hlth 236 exam 2

Hispanic family values

Hispanics tend to highly value the family. Families are very close, broadly defined, and emotionally and financially supportive. -The eldest male is typically the authority figure, and gender roles are traditional. -Important decisions are made by the whole family, not the individual. -Respect is fundamental to communication and relationships. -Elders are trusted, shown respect, and viewed as authority figures within the community. They often provide child care for the grandchildren.

latino/latinx

everyone from latin america -example:people from brazil (who speak Portuguese)

Hispanic subgroups

there are many of these since hispanics are from 20 different countries

chicano/chicana

more exclusive term used solely to refer to people of Mexican descent who are American with Mexican heritage (Mexican American)

African American Quick Facts

-2018 had the largest death rates from heart disease and stroke compared with other racial and ethnic populations. -The percentages of African American and Hispanic adults who had control of high blood pressure were lower than among white adults. -The prevalence of obesity among adults from 2007−2018 was largest among African American (both sexes combined) compared with white and Mexican American adults. -In 2018, the prevalence of diabetes was nearly twice as large as the prevalence among white adults -The number of years of expected life free of activity limitations caused by chronic conditions is less for African American adults than white adults. -Infants of African American women in 2018 had the largest death rate, which was more than twice the rate among infants of white women. -In 2016, compared to the national average, the homicide rate was 54% lower for whites, 14% lower for Hispanics, and 267% higher for African Americans -In 2018, a larger percentage of Hispanic and African American adults aged 18−64 years were without health insurance compared with white and Asian/Pacific Islander counterparts. -Had the largest incidence and death rates from colorectal cancer in 2018 compared with all other racial and ethnic populations—despite having colorectal screening rates similar to the rate among white adults

African American Nutrition and Diet

-A family tradition of soul food may be problematic for some African Americans. • fried foods • high fat, sugar, and sodium content. • high salt content and heavy gravy. • less fiber, and fewer fruits and vegetables that the rest of American society -African Americans generally accept larger body sizes, feel less guilt about overeating, and are less likely to practice unhealthy dieting behaviors, such as over-exercising or purging. -Although African Americans have a healthy acceptance of a wider range of body sizes, their tolerance may lead to more obesity and serious obesity-related health problems

African American Cultural-Bound Illness

-A genetic related disease, sickle cell anemia, is found most often among this population. About 1 in 12 African Americans have this trait

mental health

-Acculturation into the U.S. society also may have a negative impact on the mental health of Hispanics. -U.S. born and long-term residents have significantly increased rate of mental disorders compared to recent Hispanic immigrants. This also applies to increases in rates of substance abuse. -16% of Hispanic adults reported suffering from a mental illness the previous year. (19% White adults, 18%, Black adults, and 13.9% Asian adults

African American Mental Health

-African Americans have about the same degree of mental health issues, or even less than Non-Hispanic whites, which may be due to reliance on family, church, and community to cope. -The level of religious participation among African Americans is high. -They have a remarkably low suicide rate compared to Non-Hispanic whites

African American Worldview

-African Americans often hold a fatalistic worldview. Many believe that health is a gift from God; illness is a result of something that was not pleasing to God. -Sometimes the belief that one's health is in God' s hands, a fatalistic perspective, can prevent engagement in preventive measures or treatment. -In general, many are present oriented. Some are rather relaxed about time and hence, may be late for appointments. Time is viewed as circular and what is important is that they show up for their appointment, as opposed to being on time -African Americans tend to speak louder than other cultures, and it is important to not interpret that as being angry. -They tend to prefer close personal space and are comfortable with touching and hugging. -Their highly animated nonverbal communication methods are sometime erroneously misinterpreted as being aggressive. Eye contact is viewed as a sign of respect

