HLTH 335

The Shasta County Health Department is considering a punishment-based approach at parent training. What should their concern be? Punishment works long-term, but not short-term. Punishment doesn't teach new behaviors. Punishment works short-term, but not long-term. Punishment is effective, but requires too much effort on the part of the parent.

Punishment doesn't teach new behaviors.

reciprocal determinism

the interacting influences of behavior, personal (internal) cognition, and environment that must be targeted in designing health education and promotion interventions.

Health Belief Model

A theory of health behaviors; the model predicts that whether a person practices a particular health habit can be understood by knowing the degree to which the person perceives a personal health threat and the perception that a particular health practice will be effective in reducing that threat.

What does satiation mean? The person has been deprived of reinforcement and will do almost anything to obtain it. It is a situation when a person avoids circumstances that are highly aversive (e.g., a child avoiding an abusive parent). Reinforcement is very valued by the individual, probably because it is freely available, and in abundance. The reinforcer is no longer valuable, probably because it is freely available, and in abundance.

The reinforcer is no longer valuable, probably because it is freely available, and in abundance.

social learning theory (Bandura)

Three important influences on learning -Imitation -Reinforcement patterns -Self Control

Which of the following is an example of a modifying influence? a bus driver's perception about his own risk for developing pancreatic cancer an immune-compromised AIDS patient's perception about her own risk for contracting tuberculosis a mother was infected with SARS while visiting an urban hospital in Asia a Red Cross worker discouraged blood donations from impoverished communities

an immune-compromised AIDS patient's perception about her own risk for contracting tuberculosis

"If I text while driving I'm likely to get into an accident" is an example of what? behavioral belief outcome evaluation intentions outcome expectancy

behavioral belief

Samuel has smoked for 15 years, since he was 13 years old. He said he would like to quit smoking someday, but isn't ready to do so right now. I tried to set a goal with him, but he said maybe in a few months. Which stage of change is Samuel in? maintenance precontemplation action contemplation

contemplation

John is quitting smoking. Brewing coffee triggers a desire to smoke. When John comes to my office I brew coffee continually so that he is exposed to it without a chance to smoke. Which process/strategy does this reflect? goal setting counterconditioning awareness raising contingency management

counterconditioning

. Showing a billboard display of a death certificate of an adolescent that died from using drugs is an example of which construct/process? perceptions of cost dramatic relief self-evaluation action stage

dramatic relief

. At which stage would the following strategy be most effective? "Telling smokers that by smoking they are more likely to get sick and die." late stages of change early stages of change

early stages of change

Helping a parent to recognize that their smoking addiction has caused his children to develop serious asthmatic symptoms is characteristic of which process/strategy? self-reevaluation contingency management stimulus control environmental-reevaluation

environmental-reevaluation

A conditioned reinforcer is one that is inherently valuable to the individual (e.g., food) and does not require pairings. True False

false

A tenet is just another term for a construct in social cognitive theory. True False

false

George stopped smoking for approximately 2 weeks before he relapsed. Upon relapsing, what is the likely state of his self-efficacy? low not really affected higher than before high

low

Health Belief Model (HBM) page 70

model providing specific guidances at the micro level for planning the "how to" part of interventions. Behavior depends on two variables 1-the value placed by an individual on an outcome (value) and (2) the individuals estimates of the likelihood that a given action will result in that outcome (expectancy) goal setting theory based on level of aspiration in which the individuals sets the target of future performance based on past performance or known as value expectancy theory

Tweets about problem drinking are likely to influence future behavioral intentions through which construct? perceived power attitudes self-efficacy normative belief

normative belief

David is at risk for heart disease. His dad just died from a heart attack. David wants desperately to be normal weight and live a healthy lifestyle. He just started exercising. Which construct does this most closely represent? outcome expectancy reinforcement knowledge environment

outcome expectancy

Ingrid is a recent immigrant from war-torn Kosovo. Community health workers told her she should get a mammography. She works as a hotel maid from 7:30 am to 5:30 pm. Which construct is at play in preventing her from engaging in the health behavior? perceptions of susceptibility perceived benefits perceived barriers self-efficacy

