HNF 260 Final Exam

With respect to thiamin, which is the most nutrient dense? A) 1 slice whole-wheat bread (69 kcal and 0.1 mg thiamin) B) 1 cup yogurt (144 kcal and 0.1 mg thiamin) C) 1 cup snow peas (69 kcal and 0.22 mg thiamin) D) 1 chicken breast (141 kcal and 0.06 mg thiamin)

1 cup snow peas (69 kcal and 0.22 mg thiamin)

For an endurance athlete, _____ grams of protein per kilogram of body mass are recommended per day.

1.6 to 2.2

Proteins should fill what percentage of our diet?

10-35%

Rhodopsin, the visual pigment in the retina of the eye, is regenerated when opsin combines with

11-cis retinal

It is best to avoid serving cow's milk until the infant reaches the age of

12 months

The percentage of U.S. households considered food insecure is

15%

Sports nutrition experts recommend that athletes consume ____ percent of their energy from fat.

15-25

A granola bar's Nutrition Facts panel says that it has 5 grams of fat, 19 grams of carbohydrate, and 7 grams of protein per bar. Approximately how many kilocalories are in this bar?

150 Kilocalories

Nitrogen makes up approximately _____ of the weight of an amino acid.

16%

In general, cooking poultry and ground meat to ______ °F is sufficient to kill pathogenic organisms.

165

What is the approximate basal metabolism of a 175 pound (80 kg) man?

1900 kcal/day

Cindi consumed 1500 calories per day before she became pregnant. Approximately how many calories per day should she consume while breastfeeding?

1950

Your weight is currently stable. You have chosen to give up your daily 250-calorie mocha latte. About how much weight could you expect to lose in a month if nothing else changes in your exercise or diet patterns?

2 pounds

An endurance athlete can lose as much as ____ of fluid an hour during activity.

2 quarts

The amount of ATP stored in a muscle cell can keep a muscle active for about:

2 to 4 seconds

A woman of normal weight may have, on the average, ___ percent of her body weight as fat.

20

Lipids should fill what percentage of our diet?

20-35%

There are ~800,000 deaths per year in the US from heart attack and stroke. Approximately how many of these deaths could be prevented through lifestyle changes and better access to health care?

200,000

A non-pregnant woman required 1600 calories per day to maintain her desirable body weight. How many calories per day would she need if she were in the third trimester of pregnancy?

2050

At age 1 year, a 7-pound, 20-inch-long newborn growing normally would be:

21 lbs, 30 inches

A pregnant woman needs about ____ grams of protein per day above pre-pregnancy needs

25

A woman who begins pregnancy at a healthy weight should gain

25-30

The AI for fiber for women is

25g/day

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges indicate ranges of carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes that provide adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals and may reduce the risk of diet-related chronic diseases. For a person who is following a 2,500-kilocalorie per day diet, determine the number of grams of carbohydrate to be consumed using the AMDR as a guideline.

280-400 g/day

The average nursing mother produces about __ cups of milk per day

3

Which provides the most absorbable iron?

3 oz steak

During the second trimester of pregnancy, a daily increase of __ calories above the allowance for non-pregnant women in recommended.

350 kcal

One pound of body fat is equivalent to ____ calories

3500

Compared with non-pregnant women, during the third trimester pregnant women need to increase calorie intake by about

40 kcal/day

What is the best internal temperature for your refrigerator?

40°F

Perishable foods should be held either below _______ °F or above ______ °F.

41, 135

Carbohydrates should fill what percentage of our diet?

45-65%

The salivary glands produce about ___ cup(s) of saliva each day. Saliva is a watery fluid that contains ________, ___________, and ___________.

4; mucus; digestive enzymes; antibacterial substances

About ___ percent of a meal's energy value is used towards digestion, absorption and metabolism of the food's nutrients.

5-10

During the first year of life, the infant increases in length by ________% over what it was at birth.

50

Newborns need about ____ calories per pound of body weight each day.