Hispanic Pregnancy, Birth, and Child Bearing

-Although Hispanics have more conservative attitudes toward sexuality than whites or blacks, they are more likely to enter sexual relationships at a young age. -In 2018, Hispanic females aged 15 to 19 had a birthrate higher than any other racial or ethnic group. -At the prenatal state avoiding foods that are considered "hot" (spicy or physically hot) by their culture is thought to be beneficial because they believe hot foods can cause the baby to be born with spots and be susceptible to rashes. -During labor and delivery medication is thought to be detrimental to the baby as is screaming during labor. Make-up is not worn during the labor and delivery -Some Hispanic traditions hold that the mother and child should be quarantined for about 40 days after the birth. -Child rearing is consistent with the concepts of formality, distinctly defined parental roles, and extended family. -Older children often have significant responsibility for younger siblings or relatives, and are often actively engaged in the care of older members of the family -Grandparent involvement in child rearing not only helps the parent but also helps engender a deep sense of family loyalty in the child and a sense of responsibility for providing extended social support to other family members, including the elderly. -Adolescents report similar levels of conflict and cohesion with their parents as teenagers of other groups

Native American and Alaskan Native Populations Pregnancy, Birth, and Child Rearing

-Although each American Indian and Alaskan Native culture had its own beliefs and rituals, there are many descriptions of child birth practices involving the pregnant woman secluding herself, with perhaps a woman helper, and having private birth experiences out of the sight of men. -Early accounts of the childbirth practices of the American Indian population indicate that pregnant women were to limit their activities and watch their diet and behavior to protect the baby. -Certain foods might affect the fetus and cause unwanted physical defects -Some newborns are ceremonially plunged into water on a daily basis for up to two years to gain strength. -Children are considered to be specially linked to the spiritual world, and in general are indulged rather than punished. -Corporal punishment was clearly the exception rather than the rule, although ridicule or fear of the supernatural might be used to produce obedience

Hispanic General Beliefs About Causes of Health and Disease Prevention

-Health is generally viewed as being and looking clean, being able to rest and sleep well, feeling good and happy, and having the ability to perform in one' s expected role as mother, father, or worker. -A person's well-being depends upon a balance in emotional, physical, and social factors, and when they are not in balance, illness occurs.

History of American Indian and Alaskan Native Populations in the United States

-American Indian and Alaskan Native people are descendants of the first humans who migrated from Asia and Europe to North America about 30,000 years ago. -The European migration initiated what is sometimes called the Columbian Exchange and began in the 15th century. - Horses were introduced from Europe - Potato, tomatoes, and corn were transferred from Americas - Diseases exchanged in both directions -Vast differences in culture caused misunderstanding and conflict. - Europeans viewed land as something to be held by an owner with groups of people having territory - American Indians generally viewed land as unbounded except for physical barriers and something to be used but not owned -American Indian populations were viewed by the Europeans as a problem, with the solution being to eradicate them through wars and to push any survivors to low-valued lands. - Once it became evident that the Europeans intended to stay and seize land in any way necessary, American Indians and Alaskan Natives began to initiate their own violence against Europeans -In the 19th century, the westward expansion of the United States caused large numbers of American Indians to move farther west, often by force, almost always reluctantly. -The Indian Removal Act of 1830 authorized the president to conduct treaties to exchange American Indian land east of the Mississippi River for lands west of the river. -Alaska was purchased from Russia by the United States in 1867. (Became a state on January 3, 1959) -In 1906, the Homestead Act granted land (limited to 160 acres) to the following individuals: "Indian or Eskimo who is a native of that area and is head of household or 21 years of age. -Repealed in 1962 -Under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971, 40 million acres of land and nearly a billion dollars was awarded to Alaskan Natives -Many steps were taken to "civilize" these populations and to change their cultural practices: -Prohibiting them to speak their native language -Creating Indian boarding schools to keep children from their tribal setting -The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 gave U.S. citizenship to American Indians, in part because: -Many wanted to see them merged with the American mainstream -The service of many American Indian and Alaskan Native veterans in World War I

Native American and Alaskan Native Populations Mental Health

-American Indian and Alaskan Native populations experience similar mental disorders in rates to the overall population. -The most significant mental health issues are depression, substance abuse, and anxiety, including posttraumatic stress disorder. -In some groups, alcoholism and illicit drug use disorder rates are much higher than the U.S. average. (Alaska Natives!) -Even among groups of American Indians/Natives with high rates of alcohol abuse, most American Indian people are not alcoholics. -However, American Indians/Alaskan Natives have rates of binge drinking higher than the national average. -Often physical concerns and psychological concerns are not separated

