HLTH 2040 Quiz #12

Consequences of Adolescent Drug Use

- Adolescent suicide - Sexual violence - Gangs

Drugs Used by Athletes

- Anabolic steroids: consist of a group of natural and synthetic drugs that are chemically similar to cholesterol and related to the male hormone testosterone. - Naturally occurring male hormones, or androgens, are produced by the testes in males.

Major Reasons Cited by College Students for Using Alcohol*

- Breaks the ice (75.1%) - Enhances social activity (74.6%) - Gives people something to do (73.0%) - Gives people something to talk about (67.3%) - Allows people to have more fun (62.5%) - Peer bonding (62.4%) - Male bonding (60.6%) - Facilitates sex (53%) - Facilitates female bonding (51.2%) - Female bonding (52.9%) - Makes it easier to deal with stress (43.6%)

College Students: Heavy Drinking Settings Include

- Fraternity parties - Drinking in conjunction with athletic events - Drinking in residence halls - Drinking in off-campus housing areas with a high proportion of students - Drinking in bars adjacent to campus

Why Adolescents Use Drugs C

- Most important factor influencing drug use among adolescents is PEER drug use. - A correlation between strong family bonds and non-drug-using peer groups. - Use drugs to cope with boredom, unpleasant feelings, emotions, and stress or to relieve depression, reduce tension, and reduce alienation.

Drugs Used by Athletes

- Stimulants (amphetamines and cocaine) - Clenbuterol - Erythropoietin (EPO) - Human growth factor (HGF) and human growth hormone (HGH) - Beta ß-adrenergic blockers - Gamma-hydroxybutyrate

Effects of Anabolic Steroids C

- Stunted growth in adolescents - Deepening of voice in females - Water retention - Change in skin and hair (severe acne, male pattern baldness, and increased body hair) - Persistent unpleasant breath odor - Swelling of feet and limbs

Abuse of Anabolic Steroids by Athletes

- Under some conditions, androgen-like drugs: increase muscle mass and strength. - The American Journal of Sports Medicine reported: approximately 3 million people use anabolic steroid in U.S.. - Males are much more likely to use steroids than females. - A 2015 Monitoring the Future Study found: 8th graders (1%), 10th graders (1.2%), 12th graders ( 2.3%) had used steroids (Johnston et al. 2016b) - Football players have the HIGHEST rate of steroid abuse and track athletes have one of the lowest (NCAA Research 2014).

Adolescent Drug Use: Additional Recent Findings B

- Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes): high among teens * 9.5% of 8th graders, * 14% of 10th graders, and * 16.2% of 12th graders using e-cigarettes in the past month (Johnston et al. 2016b). - Only 14.2 percent % of 12th graders viewed regular e-cigarette use as harmful. The nicotine in e-cigarettes is vaporized and inhaled (not smoked); however, the health impact of e-cigarette use is not yet clear, nor is it known (NIDA 2014a). - Past-month marijuana use continues to exceed cigarette use among high school seniors. In 2015, 21.3% of high school seniors used marijuana in the past 30 days, compared with 11.4% who smoked cigarettes (Johnston et al. 2016b).

Four Most Common Sources for Adolescents Obtaining Prescription Drugs (2009-2013)

1. "Given for FREE by a friend or relative" (60.7%) 2. "BOUGHT from a friend or relative" (39.2%) 3. "Bought from drug DEALER/stranger" (20.6%) 4. "TOOK from friend/relative without asking" (16.1%) 5. "Bought prescription drugs on the INTERNET" (3.8%)

Past Year Adolescent Initiates of Prescription Drug Use A

1. 2006: ↑ than 2.1 million teens abused drugs. 2. 2011: an average of 35% of 8th, 10th, and 12th graders used an illicit drug during their lifetime. 3. Every day: 2,000 teenagers (12-17) abuse a prescription pain reliever for the very first time (NIDA for Teens 2013). 4. Prescription and over-the-counter drugs are among the most commonly abused drugs by 12th graders, after alcohol, marijuana, synthetic marijuana (e.g., "Spice"), and tobacco (NIDA for Teens 2013). 5. Pain relievers like Vicodin and OxyContin are the prescription drugs most commonly abused by teens (NIDA 2013)

Drug Use in the Entertainment Industry

1. Alcohol appeared in 93% of movies, 17% of songs; 2. tobacco appeared in 89% of movies. "About one-third of hit songs—including 3. three-quarters of rap songs—have some form of explicit reference to drug, alcohol, or tobacco use . . ." (Yahoo! News 2008). 4. In movies depicting illicit drugs, - marijuana appeared most frequently (51%); - hallucinogens, heroin and other opiates, and miscellaneous others (each 12%); - crack cocaine (2%).