50

A person consuming 2200 calories per day who wants to meet health recommendations should limit daily fat intake to:

50 - 85 grams

If a total of 2000 kcal were consumed (250 grams of carbohydrates, 66 grams of fat, and 102 grams of protein), what percentage of energy comes from carbohydrates, fat, and protein?

50% carbohydrate, 30% fat, and 20% protein

Which of these people is least likely to develop an iron deficiency? A) 3 year old boy B) 52 year old man C) 17 year old girl D) 24 year old woman

52 year old man

A cheeseburger has 25 grams of protein, 29 grams of fat, and 46 grams of carbs. Approximately how many kilocalories are in this sandwich?

545

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges indicate ranges of carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes that provide adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals and may reduce the risk of diet-related chronic diseases. For a person who is following a 2,500-kilocalorie per day diet, determine the number of grams of lipid to be consumed using the AMDR as a guideline.

56-97 g/day

The protein RDA for a healthy adult who weighs 70 kg (154 lbs) is:

56g/day

Tomas is a 24-year-old male trying to calculate his protein needs. The Food and Nutrition Board recommends that 10-35% of calories come from protein. If Tomas follows a 2,300-calorie diet, how many grams of protein per day should he be consuming?

58 - 201 g of protein/day

If Tomas is a healthy 24-year-old male who weighs 166 pounds, how many grams of protein per day should he have to promote protein equilibrium? (One kilogram = 2.2 pounds.)

60

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges indicate ranges of carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes that provide adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals and may reduce the risk of diet-related chronic diseases. For a person who is following a 2,500-kilocalorie per day diet, determine the number of grams of protein to be consumed using the AMDR as a guideline.

63-218 g/day

How many Calories are in a gram of alcohol?

7

Normal blood glucose levels range between

70 - 100 mg/dL

How many essential amino acids are there?

9

A kilocalorie is a unit of the energy content of food. Which definition best describes how much energy is in one kilocalorie?

A kilocalorie is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1° Celsius

Because of stress at work, Linda's stomach has been acting up. She saw a commercial for a yogurt with added probiotics that claims to aid with digestion and alleviate bowel problems. What is a probiotic?

A probiotic is a substance that stimulates bacterial growth in the large intestines.

Adult men are advised to have 120 micrograms of Vitamin K per day, and women, 90 micrograms. There is not enough research to make a more definitive recommendation, but this amount appears to maintain nutritional health. Which Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) term best represents this nutrient statement?

AI

Adults are advised to limit intake of synthetic folate to 1000 micrograms per day out of concern that higher amounts could mask vitamin B-12 deficiency. Which Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) term best represents this nutrient statement?

AI

Non-pregnant females are advised to have 60 mg of Vitamin C per day. This amount meets the needs of 97% of this age and gender group and is based on extensive scientific data. Which Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) term best represents this nutrient statement?

AI

The predominant fuels for a 50-meter sprint are

ATP and phosphocreatine

The B-vitamin intake of most North Americans is adequate because B-vitamins are widespread in our diets. However, which of the following population groups is most susceptible to overt deficiencies of B-vitamins?

Alcoholics

Factors that affect the amount of nutrients in foods include: A) farming conditions B) ripeness of plants when harvested C) cooking processes D) length of time food is stored E) All of these factors affect nutrient content of foods

All of these factors affect nutrient content of foods

Why are older people at increased risk for vitamin B-12 deficiency compared to younger people?

As you age, your stomach produces less acid, which limits cleavage of vitamin B-12 from food. In addition, decreased production of intrinsic factor by the stomach limits vitamin B-12 absorption.

Jason's friend was recently diagnosed with Crohn's Disease; a disease that impairs their digestion and absorption of fats. Which of the following nutrients would NOT be affected?

Ascorbic Acid

As a healthier alternative to French fries, some fast food outlets offer pre-sliced, bagged apples as a side option. The ingredients list often reads, "Apples and Ascorbic Acid." Ascorbic acid is another name for vitamin C. What role does the ascorbic acid play in the product?

Ascorbic acid is an antioxidant that prevents discoloration when the apples are cut and exposed to oxygen.