Native American and Alaskan Native Populations Nutrition and Diet

-American Indian and Native Alaskan populations believe that certain foods are sacred. -Some believe the Great Spirit Hashtali gave the people corn as a present, so it is considered to be sacred. -Another sacred food is blood soup, which is made from a mixture of animal blood and corn flour cooked in broth. -At marriage ceremonies, the bride and groom exchange food instead of rings -Diet and food practices have changed possibly more than any other group in the United States and generally resembles that of the U.S. white population. -Yet some American Indian food is now part of the diet of the general population, including succotash in the South, wild rice dishes in the northern Plains, pumpkin soup in New England, chili in the Southwest, broiled salmon in the Pacific Northwest, and corn on the cob in most areas of the country. -For Alaskan Natives, there is continued substantial reliance on many subsistence foods such as fish, terrestrial mammals, marine mammals, and wild plants

Tips for Working with American Indian and Alaskan Native Populations

-Be warm and friendly; make the patient feel that you genuinely care about them. -First meeting is extremely important because it sets the basis of your relationship. -With the patient's consent, involve the family as they play a crucial role in the patient's outcome and the support of family will help speed recovery and raise social wellbeing. -Silence is valued and is not necessarily a negative behavior. Sometimes the patient may require time to think and respond to a comment -Respect traditional healing ways and diagnosis; work to accommodate their beliefs. -Show great respect to the elderly. In many cases, the elders are not accustomed to the modern health care facilities, the new atmosphere, the noises, the caregivers and types treatment; for many of them it may be their first trip to a medical facility so it is important to ease their mind and explain procedures

Healing Traditions, Healers, and Healing Aids

-Hispanics generally look to standard primary care doctors and facilities for care. -On a secondary basis, Hispanics may rely on some traditional healing traditions

Hispanic Worldview

-Hispanics tend to value closeness, so touching and embracing is common. -Sustained eye contact with an older person is considered rude; direct eye contact with superiors is viewed as being disrespectful. This may not be relevant to second and third generational Hispanics. -Using formal names and greeting with a handshake is a sign of respect and hence, it how healthcare providers should address and greet Hispanics. -Inquiring about family before discussing the health issues is a way of gaining trust. Healthcare providers should engage in "small talk" before addressing the patient's health concerns. -Hispanics tend to be present-oriented, which is why disease prevention may not be a priority. -They have a fatalistic worldview and believe that their health is in God's control.

History of African Americans in the United States

-Culture is a mixture of the oral traditions brought to this country from Africa with modifications developed within a context of slavery, prejudice, discrimination, and poverty. -With the massive reduction in potential workers caused by the death of most of the original indigenous population in the Americas due to war and disease, the Europeans in America needed labor and turned to slavery to develop commerce -The "transatlantic slave trade" lasted from the 16th century to the 19th century, and an estimated 12 million men, women, and children were transported by force to the Americas from their homeland of Africa. -Approximately 500,000 were brought to what is today the United States. -Constitutionally defined as counting as three-fifths of a person (U.S. Constitution, Article I Section 2). -First U.S. Census (August 2, 1790) -Despite the Civil War, and the 13th and 14th Amendments, separation of the races and cultures was legally authorized until the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education (U.S. Supreme Court, 1954) declared "separate but equal" inherently discriminatory. (Oliver Brown and Topeka, Kansas) -This has had profound effect on education and provision of health care -Generations of slaves passed oral history and culture along by word of mouth. -Music and allegorical stories were shared among people from different African origins and between generations that resulted in fundamental characteristics of a new African American culture that represented new cultural attributes unique to America -Much of what is considered African American culture evolved from simple poverty. "Soul food" involved greens and all parts of farm animals, which were essentially subsistence and survival food, but African culture added items such as Okra and red peas from Africa