Women and Alcohol

1. Alcohol is the drug most widely used and abused by women in the United States. - Women aged 12 and older: 47.5% used alcohol in the past month and 31.4% reported binge drinking (SAMHSA 2014). 2. Unlike men, women are less likely to develop severe alcohol dependence (only 25% of the alcoholics in the United States are female). 3. Women dependent on alcohol are judged more harshly than men dependent on alcohol.

How Do These Drugs Affect a Woman's Reproduction?

1. Cocaine: A substantial threat to the fetus 2. Alcohol: Crosses the placenta and affects the fetus's development 3. Tobacco: Approximately 10% of women reported smoking during the last 3 months of pregnancy. (May be greater threat to the fetus than cocaine.) 4. Other drugs: (marijuana, LSD, other depressant drugs)? Associated with abnormal fetal development when used during pregnancy

Drug Use by College Students VS. Same Aged Non-college Group

1. College students (76.1%) were moderately higher in annual and 30-day use of alcohol than the noncollege group (74.5%). 2. College students had a higher prevalence of being drunk (42.6%) VS. their aged peers not in college (34.1%). 3. Annual marijuana use was somewhat similar among college students and high school graduates of the same age who were not in college (34.4% vs. 39.7%). 4. More significant differences regarding cigarette usage, college students 22.6% VS. 34.7% noncollege students.

Athletes and Drug Abuse A

1. Drug abuse has been reported since the Greeks started the Olympics in 776 BC. 2. "Doping" among world-class competitors is rampant. 3. Young athletes often receive exaggerated attention and prestige in almost every university, college, high school, and junior high school in the United States. 4. Besides risking their health, athletes who choose to dope should remember that they are role models. 5. 73% percent of youth want to be like a famous athlete; 53% of youth say it is common for famous athletes to use banned substances to get ahead.

Subcultures of Special Populations

1. Drug use and/or abuse: - Athletes/mainly involved in sports - Women - Adolescents - College Students - HIV/AIDS 2. Promoters of Drug Use: The Entertainment Industry and the Internet

Summary Findings: Drug Use and College Students from 2011 to 2014

1. Drugs Declining in Use: cigarettes, crack, heroin, narcotics (other than heroin), and OxyContin 2. Drugs holding relatively steady: any illicit drug, alcohol, inhalants, marijuana, hallucinogens, amphetamines, LSD, Adderall, MDMA (Ecstasy), crystal methamphetamine (ice), Vicodin, tranquilizers, and cocaine 3. Drugs increasing in use: Any illicit drug; alcohol, Ritalin, and sedatives (barbiturates)

Prevention and Treatment of Adolescent Drug Problems

1. Encourage parental awareness of gangs. 2. Encourage alternative participation in organizations or groups (athletics, school activities, career development, or involvement in volunteering programs). 3. Help children to develop coping skills regarding frustration and stress. 4. Educate children about gang-related problems and help them understand that like drugs, gangs are the result of problems and are not the solutions to problems.

Major Reasons for the Use/Abuse of Anabolic Steroids

1. Improve athletic performance 2. Increase muscle size or reduce body fat 3. Experienced physical or sexual abuse (e.g., female weightlifters who had been raped were found to be twice as likely to use anabolic steroids) 4. Adolescent steroid abusers: Risks: drinking and driving, carrying a gun, driving a motorcycle without a helmet, and abusing other types of illicit drugs. 5. Muscle dysmorphia (also a key term in text) - a behavioral syndrome that causes individuals to have a distorted image of their bodies (i.e., perceiving themselves as looking small and weak, even when they may be large and muscular), may be a reason to use anabolic steroids.

Drug Use by College Students A

1. In 2014 (Johnston et al. 2015) - alcohol (Most popular substance): 76.1% - illicit drugs: 38.6% - marijuana: 20.8% - College students who frequently binge drink are MORE likely to smoke cigarettes and use illegal drugs as well. - ↑ alcohol consumed, ↓ GPA.

Subculture: Two types of forces affecting members of a drug-using subculture are:

1. Internal subcultural forces: Shared attitudes favorable of drug use, habitual, and/or addictive behavior 2. External subcultural forces: Law enforcement, availability of drug dealers, and concerns with being observed and/or caught using drugs

Why Adolescents Use Drugs A

1. Most adolescents who use substances of abuse during psychosocial development do not develop problematic drug dependence. 2. Adolescent users who have difficulty with drugs often: - lack coping skills, - are from dysfunctional families, - maintain poor self-images, - and/or feel socially and emotionally insecure.

