HN Final

During the second and third trimesters, pregnant women should gain approximately ______ pound(s) per week. a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

a. 1

Infants require approximately ______ of fluid per day. a. 3 cups b. 1 pint c. 1 quart d. 8 cups

a. 3 cups

According to current growth charts, an infant will double his or her birth weight at about ______ months of age. a. 5 b. 3 c. 2 d. 9

a. 5

Weight gain between the ages of 2 and 5 is about ______ pounds per year. a. 5 b. 10 c. 15 d. 20

a. 5

Which of the following statements about autism spectrum disorder is true? a. Autism spectrum disorder can both affect and be affected by nutritional status. b. Research shows a causal link between childhood vaccinations and ASD. c. Nutritional interventions are useless in the treatment of ASD. d. Food allergens may contribute to ASD by altering cardiovascular system function.

a. Autism spectrum disorder can both affect and be affected by nutritional status.

Which of the following is characteristic of bulimics? a. Binge eating b. Have obvious symptoms c. Tend to be very thin d. Are almost never male

a. Binge eating

Which of the following is true about thirst among the elderly? a. Elderly individuals can easily become dehydrated and this can cause confusion. b. Elderly people rarely become dehydrated because the sense of thirst is enhanced as people age. c. About 6 cups of fluid per day is a good goal for elderly people. d. Diuretics do not affect the elderly person's fluid requirement.

a. Elderly individuals can easily become dehydrated and this can cause confusion.

Which trimester is an especially critical period when poor nutrition or drug use can result in birth defects? a. First b. Second c. Third

a. First

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa? a. Individuals diagnosed with anorexia nervosa may exhibit behaviors of bulimia nervosa. b. People with anorexia nervosa fear becoming fat, whereas people with bulimia nervosa are not concerned with body weight. c. Anorexia nervosa is essentially a very severe case of bulimia nervosa. d. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are two distinct conditions that do not overlap.

a. Individuals diagnosed with anorexia nervosa may exhibit behaviors of bulimia nervosa.

Which of the following is NOT true about snacks for preschool children? a. They are inappropriate and should be avoided. b. They are appropriate if timed so that appetite is not impaired at meals. c. They can assist in introducing children to new foods. d. They are appropriate if the snack contributes to the total day's nutrient intake.

a. They are inappropriate and should be avoided.

Which of the following is true about the bingeing behavior of the bulimic? a. Violation of rigid food rules can initiate a binge. b. Binges most often occur during the morning. c. Binges usually last 15 to 30 minutes. d. Accomplishing a personal goal usually initiates a binge.

a. Violation of rigid food rules can initiate a binge.

Patients with ____________ may present with clinical signs of semistarvation, such as decreased metabolic rate. a. anorexia nervosa b. bulimia nervosa c. binge-eating disorder d. night eating syndrome

a. anorexia nervosa

Preschool children should be encouraged to try new foods. If a child is reluctant to do so, it is best to a. ask that he or she at least taste it. b. withhold dessert until what is on the plate is eaten. c. quietly remove it and never try again. d. encourage other family members to coax him or her to eat.

a. ask that he or she at least taste it.

Advantages of breastfeeding include all of the following EXCEPT a. breast milk provides more vitamin D than infant formula. b. breastfeeding reduces the risk of food allergies. c. breast milk provides antibodies while the infant's immune system is still immature. d. breastfeeding is associated with fewer ear infections.

a. breast milk provides more vitamin D than infant formula.

Feeding problems may develop during the preschool years partially because of a. decreased appetite associated with decreased growth rate. b. increased appetite associated with increased growth rate. c. increased metabolic rate. d. increased need for finger foods.

a. decreased appetite associated with decreased growth rate.

Adequate folate intake for neural tube development is especially important in the ______ trimester. a. first b. second c. third

a. first

Requirements for ______ increase by 50% during pregnancy. a. folate b. iron c. vitamin D d. pantothenic acid

a. folate

Current research suggests that most eating disorders are caused by a. genetics. b. dysfunctional family relationships. c. traumatic life events. d. poverty and homelessness.

a. genetics.

Excess kilocalorie intake ______ the rate of body breakdown associated with aging. a. increases b. decreases c. does not affect

a. increases

Compared to individuals aged 19 to 50, adults over the age of 70 need _____ vitamin D. a. more b. the same amount of c. less

a. more

The typical characteristics for binge-eating disorder include binge-eating episodes a. not accompanied by compensatory behaviors. b. that do not cause distress. c. no more than once per week. d. that can be controlled or stopped at will.

a. not accompanied by compensatory behaviors.