perceived barriers

Which TPB construct is most similar to self-efficacy? attitudes subjective norms intentions perceived behavioral control

perceived behavioral control

Working at a place where your employer blocks your access to social media sites is significantly related to lower behavioral intentions to use social media. Which theory of reasoned action/theory of planned behavior construct is most similar to an employer blocking social media access? attitudes subjective norms perceived behavioral control motivation to comply

perceived behavioral control

Which construct is the following strategy based upon? "A health educator teaches a smoking cessation class and says that smoking causes lung cancer and, based upon the relative risk calculated from epidemiological studies, mentions that this risk is 22 times higher for a smoker than a nonsmoker." behavioral cue outcome expectancy perceived susceptibility perceived barriers

perceived susceptibility

Your dad is at risk for heart disease. He has some terrible eating habits, mostly because of his colleagues at work invite him to eat lunch at fast food restaurants, every day. In an effort to help him, you have told your dad to avoid his colleagues during the hour before and during lunch, so that they don't invite him. Which process/strategy is this? dramatic relief consciousness raising self-reevaluation stimulus control

stimulus control

In the "Matching Law," which two things need to be in balance for behavior to occur reliably? the amount of effort to perform the behavior, biochemical processes motivation, the amount of effort required to perform the behavior motivation, learning the amount of effort required to perform the behavior, the size of the reinforcer or consequence

the amount of effort required to perform the behavior, the size of the reinforcer or consequence

David is a life coach and uses "reinforcement" to change his clients' behavior. Which aspect of reinforcement makes it most effective? the size of the reinforce the self-efficacy to earn the reinforcer the immediacy of the reinforce awarding the reinforcer in private

the immediacy of the reinforce

Somatic and emotional states

the physical and emotional states caused by thinking about undertaking the new behavior

What does function mean? the way behavior looks the timing of the behavior the type of behavior the reason for the behavior

the reason for the behavior

What does topography mean? the amount of time required for behaviors to become habits a term used to describe behaviors that are unreliable the reason behavior occurs the way behavior looks (to an observer)

the way behavior looks (to an observer)

Why was the Health Belief Model originally developed? to help the US Public Health Service understand the high rates of obesity in America to help the US Public Health Service understand why people weren't being screened for tuberculosis to design an intervention for correcting misperceptions and beliefs about STIs among immigrants to assist the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention design a polio eradication campaign

to help the US Public Health Service understand why people weren't being screened for tuberculosis

. Playing "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare" represents which SCT tenet? self-regulatory capability vicarious learning capability forethought capability self-reflective capability

vicarious learning capability

. Based on what you've learned about verbal persuasion, is a lay health worker likely to be effective? yes no

yes

Is "role play" an effective strategy for helping develop mastery experience? yes no

yes

Is it plausible that successfully quitting smoking could impact self-efficacy for quitting illegal drug use? yes no

yes

What is self-efficacy? your assessment of your own motivation to behave your belief about what will happen if you engage in a behavior your confidence in your ability to engage in a specific behavior your perception of what your friends would want you to do

your confidence in your ability to engage in a specific behavior

social learning theory (Bandura) ----First influence in learning (IMITATION)

Imitation - Three possible effects on learning 1 - modeling effect - where someone copies the behavior 2 - disinhibitory or inhibitory, where there is an increase or decrease in behavior as a result of the observation 3 - eliciting effect, where by imitation serves as a cue for releasing similar responses in the observer

Which of the following is most true about contingent reinforcement? It is administered if and only if the behavior occurs. It is administered every time the behavior occurs, and at other times, too. It is administered intermittently. It is administered randomly, regardless of whether or not the target behavior occurs.

It is administered if and only if the behavior occurs.

What is likely to happen to your self-efficacy after a failed attempt to quit smoking? It will increase. It will decrease.

It will decrease.

In the Bobo Doll studies, which of the following was true? Kids were more aggressive after an adult reinforced the model for being aggressive. Kids were uninterested in playing. Kids were more aggressive after an adult scolded the model for being aggressive. Kids were not aggressive

Kids were more aggressive after an adult reinforced the model for being aggressive.