Drug Use Among Women with Comparisons to Men, 2015 B

1. Most types of abused drugs by females (in descending order): - Alcohol, females 82.9% (males 83.1%) - Flavored alcoholic beverages, females 53.8% (males 53.0%) - Binge drinking (+5 or more drinks) in last two weeks, females 26.4% (males 42.9%) - Cigarettes, females 24.1% (males 31.1%) - Marijuana, females 27.8% (males 34.2%) - Any illicit drug other than marijuana, females 19.2% (males 23.6%) - Narcotics other than heroin, females 5.5% (males 7.4%) - Amphetamines, females 6.8% (males 8.8%) - Cocaine, females 3.6% (males 6.9%) - Hallucinogens, females, 2% (males 5.9%) - Hallucinogens other than LSD, females 1.7% (males 4.7%) Steroids, females 0.3% (males 1.1)% - Finally, epidemiological studies show that even though women are less likely to initiate drug use than men, they start EARLIER and are more susceptible to develop an ADDICTION.

Athletes and Drug Abuse B

1. NOT more likely than nonathletes to use drugs of abuse such as marijuana, alcohol, barbiturates, cocaine, and hallucinogens. 2. MORE likely than other subcultures of drug users to take drugs to enhance performance. - eg. include stimulants such as amphetamines, cocaine, and - eg. an array of drugs with presumed ergogenic effects, such as anabolic steroids.

The Most Commonly Abused Steroids

1. Oral Steroids: - Anadrol (oxymetholone), Oxandrin (oxandrolone), Dianabol (methandrostenolone), and Winstrol (stanozolol) 2. Injectable Steroids: - Deca-Durabolin (nandrolone decanoate), Durabolin (nandrolone phenpropionate), Depo-Testosterone (testosterone cypionate), Equipoise (boldenone undecylenate), and Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG)

Two Major Perspectives

1. Outsider's Perspective - Viewing a group or subculture from outside the group and viewing the group and its members as an observer; looking "in." Nonusers viewing drug users. 2. Insider's Perspective - Viewing a group or subculture from inside the group; seeing members as they perceive themselves. Drug users in agreement with other drug users or sympathizers.

Effects of Anabolic Steroids B

1. Psychological effects: irritability, outbursts of anger such as "road rage," mania, psychosis, and major depression 2. Psychological and physical dependence with continual use of high doses 3. Withdrawal symptoms: cravings, fatigue, depression, restlessness, loss of appetite, insomnia, diminished sex drive, headaches 4. Alterations in reproductive systems and sex hormones: - Breast enlargement in males; breast reduction and hair growth in females - Infertility - Atrophy (shrinkage of the penis and testicles in males and enlargement of external genitalia in females)

Does Social Networking Motivate Drug Use? A

1. Research at The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University conducted a survey of 12- to 17-year-olds, they found that - the vast majority (70%) of the teens surveyed used the sites - 40% of all teens had "seen pictures on those sites of kids drinking or using drugs and that half of those teens were not yet teens—they were 13 years old or younger" (Reuters and Fox News Network 2011).

Patterns of Anabolic Steroid Use by Athletes

1. Stacking: Use of several types of steroids at the same time. 2. Cycling: Use of different steroids taken singly but in sequence. 3. Plateauing: Developing tolerance to a particular steroid. 4. Pyramiding: Beginning steroid use with low doses moving to higher doses, then reducing the dosage at the end of the cycle. 5. Array: Use of other drugs while taking anabolic steroids to avoid possible side effects, such as taking diuretics, anti-acne, anti-estrogens.

NCAA Banned Drug List (NCAA 2016)

1. Stimulants 2. Anabolic Agents 3. Alcohol and Beta Blockers (banned for rifle only) 4. Diuretics and Other Masking Agents 5. Street Drugs 6. Peptide Hormones and Analogues 7. Anti-estrogens 8. Beta-2 Agonists

Promoters of Drug Use: The Entertainment Industry and the Internet A

1. The Internet maintains a unique subculture of drug enthusiasts. 2. Numerous web sites are used by a growing number of drug users as forums for learning and exchanging the latest information and techniques about drug use (i.e., purchasing equipment for growing, chat rooms sharing information about the use of illicit drugs, news about drug "get togethers," such as parties, raves, festival locations where drugs are prevalent).

Drug Use by College Students B

2. Alcohol: Serious and acute problems eg. alcoholism, poor academic performance, drinking and driving, and criminalistic behavior (e.g., driving while intoxicated, vandalism, violence). 3. Two major drinking patterns appear dominant among college students: (1) drinking related to impulsivity, disinhibition, and sensation-seeking and (2) drinking to manage negative emotional states, such as depression.