Because elderly individuals need similar amounts of nutrients compared to their younger counterparts but fewer kilocalories, they should focus on diet plans that emphasize a. nutrient density. b. energy density. c. liquid calories. d. fat.

a. nutrient density.

The hormone that triggers "let down" or milk release is a. oxytocin. b. prolactin. c. estrogen. d. progesterone.

a. oxytocin.

The practice of eating nonfood substances is called a. pica. b. purging disorder. c. lanugo. d. bingeing.

a. pica.

Individuals who induce vomiting to rid the body of calories even in the absence of a binge may be diagnosed with a. purging disorder. b. binge-eating disorder. c. bulimia nervosa. d. anorexia nervosa.

a. purging disorder.

All of the following are associated with bulimia EXCEPT a. sexual modesty. b. compulsive lying. c. drug abuse. d. shoplifting.

a. sexual modesty.

Approximately one-third of children in developing nations are short and underweight for their age. The most frequent cause is a. weaning to high-carbohydrate, low-protein diets. b. diets low in essential fatty acids. c. weaning to low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets. d. diets low in vitamin A.

a. weaning to high-carbohydrate, low-protein diets.

Brain growth is most rapid in infancy but stops by about what age? a. 9 months b. 18 months c. 24 months d. 3 years

b. 18 months

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that those who choose to drink alcoholic beverages should do so in moderation, defined as the consumption of up to __ drink(s) per day for women and older adults and up to __ drink(s) per day for men. a. 0; 1 b. 1; 2 c. 2; 3 d. 3; 4

b. 1; 2

Iron stores present at birth generally are depleted by ______ months. a. 1 to 2 b. 4 to 6 c. 6 to 8 d. 8 to 10

b. 4 to 6

Daily protein needs during infancy vary from ______ grams per day. a. 5 to 10 b. 9 to 11 c. 15 to 25 d. 0.8 to 0.95

b. 9 to 11

Which of the following minerals are most likely to be low in the diets of adolescent girls? a. Calcium and phosphorus b. Iron and calcium c. Magnesium and zinc d. Iron and phosphorus

b. Iron and calcium

Which of the following is an appropriate feeding philosophy for children? a. Parents should be responsible for choosing how much and when the child should eat. b. Parents should present a variety of nutritious food choices and avoid making the dinner table into a battleground. c. Children should be forced to eat what is good for them. d. Parents should present nutritious food choices and not worry about their own eating habits.

b. Parents should present a variety of nutritious food choices and avoid making the dinner table into a battleground.

The decrease in lean tissue that occurs with aging can best be prevented by a. taking amino acid supplements. b. a fitness plan that includes resistance exercise. c. eating a lot of kilocalories. d. taking vitamin and mineral supplements.

b. a fitness plan that includes resistance exercise.

A person who severely restricts food intake, has a distorted body image, fears weight gain, and has a BMI of 19 may be diagnosed with a. bulimia nervosa of low frequency. b. atypical anorexia nervosa. c. bulimia nervosa of limited duration. d. purging disorder.

b. atypical anorexia nervosa.

The adolescent growth spurt a. begins earlier in boys than girls. b. begins earlier in girls than boys. c. decreases energy and nutrient needs. d. begins at the same age for boys and girls.

b. begins earlier in girls than boys.

A disorder in which frequent bingeing is followed by compensatory behaviors to rid the body of excess kilocalories is called a. hypoglycemia. b. bulimia nervosa. c. anorexia nervosa. d. compulsive overeating.

b. bulimia nervosa.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three components of the female athlete triad? a. disordered eating behaviors. b. clinical depression. c. low bone mineral density. d. lack of menstrual periods.

b. clinical depression.

One characteristic of an anorexic person that significantly inhibits successful treatment is a. suppression of feelings. b. denial of the problem. c. rationalization of the problem. d. high self-esteem.

b. denial of the problem.

All of the following are barriers to breastfeeding EXCEPT a. lack of role models. b. expense. c. misinformation. d. fear of appearing immodest.

b. expense.

During each feeding, human milk changes composition in which of the following ways? a. carbohydrate increases b. fat increases c. minerals decrease d. protein decreases

b. fat increases

Characteristics of anorexia nervosa include all the following EXCEPT a. body weight 15 percent below expected. b. intense fear of becoming too thin. c. feels fat even when emaciated. d. amenorrhea.

b. intense fear of becoming too thin.

Preterm infants a. have minimal nutritional problems. b. may have problems sucking and swallowing. c. will almost always die. d. are born with adequate mineral and fat stores.

b. may have problems sucking and swallowing.

Among children under 3 years of age, the most common food allergy is to a. eggs. b. milk. c. peanuts. d. shellfish.

b. milk.