Constructs of Social Cognitive theory (7) PAGE 179

Knowledge Outcome Expectations Outcome Expectancies Situational Perceptions Environment Self Efficacy Self Efficacy in overcoming impediments Goal Setting/Self Control Emotional Coping

Self Efficacy

Belief in one owns ability to successfully accomplish something, achieve a goal. People will generally only attempt things they believe they can accomplish and won't attempt things they believe they will fail. "I think I can"

Which of the following is most similar to an outcome evaluation? The government wants me to screen for high blood pressure. I believe that I can screen for high blood pressure in my job as a general practitioner. Detecting early signs of heart disease is very important to me as a general practitioner. If I screen for high blood pressure, I'll be more likely to detect early signs of heart disease.

Detecting early signs of heart disease is very important to me as a general practitioner.

Verbal Persuasion

Encouragement by others

An immigrant woman is attempting to get a mammography. The clinic hours conflict with her work schedule as a hotel maid. Which of the following statements most closely represents perceived power? I am able to negotiate with my manager to get time off to go to the clinic during the regular hours. I have a family history of breast cancer and am worried that I might be at risk. My co-workers have been telling me this is really important. The government tells me that I should be screened after the age of 40.

I am able to negotiate with my manager to get time off to go to the clinic during the regular hours.

Which of the following is an example of a behavioral belief? I am confident that I can use social media in my job as a health educator. My employer expects that I'll use social media in my job as a health educator. I'll be more productive and better prepared if I use social media in my job as a health educator. I intend to use social media in my job as a health educator.

I'll be more productive and better prepared if I use social media in my job as a health educator.

Vicarious Experience

Learning by watching someone similar to ourselves be successful Weight loss program: seeing someone else lose weight

What is one of the main reasons that Behavior Modification strategies have failed to mainstream in public health? The strategies really don't work well in health settings. Patients are easily offended by reinforcement paradigms. Practitioners want clients to "internalize" health behaviors. The strategies require too much effort.

Practitioners want clients to "internalize" health behaviors.

Mastery Experience

Prior success at having accomplished something that is similar to the new behavior Babysitting> Motherhood

Which of the following is a major limitation of self-efficacy theory? Self-efficacy is not observable, and therefore difficult to measure and know when it's changed. People are almost always emotionally unstable. Self-efficacy is not linked to very many important outcomes. It is almost impossible to gain mastery experience.

Self-efficacy is not observable, and therefore difficult to measure and know when it's changed.

social learning theory (Bandura) ---Third influence in learning (Self Control)

Three forms of self control -resistance to deviation -regulation of self administrated rewarding resources -postponement of immediate reinforcements in lieu of some more valuable award in the future Self control is acquired and maintained by direct reinforcement that takes form of disciplinary interventions both positive and negative reinforcements

Environment could include both the physical and social environments. True False

True

What is normally done in cases where there are multiple measures for each theory of reasoned action/theory of planned behavior construct? This is a very rare scenario that almost never happens. Usually the respondent selects the question that is most pertinent to their individual circumstance and responds to that one question. You should pick the most valid measure to represent the construct. You would normally combine the responses from the various measures to get a scaled value that represents the construct.

You would normally combine the responses from the various measures to get a scaled value that represents the construct.

What is an outcome expectation? confidence in your abilities a connection between a behavior and an outcome the value you place on an outcome one's understanding of a behavior

a connection between a behavior and an outcome

Which of the following is a behavioral cue? a family member calls you in the morning to remind you to eat 5 fruits today a friend tells you that you look great, like you've been exercising regularly an AIDS worker in Uganda tells college students that they are 20 times more likely to contract HIV if they engage in unprotected sex Mexican adolescents don't get screened for tuberculosis because they had the BCG vaccine

a family member calls you in the morning to remind you to eat 5 fruits today

What is a contingency? a term used to describe the relationship between behavioral antecedents, behavior, and the consequences that follow a term used to describe the relationship between smoking and lung cancer a term used to describe the scientific literature surrounding health promotion interventions a term used to describe the relationship between two unrelated variables, events, or influences

a term used to describe the relationship between behavioral antecedents, behavior, and the consequences that follow

vicarious capability (learning)

ability to learn from observing other peoples behavior and consequences they face. People can generate and regulate behavior without trial and error