Does Social Networking Motivate Drug Use? B

2. The top social media platforms for American teens are - Facebook (71%), - Instagram (52%), - Snapchat (41%, and - Twitter (33%). 3. "90% of teens are initially exposed to picture of their peers drink, using drugs or passing out on social media before the reach the age of 15 years old" (12 Keys Rehab 2016).

Promoters of Drug Use: The Entertainment Industry and the Internet B

3. The Internet is a more recent source for MARKETING illicit drugs for anyone having access to computers, and this audience includes younger teens and adults. - Legal suppliers appear to be fueling the trade by providing their products to unlicensed Internet pharmacies that then sell these legally restricted types of drugs (Join Together Online and BBC News 2005).

Does Social Networking Motivate Drug Use? C

4. "Teens who are exposed to these types of images are: - 3 times likelier to consume ALCOHOL, - 4 times as likely that they'll use MARIJUANA (12 Keys Rehab 2016). 5. "These teens are able to access mind-altering substances, including prescription drugs, MORE readily than teens who don't use social media" (12 Keys Rehab 2016).

Promoters of Drug Use: The Entertainment Industry and the Internet C

4. The potential impact of acquiring illicit drugs from Internet sites was emphasized by a journalist warning that we should "Forget the drug dealer on the corner, teens are increasingly turning to the Internet to get high" (Fiore 2008).

Drug Use by College Students C

4. Young adults ages 18 to 25 are most likely to: - binge or drink heavily; - 54% of the drinkers in this age group binge and about one in four are heavy drinkers. 5. Regarding recent surveys on annual drug patterns of full-time college students (Johnston et al. 2015) - 76.1% had used alcohol - 34.4% had used marijuana - 22.6% had used cigarettes - 38.6% had used any illicit drug - 10.1% had used amphetamines

Past Year Adolescent Initiates of Prescription Drug Use B

6. The prescription drugs most commonly abused by teens are painkillers, powerful narcotics prescribed to treat pain; depressants, such as sleeping pills or anti-anxiety drugs; and stimulants, mainly prescribed to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). 7. Among teens who have abused painkillers, nearly one-fifth (18%) used them at least weekly in the past year.

Adolescent Drug Use: Additional Recent Findings A

Adolescents aged (12 ~ 17) 2014 - Current alcohol users 11.5%, totaling 2.9 million adolescents (CBHSQ 2015). - had substance abuse disorders (SUDs) 1.3 million, which represents 5.0% of adolescents (CBHSQ 2015). - current users of illicit drugs In 2014, slightly more than 2.3 million, which represents 9.4% of adolescents (CBHSQ 2015). - current users of marijuana: 7.4%, whihc approximately 1.8 million adolescents used marijuana in the past month (CBHSQ 2015).

Drug Use Among Women with Comparisons to Men, 2015 A

Overall, females consistently use FEWER licit and illicit drugs: Female:Male = 34.4% : 39.8%

Why Adolescents Use Drugs B

Parents who are most likely to foster drug-abusing children are: - Drug abusers themselves - Excessively rigid and condemning or range from intermittent extreme rigidity to extreme neglect - Overly demanding - Overly protective - Overwhelmed with their own personal conflicts - Unable to effectively communicate with their children

Patterns of Drug Use by 8th Graders

Regarding recent surveys on lifetime drug use by 8th graders in 2014: - 10.8% had used inhalants - 13.5% had used cigarettes - 15.6% had used marijuana - 26.8% had used alcohol

Patterns of Drug Use in 12th Graders

Regarding recent surveys on lifetime drug use by12th graders in 2014: - 6.5% had used inhalants - 34.4% had used cigarettes - 44.4% had used marijuana - 66.0% had used alcohol

Steroid Usage in Professional Sports

Usage patterns for anabolic steroids vary considerably according to athletes' motivation, level of competition, the type of sport, and the pressure for winning: Of the 26 sports included in the 2012 Games: - the worst offender is cycling (3.71%)." - the 2nd highest rate - boxers (3.05%). - Lowest: Badminton (0.87%)." - tested athletes in terms of the total number of samples: Footballers (30,398), athletics (25,013), cycling (21,427), and aquatics (13,138)" (Burn-Murdoch 2012).

Subculture: Define

defined as a special population or subgroup whose members share similar values and patterns of related behaviors that differ from the larger population.

Effects of Anabolic Steroids A

↑ strength ↑ lean body mass ↑ risk of liver disorders