Infants need fat because it aids in absorption of several vitamins and also helps the ______________ to develop. a. kidneys b. nervous system c. reproductive system d. skin

b. nervous system

Of all alcohol sources, ______ often is singled out as the best choice because of the added bonus of the many phytochemicals present. a. hard cider b. red wine c. dark beer d. white wine

b. red wine

Which of the following is a likely long-term consequence of binge-eating disorder? a. osteoporosis b. type 2 diabetes c. enlarged salivary glands d. low blood possium

b. type 2 diabetes

A mineral that is especially important for male fertility is a. iron. b. zinc. c. potassium. d. sodium.

b. zinc.

Successful treatment for bulimia nervosa usually lasts at least a. 4 weeks. b. 8 weeks. c. 16 weeks. d. 32 weeks.

c. 16 weeks.

Typically, preterm infants will catch up in growth by ______ of age a. 6 months b. 1 year c. 2 to 3 years d. 4 to 5 years

c. 2 to 3 years

Per kilogram of body weight, at 6 months of age, a child's energy needs are approximately how many times higher than adult needs? a. 1-2 b. 2-3 c. 2-4 d. 5-6

c. 2-4

The RDA for protein increases by an additional ______ grams per day during pregnancy. a. 5 b. 15 c. 25 d. 35

c. 25

For a woman with a prepregnancy BMI of 22, total pregnancy weight gain should fall within the range of ______ pounds. a. 11 to 20 b. 15 to 25 c. 25 to 35 d. 28 to 40

c. 25 to 35

During the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, an average of ______ extra kilocalories per day are needed. a. 150 - 250 b. 250 - 350 c. 350 - 450 d. 450 - 550

c. 350 - 450

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, the best age to introduce solid foods into the infant's diet is a. less than 1 month. b. 1 to 4 months. c. 4 to 6 months. d. over 8 months.

c. 4 to 6 months.

Approximately what percentage of obese adolescents become obese adults? a. 30% b. 50% c. 80% d. 90%

c. 80%

Breast milk production requires approximately ____ kilocalories per day. a. 200 b. 400 c. 800 d. 1,000

c. 800

Which of the following is true about purging behavior related to bulimia? a. There are no medical risks to purging. b. After many months of purging, it gets harder and harder to do. c. After vomiting, many kilocalories from the food eaten are still absorbed. d. Few kilocalories are absorbed when laxatives are used as a purging technique.

c. After vomiting, many kilocalories from the food eaten are still absorbed.

Which of the following is NOT true about snacks? a. Healthy snack choices help children to meet their high caloric requirements. b. Snacks should be viewed as small, nutrient-dense meals. c. Children should not be allowed to snack between meals because it reduces appetite. d. Distractions should be limited while snacking to prevent mindless eating.

c. Children should not be allowed to snack between meals because it reduces appetite.

What is the name of the condition characterized by disordered eating, lack of menstrual periods, and osteoporosis? a. Female anorexia b. Female bulimia c. Female athlete triad d. Binge-eating disorder

c. Female athlete triad

Which characteristic is more indicative of bulimia than anorexia nervosa? a. Rigid, disciplined dieting b. Feeling a sense of power because of strict discipline and self-denial c. Fluctuating weight d. Lack of menstruation

c. Fluctuating weight

What vitamin routinely is given by injection to all infants at birth? a. A b. E c. K d. D

c. K

Where is the chief site of alcohol metabolism? a. Brain b. Stomach c. Liver d. Kidneys

c. Liver

Which of the following statements is true? a. There is strong evidence that infant obesity will result in adulthood obesity. b. Obese infants become obese preschool children. c. Most overweight infants become normal weight preschoolers. d. Calories should be restricted for obese infants to levels less than those for normal weight infants.

c. Most overweight infants become normal weight preschoolers.

Which of the following is a reliable indicator of generally good nutrition status in young children? a. The presence of subcutaneous fat b. Consumption of foods from several groups c. Regular gains in height and weight d. The child's interest in a variety of foods

c. Regular gains in height and weight

Obesity during pregnancy is associated with all of the following EXCEPT a. high blood pressure. b. diabetes during pregnancy. c. a low-birth-weight infant. d. surgical complications.

c. a low-birth-weight infant.

Coping with stress by eating is a characteristic of a. anorexia nervosa. b. female athlete triad. c. bulimia nervosa.

c. bulimia nervosa.

Rich in immune factors, the milk made by the mother's breast during the first few days after birth is a. foremilk. b. prolactin. c. colostrum. d. hindmilk.

c. colostrum.