Based upon the best ways to change self-efficacy, which of the following would most influence self-efficacy for parenting? high level of education waiting until later in life to consider having children studying parenting babysitting

babysitting

Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) Newer Version - Theory of planned behavior (TPB) page 136

behavioral intention is the most important determinant of behavior. People consider the implications of their actions before deciding to engage in or refrain from any given behavior. Person's intentions are determined by two antecedents, one comprising personal factors and the other social influences. (TPB adds third predictor- that of control over the behavior)

Which of the following is not a core component for changing self-efficacy? changing attitudes verbal persuasion vicarious experiences mastery experience

changing attitudes

When is consciousness raising more important? late stages of change early stages of change

early stages of change

social cognitive theory (SCT) AKA social learning theory (SLT)

human behavior can be explained as a triadic reciprocal causation. The angles are (1) behavior factors, (2)environmental factors and (3) personal factors such as cognitions, affect, and biological events. The interaction of all three of theses dimensions result in behavior change. "thoughts regulate actions"

In the theory of planned behavior (TPB), what is the main construct, or predictor of behavior? intentions perceived behavioral control behavioral belief subjective norms

intentions

Adding calorie labels onto food items in restaurants is consistent with which construct? goal setting knowledge outcome expectations outcome expectancies

knowledge

. At what stage is contingency management most effective? late stages of change early stages of change

late stages of change

What is vicarious experience? an attitude about behavior learning that results from behaving learning from observing somebody else's behavior a belief about what is expected

learning from observing somebody else's behavior

What does the following concept most closely represent? "The degree to which a person wants to act in accordance with the perceived wishes of those significant in one's life." self-efficacy subjective norm normative belief motivation to comply

motivation to comply

An anti-tobacco advertisement that lists a number to call a quit line is most likely targeting individuals in which stage of change? pre-contemplation preparation action maintenance

preparation

Bandura introduces the triadic model of reciprocal determinism. Which one is not a major domain? environment individual behavior primary care

primary care

Ingrid is a recent immigrant from war-torn Kosovo. She speaks little English. Community health workers taught her how to request a mammography, in English. She now feels competent and able to call and schedule an appointment. Which construct is emphasized here? perceived benefits self-efficacy perceptions of severity perceived barriers

self-efficacy

The ability of an individual to determine that he or she has had enough to drink, and therefore should stop, is reflective of which social cognitive theory tenet? vicarious capability symbolizing capability self-regulatory capability forethought capability

self-regulatory capability

What was the original name for the social cognitive theory? behavior analysis social perspective psychoanalysis social learning theory

social learning theory

TRA constructs (11) Page 127/129

1-Behavior - single action performed by an individual that is observable. Behavior should be defined in terms of target, action, context, and time (TACT) 2-Behavioral Intention- thought to perform the behavior, which is an immediate determinant of the given behavior. "intention is the proximal measure of behavior". Intention changes over time, so the intention must be measure as close to the occurrence of the behavior as possible. 3 - Attitude toward the behavior - refers to the overall feeling of like or dislike toward any given behavior. The more favorable a person's attitude toward a behavior, the more likely it is that he or she will intend to perform the behavior, conversely the more unfavorable a persons attitude toward the behavior the more likely it is that he or she will intent not to perform. 4 - Behavioral Beliefs - beliefs that performing a given behavior will lead to certain outcomes 5 - outcome evaluations - value a person places on each outcome resulting from performance of the behavior (to modify OE, a discussion on positive outcomes needs to be undertaken) Behavior beliefs and outcome evaluations determine the attitude toward the behavior 6- Subjective norm, refers to a person belief that most of the significant others in his or her life think the person should or should not perform the behavior. People consider the normative expectations of others in their environment. Shaped by two constructs - normative beliefs and motivation to comply. 7 - Normative beliefs - refers to how a person thinks others who are significant in his or her life would like him or her to behave 8 - Motivation to comply - refers to the degree to which a person wants to act in accordance with the perceived wishes of those significant in his or her life 9 - Perceived behavioral control - refers to how much a person feels he or she is in command of enacting the given behavior. IT is dependent on the constructs of control belief and perceived power. 10 - Control beliefs - beliefs about internal and external factors that may inhibit or facilitate the performance of the behavior. 11- Perceived Power - persons perception of how east or difficult it is to perform the behavior in each condition identified in that persons control beliefs. To modify, you would use the method of having role models that model the desire behavior, remove barriers and breaking down the behavior into small steps