African American Behavioral Risk Factors and Common Health Problems

-Discrimination, poverty, and poor nutrition and exercise habits have resulted in serious health problems. -The poverty rate is higher among African Americans than any other racial/ethnic groups except American Indian/Alaskan Natives. -They lead all other racial/ethnic groups in low birth weight, infant mortality, obesity, diabetes, asthma, hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted diseases, waiting list for organ transplants, and cancer deaths -The 10 leading causes of death among African Americans in 2016 were as follows: 1. Heart disease 2. Cancer 3. Stroke 4. Diabetes mellitus 5. Unintentional injuries 6. Nephritis (kidneys) 7. Chronic lower respiratory disease 8. Homicide 9. Septicemia 10. Alzheimer's disease

Native American and Alaskan Native Populations Worldview

-Group success is more important than the success of the individual. -Many tend to see property as communal. -Health is achieved through balance -Autonomy is important yet illness is viewed as a family matter. -Participation in religious ceremonies and prayer is believed to promote health. -Many generally have a fatalistic view, which may prevent them from preventive actions, such as participating in health screenings, and receiving treatment for health issues. -Many do not recognize silent disease—in another words if there are no symptoms then one is not ill. This also can be another barrier to having health screenings done and with treating illnesses that are "invisible" such as cancer

nutrition and diet

-Hispanics' typical diet is high in fiber with beans and grains (rice) as staple foods. Beans are eaten as a source of protein rather than meat. -Leafy green vegetables and dairy are not a usual part of their diet. -Family life has traditionally occupied a central place in Hispanic culture and has contributed to dietary behaviors supporting home preparation of meals and families eating together.

Hispanic Paradox

-In 1986, Kyriakos Markides coined the expression "Hispanic Paradox" for the surprisingly good health outcomes for Hispanics. -CDC data, Hispanics born in 2006 have a life expectancy of 80 years and 7 months. That compares to about 78 years for whites and 73 years for blacks. -The paradox is that affluence and education appear to have little to do with longevity. The nation's Hispanic population has lower levels of both.

African Americans in the United States

-In 2018, 12% of the United States population are African American. They are the second largest minority population, following the Hispanic/Latino population (19%). -In 2010, the U.S. Census Bureau reported that 27.1% of African Americans were living in poverty in comparison to 10.6% of non-Hispanic whites. •2018 Federal Poverty Level is $12,060 single person (add $4,380 for each person in family over 8 years of age) -People who are constantly treated unfairly tend to have more stress, which can lead to emotional, physical, and behavioral problems. -Overall, they have the worst health profile of any other population in the United States

Native American and Alaskan Native Populations Quick Facts

-In 2018, the AI/AN birth rate among females 10-19 years of age was the third largest, following African Americans and Hispanics. -During 1999-2018, drug-induced death rates in the 30-39 year age group were highest among AI/AN compared to other racial/ethnic populations. -In 2018, the homicide death rate was highest among non-Hispanic blacks (19.9 deaths per 100,000), followed by AI/ANs (9.0 deaths per 100,000) -In 2018, the age-standardized percentage of AI/AN adults living in poverty was among the largest compared with non-Hispanic whites. -In 2018, prevalence of unemployment among adults aged 18-64 years was highest among non-Hispanic blacks (16.5%) and AI/AN (15.8%) (Office of Minority Health, 2016). -In 2018, the infant mortality rate was 53% higher for AI/AN women (8.42 infant deaths per 1,000 live births) compared with non-Hispanic white women (5.52 infant deaths per 1,000 live births)

Tips for Working with the African American Population

-Maintaining good health is often correlated with good religious practice. Health screening programs may best be initiated through community and church activities. -Acknowledge and respect your patients' meaning for their illness. Spend time with your patients and ask about their health beliefs. Listen carefully -Assess and acknowledge the significance of spirituality; avoid dominating the content of the discussion, and offer choices for treatment options. -Be available to consult with your patients' family, minister, and/or friends in cases of serious or terminal illness, especially at the time the illness is being explained. -Include your patients in the decision-making process -Show respectful behavior. Your patients may include many people as part of their extended family, some related, while others may be friends of the family or part of the patients' wider social network. -Before touching your patients, always explain what will be done and why. Your patients may prefer that family members of the other gender leave the room -Respect traditional healing ways and diagnosis; work to accommodate their beliefs. -Show great respect to the elderly. In many cases, the elders are not accustomed to the modern health care facilities, the new atmosphere, the noises, the caregivers, and types treatment; for many of them it may be their first trip to a medical facility, it is important to ease their mind and explain procedures