A strict vegan diet may lack

B-12

A child is considered underweight when

BMI for age drops below the 5th percentile

A child is diagnosed as obese when

BMI for age reaches the 95th percentile

John was reading an article in a muscle magazine that said a particular world-champion body builder regularly eats a dozen raw egg whites per day. From his recent nutrition studies, John surmised that the body builder is at risk for developing which vitamin deficiency and why?

Biotin deficiency because a protein in raw egg whites binds biotin and inhibits its absorptio

Which infants have special vitamin needs?

Breastfed infants whose mothers are vegans need vitamin B-12 supplements

Which of the following is not a good source of phytochemicals?

Broiled Chicken

The LOWEST amount of saturated fat is found in which of the following foods? A) Coconut oil B) Butter C) Canola oil D) Margarine

Canola oil

Linda has a history of ulcers and lately has been experiencing heartburn and occasional ulcerative flare-ups. All of the following are recommendations for preventing ulcers and heartburn from occurring or recurring EXCEPT: A) Limit consumption of coffee, tea, and alcohol (especially wine). B) Increase consumption of milk and cream to coat stomach. C) Limit consumption of pepper, chili powder, and other strong spices. D) Chew foods well and lose weight if she is currently overweight.

Chew foods well and lose weight if she is currently overweight.

The method used to determine Body Mass Index (BMI) in children over age 2 is different from that used to determine BMI of adults. In what way does childhood BMI measurement differ from adult BMI measurement?

Childhood BMI uses height and weight and is gender and age specific, whereas adult BMI just accounts for height and weight

Vitamins are classified as being either water soluble or fat soluble. There is disagreement in the scientific community as to whether one vitamin-like nutrient is really a vitamin. Which nutrient is not technically classified as a vitamin?

Choline

Improper canning of foods can result in serious foodborne illness caused by the ___________ bacterium.

Clostridium botulinum

The first fluid secreted by the mother's breast after giving birth is called

Colostrum

The most common application of genetic engineering of foods at this time is to

Confer resistance to pesticides applied to kill weeds and insects

A cooking class instructor states that certain preparation and cooking methods can help preserve water-soluble vitamin content of vegetables. Which method is the most likely to maximize water-soluble vitamin preservation?

Cooking vegetables in minimal water for a brief period

The nutrient that can be considered both a vitamin and a hormone is vitamin

D

Which of the following is NOT among the common signs of a niacin deficiency?

Demineralization

The set of scientifically based recommendations designed to promote health and reduce the risk for many chronic diseases through diet and physical activity is known as the

Dietary Guidelines for Americans

These provide recommended percentages of energy intake for carbohydrate, protein, and fat.

Dietary Guidelines for Americans

The amount of nutrients that will satisfy the needs of half of the people in any one age/gender group is known as the:

EAR

The average caloric intake for a male aged 9-13 is estimated to be 2279 calories per day. Which Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) term best represents this nutrient statement?

EER

How would you respond to someone who states that all carbohydrates are bad and should be decreased in the diet?

Explain that this is untrue and that the most healthful foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and beans are carbohydrate foods.

The coenzyme form of riboflavin is

FAD and FMN

Which U.S. government agency regulates nutrition and health-related claims on product labels?

FDA

Heart disease has both preventable and non-preventable risk factors that contribute to its development. All of the following are lifestyle risk factors for heart disease EXCEPT: A) Excessive alcohol consumption. B) Inactivity that leads to obesity. C) Low-fiber, high-saturated-fat diet. D) Cigarette smoking. E) Family history and genetic predisposition for heart disease.

Family history and genetic predisposition for heart disease

Food additives are regulated by the A) United States Department of Agriculture. B) Food and Drug Administration. C) Environmental Protection Agency. D) All of these choices are accurate.

Food and Drug Administration.

Ellen was experiencing fatigue, despite sleeping eight hours per night. He went to the doctor and was diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia. The doctor recommended she eat iron-fortified breakfast cereals. Which food would be the best accompaniment for her iron-fortified breakfast cereal and why?