What do we learn from the Bobo Doll studies? Consequences administered to other people influence our behavior. Humans are innately aggressive. Children are better observers of behavior than adults. Negative consequences evoke more aggressive behaviors.

Consequences administered to other people influence our behavior.

social learning theory (Bandura) ---Second influence in learning (Reinforcement Patterns)

Reinforcement patterns - Effects on Learning Positive reinforcement in form of verbal approval or material awards tends to reinforce the occurrence of behavior Negative reinforcement in the form of verbal or physical punishment by an authority figure, inhibits aggression as long as the punitive agent is present. Children with too much negative enforcement display aggression towards objects other than the punitive agent

What is the difference between the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior? There is no real difference, just in how some people refer to the theories. TPB doesn't include perceived behavioral control. TRA doesn't include perceived behavioral control. TPB doesn't include subjective norms.

TRA doesn't include perceived behavioral control.

Constructs of Health Belief Model (6)

perceived susceptibility - subjective belief that a person with regard to acquiring a disease or reaching a harmful state as a result of indulging in a particular behavior. individuals vary considerably with regard to their perceptions of susceptibility to any given illness or harmful condition. on one extreme are individuals who deny any possibility of their acquiring the disease. In the middle are people who may admit to the possibility of acquiring the disease, but believe it is not likely to happen to them. The other extreme are people who are so fearful of acquiring the disease that they believe will in all probability acquire it. The more susceptible a person feels, the greater the likelihood of his or her taking preventative measures, Perceived susceptibility has a strong cognitive component and is partly dependent on knowledge. According HBM health educators need to build perceived susceptibility by elaborating on the possibility of negative consequences and personalizing those risks for their participants. For example in a smoking prevention program, health educators might mention that smoking causes cancer and based on relative risk studies, they are 22 times higher for a smoker than a non smoker. One should not be unreal or exaggerated fears. perceived severity - refers to a persons subjective belief in the extent of harm that can result from the disease or harmful state as a result of a particular behavior. Varies person to person. (page 77). perceived benefits - refers to belief in the advantages of the methods suggested for reducing the risk of seriousness of the disease or harmful states resulting from a particular behavior perceived barriers- beliefs concerning the actual and imagined cost of following the new behavior cues to action - precipitating forces that make a person feel the need to take action self-efficacy - confidence that a person has in his or her ability to pursue a behavior (four strategies)

Manuel lives in East LA. He just joined an adult soccer league because he believes that physical activity will help him avoid getting diabetes. Which construct is most important here? behavioral cue perceptions of benefits perceptions of severity perceptions of barriers

perceptions of benefits

The emergence of anti-retrovirals has done a lot to influence which construct with respect to HIV/AIDS? perceptions of severity behavior cues perceptions of susceptibility normative beliefs

perceptions of severity

Which construct does the following definition most closely align with? "Subjective belief in the extent of harm that can result from the acquired disease or harmful state (as a result of behavior/non-behavior)" perceptions of severity behavioral cues perceptions of susceptibility self-efficacy

perceptions of severity

What is a modifying variable or modifying influence? something that actually eliminates barriers to engaging in health related behaviors the cause of behavior something that has the power to increase or decrease perceptions about severity or susceptibility an event that acts as a cue or trigger for behavior

something that has the power to increase or decrease perceptions about severity or susceptibility

Which of the following is not emphasized in self-efficacy theory? stages of change outcome expectancies mastery experience behavioral beliefs

stages of change