Caring for Hispanic Patients

-Make sure to greet and acknowledge everyone in the room, even the children. -Do not act rushed during the appointment -After you have explained something to your patient, use inquiring comprehension checks such as, "Tell me what I am proposing to do" because "Do you understand?" may be misunderstood as an insult. -Also remember that decisions may need to be made in consultation with family members who may not be present

Native American and Alaskan Native Populations Healing Traditions, Healers, and Healing Aids

-Many healing traditions and rituals focus on harmony, and the overall purpose is to bring participants into harmony with themselves, their tribe, and all of life. -Healing occurs when someone is restored to harmony and connected to universal powers. -Traditional healing is holistic; focuses on the person, not the illness, so the process does not focus on symptoms or diseases, because it addresses the total individual -Plants: American Indians use herbs to purify the spirit and bring balance to people who are unhealthy in spirit, mind, or body -Tobacco, often smoked in medicine pipes, is one of the most sacred plants to American Indians. When they smoke sacred tobacco and other herbs, their breath, which they consider to be the source of life, becomes visible. -used in some way in nearly every cure -smoked pure and is not mixed with chemicals -Peyote has a history of ritual religious and medicinal use among certain American Indian tribes going back thousands of years. Peyote is legal only on Indian reservations because of its spiritual and healing properties -Ceremonies such as sand painting, false faces, medicine wheels, and dancing are used to help groups of people return to harmony; they are not used for individual healing -Many American Indians first consult a medicine man in belief that the treatment from the traditional healer is better than from health care establishments -Sweat lodges: Used for healing and balancing. They are considered to: -Clean one's body -Help sweat out illness or disease -Hot stones covered in water are placed in a small, confined, dark enclosure, creating a steam bath. The stones, considered by American Indians to be their oldest living relatives, are usually lava rocks that do not break when heated. They use sweat lodges in many ways, such as before spiritual undertakings, to bring clarity to a problem, to call upon helpful spirits, and to reconnect with the Great Spirit

African American General Beliefs About Causes of Health and Disease Prevention

-Many low-income African Americans traditionally separate illnesses into two categories: natural and unnatural illnesses: -Natural illness occurs as a result of God's will or when a person comes into unhealthy contact with the forces of nature, such as exposure to cold or impurities in the air, food, or water. Natural illness also can occur as a punishment for sins -Unnatural illness, on the other hand, is considered to be the result of evil influences that alter God's intended plan. Traditionally to indigenous populations, health was a continual process of staying strong spiritually, mentally, and physically. This strength keeps away or overcomes the forces that cause illness. Treatment can be found in religion, magic, amulets, and herbs

Considerations for Health Promotion and Program Planning

-Preventive medicine is not a norm for most Hispanics. -Persons with acute or chronic illness may regard themselves as innocent victims of malevolent (wishing harm on others) forces. -Consider sitting closer to Hispanic patients and clients than you would with people from other cultures. -Be particularly aware of your nonverbal communication messages -Vaccination is very important and adhered to for children. -Western medicine is expected and preferred in cases of severe illness, but some Hispanics also may use native healers, and the educator and provider should inquire about the utilization of other healers. -Use appropriate titles to show respect, such as señor and señorita. -To show respect, greet the person with a handshake -Sustained eye contact with an older person is considered rude and avoiding eye contact with a superior is a sign of respect. -When providing nutritional advice or education, use positive examples from Hispanic cultural foods. -Consider suggesting family-based methods for increasing physical activity, such as dancing or walking with family members. -If you have the patient's permission, involve the family members in the consultation because it may assist with increasing the listener's adherence to the recommendation(s) -Check for understanding and agreement because Hispanics tend to avoid conflict and are hesitant to ask questions. -Inquire about complementary and alternative treatments -Some Hispanics confuse public health programs with welfare and avoid them due to stigma. -They have a relaxed perspective related to time and may be late for appointments

