truth
Why was Joan of Arc so important to French success even after she was captured?
The French regarded her as a martyr and sent by God to help them win; they fought to avenge her death
What was the Babylonian Captivity of the Church?
The time when the papal court was in Avignon
Why was the unified state important?
Their combined forces were finally successful in driving the Muslims from Spain and in bringing religious unity to Spain by persecuting and driving out non-Christians
How did they change the situation in the Middle East?
Their conflicts with the Byzantines prevented Christian pilgrims from traveling to the Holy Land.
How might universities that drew students from many lands, affect European life in the future?
They would encourage the spread of ideas and a blending of local cultures into a more general European culture
Schism
a split
Pope Urban II
called for the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont
Scholasticism
combining of Jewish philosophers, Muslim philosophers, and Christian thought into one application; thus, one could reason through the answer
Longbow
used by English; vital weapon
Dante Alighieri
wrote Divine Comedy; journey into hell and purgatory and concludes with a vision of heaven
Who were the Seljuk Turks?
A people who had migrated from Central Asia to the Middle East, where they had converted to Islam and created an empire that included the Holy Land and most of the former Byzantine lands.
Explain three reasons why Europeans joined the Crusades:
A) Religious zeal B) Hope of winning wealth and land C) Escaping troubles at home D) Adventure E) Power F) Fame
What were the effects of the Black Death on Europe?
Huge death toll, breakdown of normal life, economic decline as production dropped, inflation, unemployment, riots, social unrest
What motivated people to participate in the Crusades?
Religious zeal, escaping troubles, adventure; for some knights, nobles, and monarchs they saw the hope of winning, wealth, land, power, and fame.
How did Europeans react to the Black Death?
Some turned to magic and witchcraft, others to wild pleasure or self-punishment. People hid from their neighbors, fled cities, or blamed other, particularly the Jews
Epidemic
an outbreak of rapid-spreading disease