For the more than 30% of school-age children who are overweight or obese, experts generally recommend a. severe caloric restriction. b. limiting physical activity to avoid stressing the joints. c. early diabetes and cholesterol screening. d. bariatric surgery.

c. early diabetes and cholesterol screening.

Fertility can be impaired by a. too little body fat. b. too much body fat. c. either too little or too much body fat.

c. either too little or too much body fat.

All of the following can trigger anorexia nervosa EXCEPT a. comments from significant others about being too fat. b. a job or profession that demands maintaining a certain weight. c. feeling too thin in one's clothes. d. leaving home and family for college.

c. feeling too thin in one's clothes.

The first trimester of pregnancy a. involves a rapid increase in cell size rather than cell number. b. is the least critical time during fetal development. c. is a time of particular importance to avoid nutritional deficiencies and environmental exposures that could harm the fetus. d. is a time when nutritional deficiencies have little effect on the developing fetus.

c. is a time of particular importance to avoid nutritional deficiencies and environmental exposures that could harm the fetus.

A low-birth-weight infant weighs ______ pounds. a. 6.5 to 7.5 b. 5.5 to 6.5 c. less than 5.5 d. less than 3.5

c. less than 5.5

Declining function of the ______ system directly affects an older adult's ability to shop for, prepare, and consume foods at home. a. digestive b. immune c. nervous d. endocrine

c. nervous

High-fiber diets are a. recommended for infants after 4 months of age. b. recommended for infants after 6 months of age. c. not recommended for infants. d. recommended for breastfed infants only.

c. not recommended for infants.

The organ that nourishes the fetus in the mother's womb is called the a. ovum. b. umbilicus. c. placenta. d. embryo.

c. placenta.

The hormone that stimulates milk synthesis is a. estrogen. b. progesterone. c. prolactin. d. oxytocin.

c. prolactin.

The foundation for a diet that optimizes long-term nutritional health emphasizes all of the following EXCEPT a. low-fat dairy products. b. a variety of fruits and vegetables. c. refined-grain breads and cereals. d. lean sources of protein.

c. refined-grain breads and cereals.

In the aging process, physiological functioning of organs decreases, but it may be years before this decline in organ function becomes noticeable. This is referred to as a. compression of morbidity. b. homeostasis. c. reserve capacity. d. subclinical deficiency.

c. reserve capacity.

Mack is constipated. Safe recommendations include all of the following EXCEPT a. eat 30 grams of fiber per day. b. drink more fluid. c. use mineral oil routinely and liberally. d. eat more whole grains.

c. use mineral oil routinely and liberally.

Participants in which of the following sports are most likely to engage in disordered eating behaviors? a. ice hockey b. baseball c. wrestling d. cross-country

c. wrestling

The duration of pregnancy normally is ______ weeks. a. 30-34 b. 32-36 c. 35-39 d. 38-42

d. 38-42

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all infants should receive dietary supplements of ______ until they take in this much from food sources. a. 500 milligrams of calcium b. 11 milligrams of iron c. 3 milligrams of zinc d. 400 IU of vitamin D

d. 400 IU of vitamin D

An infant's length will increase by ______ percent in the first year. a. 10 b. 20 c. 35 d. 50

d. 50

Human milk provides approximately ______ percent of kilocalories from fat. a. 30 b. 40 c. 50 d. 60

d. 60

Sara is a middle-aged woman of Northern European descent and is quite small in stature. She eats plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and lean meats. What else could she do to live a more health-promoting lifestyle? a. Take vitamin and mineral supplements. b. Eat more vitamin A-laden fruits and vegetables. c. Eat more lean meats. d. Consume plenty of low-fat milk and dairy products.

d. Consume plenty of low-fat milk and dairy products.

Which of the following is true about aging? a. Aging is a disease. b. Models have been designed that are very predictive of the aging process. c. The rate of aging is based on heredity and no amount of lifestyle modification can alter it. d. Development of chronic disease is not an inevitable consequence of aging.

d. Development of chronic disease is not an inevitable consequence of aging.

Which of the following does NOT decrease with aging? a. Thirst b. Lean tissue levels c. Immune function d. Fat stores

d. Fat stores

Which of the following is NOT typical of individuals who develop eating disorders? a. From middle- and upper-class families b. Highly competitive c. Inappropriate coping strategies d. Have high self-esteem

d. Have high self-esteem

Which of the following is the best treatment approach for binge-eating disorder? a. A diet that lists foods to be eaten and others to be avoided b. A structured eating plan that the person eats without regard to his or her hunger signals c. Encouraging a person to nurture others rather than focus on his or her own needs. d. Teaching a person to eat in response to internal hunger cues

d. Teaching a person to eat in response to internal hunger cues

Which of the following is true about lactation? a. Only about 50 percent of all women can breastfeed. b. The most significant reason why women do not breastfeed is that they cannot produce enough milk. c. Some women cannot breastfeed because they do not have big enough breasts. d. The major reason why women do not breastfeed is lack of information.

d. The major reason why women do not breastfeed is lack of information.