African American Considerations for Health Promotion and Program Planning

-Some concepts to consider when planning and implementing a health promotion program for African Americans: -Be aware and sensitive to the distrust of the medical community and the government that may exist among African American community members. -Consider utilizing churches to disseminate information or as a place to conduct health screenings and educational interventions. -Be aware that peer educators have not been shown to be effective in developing health programs to African American audiences -Develop interventions that focus on positive health changes instead of attempting to instill change through fear or negative messages. -Until invited otherwise, greet African Americans with formal titles. -Recognize that there are varying degrees of acculturation levels, so healthcare professionals need to assess where the patient or client is on the continuum of acculturation -Be aware of different terminology because there are various regional terms used to describe medical conditions. Elderly African Americans especially may refer to having had a spell. Shock is a common term for a stroke. Other common terms include having sugar, sweet blood, or thin blood, referring to diabetes. -Understand that occasional outbursts of laugher may appear to be inappropriate for the situation because African Americans find comfort in laughter and playfulness. -They are less likely to donate organs or consent to an autopsy. -Providers should be aware that talking about organ donation may be an insult to the family. -They tend to speak louder than other cultures; healthcare providers should not misinterpret this as anger

African American Death and Dying

-Spirituality is a fundamental part of how many people process and reconcile the experience of death. -They tend to believe in the sanctity of life and rely on a strong sense of community and family at times of loss. -Many have a holistic view of death and dying so that birth and death are understood to be part of a cycle or continuum. -Cremation is generally avoided in this community and organ donation may be viewed by some as a desecration of the body

Behavioral Risk Factors and Common Health Problems

-The 10 leading causes of death among Hispanics/Latinos in 2018 were as follows: 1. Cancer 2. Heart disease 3. Unintentional injuries 4. Stroke 5. Diabetes mellitus 6. Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 7. Chronic lower respiratory disease 8. Alzheimer's disease 9. Nephritis (kidney's) 10. Influenza and pneumonia -Hispanics have higher rates of obesity than non-Hispanic whites. -Hispanics have lower rates of smoking than most racial and ethnic groups. -Overall, Hispanics are less likely to drink at all than are non-Hispanic whites. -In 2018, a larger percentage of Hispanic workers were employed in high-risk occupations than whites, and the risk from accidental deaths accounts for the third leading cause of death (7.3%) after cancer and heart disease

African American Healing Traditions, Healers, and Healing Aids

-The ancestral roots from West Africa brought many herbal and spiritual healing techniques. Types of healers that African Americans use include faith or spiritual healers. -Prayer is the most common treatment for illness among people who believe that illness is caused by God's will -Another remedy commonly used is wearing badsmelling objects, such as bags containing gum resin or asafetida (rotten flesh), around the neck. Although this traditional method does not have any healing properties, it is said to ward off infectious disease

African American Populations Terminlogy

-The correct current term to refer to anyone who has roots in any of the African countries is African American. -In literature, the terms "African American" and "black" are used. The term "black" incorporates a broader population. -Historically, African American people were identified by a number of terms (Negro, colored, black)

Hispanic Quick Facts

-The prevalence of obesity among female Mexican American adults during 2012-2018 was larger than the prevalence among female white, non-Hispanic adults during the same years. -In 2018, the largest prevalence of diabetes was among Hispanic and African American adults compared with the prevalence among other ethnic groups.. -In 2018, Hispanic adults continue to have a substantial rate of HIV infection compared with white adults. -Among Hispanic adults aged 18-64 years, a larger percentage was without health insurance in 2018 than white, non-Hispanic adults of the same age group -Among Hispanics aged 6 months of age or older, a smaller percentage were vaccinated against influenza during the 2016- 2018 influenza season than white, non-Hispanic persons of the same age group -In 2018, a larger percentage of Hispanic adults did not complete high school and had incomes less than the federal poverty level compared with white, non-Hispanic adults. -In 2018, a larger percentage of Hispanic adults aged 18-64 years were unemployed compared with white, non-Hispanic counterparts. -In 2018, a larger percentage of Hispanic workers were employed in high-risk occupations than white, non-Hispanic workers (Office of Minority Health, 2018)

American Indian and Alaskan Native Populations in the United States

-There are 566 federally recognized tribes and over 100 state recognized tribes. -The federal government provides health care services to federally recognized tribes through the Indian Health Service -Populations use many different languages. -The Census Bureau recognizes 169 indigenous Native North American languages but these are spoken by less than half a million. •The Alaska Native Language Center currently reports 20 known native languages. •Many languages will go extinct by the next generation. -The median family income for American Indian and Alaskan Natives is $39,664, as compared to $67,892 for non-Hispanic -Most tribes generally believe in a Supreme Creator and also have lesser deities and mediators between the spirit world and the earth. -They believe that people should try to maintain constant, daily harmony and contact with the Creator and treat all life (people, animals, plants, rocks, rivers, rainbows, etc.) with respect. -They are a family-based people, taught to respect their elders and obey them. -Elders are seen as people with much knowledge and are considered to be the head of the household -Men are considered to be the leaders of the house and viewed as the leaders of the tribe, protectors, and fighters. -Women are viewed as the people who are responsible for housework and to teach the children the ways of the people. -Children have to learn the traditions of the tribe and community and have to respect the elders. -Older family members keep an eye on the new generation to make sure that they are following traditions. -They believe in living as a community. To be a member of the community, a person does not need to be from the same tribe or even have blood relations with anyone from the community

Native American and Alaskan Native Populations Cultural-Bound Illnesses

-There are a couple of illness attributed to American Indian and Alaskan Native peoples that actually may not be culturally based. -Ghost sickness: A psychological condition in which a person has an obsessive fear and preoccupation with the death of person who meant a great deal. This can be associated with a person 's concern that proper burial rites were not followed and the deceased may not be able to move forward in the afterlife. Some attribute this to a severe cases of grief and morning and concern about burial practice may be just one of many concerns that might trigger the condition among any population -Heartbreak syndrome: Attributed to American Indian and Alaskan Native populations but it is more probably a general human condition; a condition involving sudden onset of heart pain and even damage shortly after an intense event such as a death of a loved one or a divorce.

African American Pregnancy, Birth, and Child Rearing

-There are many different beliefs from the past that continue to the present but many are not substantiated by medical research: -A pregnant woman is not supposed to hold her hands up over her head. It is believed she will strangle the baby. -A pregnant woman should not cross her legs when sitting. This will cause hemorrhoids. -A pregnant woman should indulge her food cravings or the baby will have unpleasant physical or personality traits that match the characteristics of the food -Babies are not named until it is known if they will survive. It is believed that spirits of the dead cannot see and therefore cannot harm a child who does not have a name. -The placenta has a spirit of its own and must be secretly buried where it will never be disturbed and negatively affect the child. -A small portion of the umbilical cord is wrapped in paper and put away to ensure the newborn will not get colic. -Pregnant women should not take pictures because it will cause a stillbirth. -New mothers are to rest and be cared for in the initial 4 to 8 weeks after birth, assisted by their family and the community

Native American and Alaskan Native Populations Death and Dying

-There is a great variety of beliefs across the various populations. -Some cultures do not speak of death, dying, or of negative outcomes to medical procedures, because any mention might cause a negative outcome. -Other tribal communities have no difficulty speaking directly about death or dying situations, and wish to have all the information available (e.g., some Pueblo, Lakota, northern plains, mid-western, and northeastern tribes). Death is a natural part of the circle of life. (Healthcare providers must be aware of this)

interpersonal hispanic values

-They tend to trust and cooperate with individuals they know personally. -In a professional situation, many Hispanics expect to be addressed formally (e.g., Mrs. Martinez). -With regard to communication, Hispanics tend to avoid conflict and criticism because they prefer smooth social relations based on politeness and respect. -Many Hispanics are characterized by warm, friendly, and affectionate relationships. -Personal space is close and frequently shared with family members or close friends. -Many Hispanics, particularly if they were not raised in the United States, may avoid direct eye contact with authority figures or in awkward situations. -Many will nod affirmatively but not necessarily mean agreement. -Silence may mean failure to understand and embarrassment about asking or disagreeing. -They generally have an external locus of control. -Poor health is believed to be the fault of the individual and hence illness is a punishment from God -Modesty and privacy are important to them. -Sexuality issues are difficult to discuss. Often the word for sex is not even used; "to have relations" is used instead.