Which of the following behaviors is NOT typical among people with binge-eating disorder? a. Feelings of guilt or self-disgust b. Eating alone c. Eating until uncomfortably full d. Use of laxatives to purge excess kilocalories.

d. Use of laxatives to purge excess kilocalories.

The treatment of childhood obesity involves all the following EXCEPT a. increasing the activity level. b. moderation of energy intake. c. reducing dietary sugar and fat. d. a restrictive weight-loss diet.

d. a restrictive weight-loss diet.

It is not advised to introduce solid foods to an infant before 4 to 6 months of age because a. the young infant's GI tract is not mature enough to digest complex carbohydrates and proteins. b. the young infant's kidney function is limited. c. the young infant is not able to sufficiently control his head and neck. d. all of these are reasons to delay the introduction of solid foods until 4 to 6 months of age.

d. all of these are reasons to delay the introduction of solid foods until 4 to 6 months of age.

A person with a deficiency of alcohol dehydrogenase would a. have a high tolerance for alcohol. b. be able to pass a breathalyzer test even with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.08 or higher. c. feel ill due to an accumulation of acetaldehyde in the blood. d. become intoxicated at low levels of alcohol intake.

d. become intoxicated at low levels of alcohol intake.

All of the following are true about bulimia EXCEPT a. the disordered behavior is secretive. b. an abnormally large quantity of food is consumed within a short time period. c. it most commonly occurs in adolescent and college-age individuals. d. body weight is below 85% of what would be expected.

d. body weight is below 85% of what would be expected.

The disease characterized by fatty infiltration of the liver and replacement of functioning liver cells with fibrous connective tissue is known as a. Crohn's disease. b. hepatitis. c. liver cancer. d. cirrhosis.

d. cirrhosis.

A basic plan for health promotion and disease prevention includes all of the following except a. consuming meals that resemble MyPlate. b. getting regular exercise. c. not smoking. d. consuming 3 to 5 ounces of alcohol daily.

d. consuming 3 to 5 ounces of alcohol daily.

Women suffering from chronic alcoholism produce children with a recognizable pattern of malformations called a. chronic cirrhosis. b. alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders. c. cystic fibrosis. d. fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).

d. fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).

All of the following are true of anorexia nervosa EXCEPT a. distorted body image. b. decreased heart rate. c. denial of appetite. d. increased body temperature.

d. increased body temperature.

The first solid foods usually introduced into an infant's diet are a. egg whites. b. pureed meats. c. pureed fruits. d. iron-fortified cereals.

d. iron-fortified cereals.

All of the following are true about "nursing bottle syndrome" EXCEPT a. it is another name for early childhood caries. b. it is associated with an infant keeping a bottle in his or her mouth while sleeping. c. it results from the teeth being bathed in carbohydrate-rich fluid. d. it is associated with not brushing the infant's gums at least 3 times per week.

d. it is associated with not brushing the infant's gums at least 3 times per week.

All of the following are true of an anorexic person who falls below 75 percent of normal body weight EXCEPT a. hospitalization is almost always necessary. b. recovery becomes very difficult. c. premature death is likely. d. loss of menstrual period becomes irreversible.

d. loss of menstrual period becomes irreversible.

Food habits of older adults may be influenced by all of the following EXCEPT a. decreased taste sensitivity. b. decreased mobility. c. poor dentition. d. production of melatonin.

d. production of melatonin.

An effective nutritional counseling approach to bulimia involves all the following EXCEPT a. a daily meal plan. b. keeping a daily food diary. c. helping the person correct misconceptions about food. d. providing strict food rules to control eating.

d. providing strict food rules to control eating.

One of the best ways to get anorexics into treatment is to a. threaten them. b. deny the disorder. c. keep offering them food. d. stage an intervention.

d. stage an intervention.

Criteria for diagnosing bulimia nervosa include all the following EXCEPT a. overconcern with body shape and weight. b. a sense of lack of control over eating behaviors. c. uses compensatory behaviors like self-induced vomiting. d. two binge-eating episodes per week for at least 3 months.

d. two binge-eating episodes per week for at least 3 months.

Prevention of eating disorders might include any of the following EXCEPT a. discourage dieting. b. teach normal, healthy approach to eating and nutrition. c. encourage eating in relation to hunger and satiety cues. d. weighing often.

d. weighing often.