General Beliefs About Causes of Health and Disease Prevention

-Traditionally health was a continual process of staying strong spiritually, mentally, and physically; strength keeps away or overcomes the forces that cause illness. -Adhering to traditional and tribal beliefs and obeying tribal religious codes is another part of staying healthy. -Violating tribal tenets or laws has consequences like physical or mental illness, disability, ongoing bad luck, or trauma. The violation must be set right before harmony and health can be restored. -Beliefs about the causes of illness are beginning to shift

Native American and Alaskan Native Populations Considerations for Health Promotion and Program Planning

-Understand that American Indian and Alaskan Native people use their tribal names when referring to themselves, so it is advised that healthcare professionals ask individuals or groups how they prefer to be addressed. -Recognize that there are varying degrees of acculturation levels, so healthcare professionals need to assess where the patient or client is on the continuum of acculturation. -Recognize that there is great diversity among the tribes, so do not make assumptions -Holistic thinking is common and should be used to identify appropriate and acceptable prevention and treatment plans. -Try to accommodate complementary and alternative forms of healing. -Do not be surprised or offended by a hand shake that is softer or gentler than you are accustomed to. -Be patient with silence, and give the listener time to reflect on what you said prior to responding -Prolonged eye contact should be avoided, because it is viewed as being disrespectful. -Work with the families and remember that elders are respected -Do not appear to be in a hurry, because it may give a negative impression of you. -Do not interrupt the person who is speaking, because it is considered to be extremely rude. -Keep nonverbal communication to a minimum. -With the exception of a hand shake, touch is not usually acceptable. -Remember that listening is more valued than speaking -Be aware that suspicion and mistrust may exist. -Be aware of superstitions such as unlucky and lucky numbers and colors

Death and Dying

-Women tend to care for the seriously ill and dying while men tend to stay close but are usually somewhat separate from actually providing care. -Death rites are derived from Catholic Church customs and generally include confession and last rites. -Based on both family respect and religious custom, funerals usually involve burial and often include a wake or social gathering where food is served and the life of the deceased is remembered positively and without grim morning. -Latino patients have lower rates of advance directive care than non-Hispanic whites, but this is attributed to language barriers rather than mistrust

Hispanic

-an ethnic group sharing culture derived from the Spanish -Not a race but an ethnic distinction

Hispanic population

58 million Hispanics live in the United States (18% of the U.S. total population, 39% Texas) •In 2016, among Hispanic subgroups: -Mexicans (64.3%) -Central and South Americans (14.9%) -Puerto Ricans (9.4%) -Cubans (3.7%)

Native American and Alaskan Native Populations Terminology

American Indian and Alaskan Native people prefer to be referred to by the society with whom they themselves identify, e.g., Navajo and Blackfeet prefer being identified with their specific tribe or nation

Native American and Alaskan Native Populations Introduction

American Indian or Alaskan Native refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America) and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment

Tips for Working with the Hispanic Population

It may be useful to mention the importance of retaining traditional values and practice rather than abandoning them to be more like the majority in the U.S., which could be detrimental to their health both physically and mentally

Native American and Alaskan Native Populations Behavioral Risk Factors and Common Health Problems

The 10 leading causes of death among American Indians and Alaskan Natives in 2018 were as follows: 1.Cancer 2.Heart disease 3.Unintentional injuries 4.Diabetes 5.Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 6.Chronic lower respiratory disease 7.Stroke 8.Suicide 9.Nephritis (kidneys) 10.Influenza and pneumonia

latin america

countries in the americas that speak languages derived from latin (spanish, portuguese, french)

what state has the fastest hispanic population growth

georgia