Having a cup of orange juice or an orange with the iron-fortified breakfast cereal because vitamin C in the orange increases iron absorption

All of the following are thought to be primary causes of ulcer disease EXCEPT: A) Having a high-stress lifestyle. B) Disorders that cause excessive acid production in the stomach. C) Infection of the stomach by the acid-resistant bacteria Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). D) Heavy use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin.

Having a high-stress lifestyle

This virus, often transmitted by infected food handlers, causes anorexia, diarrhea, fever, and liver damage.

Hepatitis A

Loraine's husband called her at 3:00 pm complaining of stomach pains that he thinks were related to the rare hamburger he ate earlier that day at noon. He thinks he has a foodborne infection; Loraine thinks he is affected by a bacterial toxin. Who is right?

Her husband is right: his situation is consistent with a foodborne bacterial infection

Which is NOT true about the fat in human milk? A) The type of fatty acids in human milk depends on the mother's diet. B) The fats in human milk are provided by the mother's diet and are synthesized in the breast. C) Human milk is low in cholesterol and linoleic acid. D) Human milk contains omega-3 fatty acids to support brain and eye development.

Human milk is low in cholesterol and linoleic acid

The liver is important in carbohydrate digestion as it processes the monosaccharides galactose and fructose into glucose. Several things can happen to this glucose once it is done being processed in the liver. Which of the following statements is NOT accurate? A) If glucose is present in excess, some can be turned into fat. B) If glucose is present in excess, some can be stored as glycogen. C) If glucose is present in excess, the liver makes it back into disaccharides. D) The liver can release the glucose directly into the bloodstream for transport to organs.

If glucose is present in excess, the liver makes it back into disaccharides.

What is currently known about fluoride in drinking water supplies?

In communities where fluoride is lacking in the water there is a very high dental decay rate.

Jacob is 8 years old and his family experiences food insecurity. He is short for his age and his teacher has recently noticed that Jacob is falling asleep during class and seems unable to concentrate on his tasks. A deficiency in what nutrient is likely at the root of these deficits in growth, physical stamina, and mental ability?

Iron

Maternal iron stores transferred to the fetus during the end stages of pregnancy generally run out by the time an infant is six months old. Iron is important for cognitive development. What is the best source of dietary iron for a 12-month-old child?

Iron fortified breakfast cereal or small amounts of lean meat

Which statement is TRUE regarding Healthy People 2020? A) It aims to eliminate health disparities and improve access to health education B) It explains the five food groups C) It is revised every 20 years by the Department of Health and Human Services D) It is revised frequently by the US Department of Agriculture

It aims to eliminate health disparities and improve access to health education

Which is true about growth in height?

It cannot occur after the epiphyses fuses

Your aunt is seriously considering having gastric surgery to help her lose weight because previous weight-loss diets have been unsuccessful. What information would you give her to help her make that decision?

It is a serious decision because of the lifetime medical and nutrition supervision needed after surgery

Which of the following is FALSE about the typical American diet? A) It is typically low in protein and fiber B) It is usually excessive in total calories and saturated fat C) It usually has more fats and oils than necessary D) It is typically low in calcium, iron and potassium

It is typically low in protein and fiber

Which of the following is true about MyPlate? A) It emphasizes the six basic food groups B) It has a specific place for healthy fats and oils C) It shapes the key recommendations of the dietary guidelines into an applicable visual D) It is intended to stand alone as a source of dietary advice E) It emphasizes grains

It shapes the key recommendations of the dietary guidelines into an applicable visual

After finishing his two-year commitment as a Peace Corps volunteer in Nepal, Curtis is embarking upon an around-the-world tour. In which country will he be most likely to encounter no genetically engineered foods?

Italy

A nutrient synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine is vitamin

K

The lipoprotein most associated with a high risk of heart disease is

LDL

Which protein in human milk increases iron absorption?

Lactoferrin

__________ can grow at refrigeration temperatures.

Listeria monocytogenes

What eating behavior does MyPlate encourage? A) Make half your plate vegetables B) Make half your plate grains C) Make at least half your grains whole grains D) Switch to fat-free or low-fat milk E) Both C and D

Make at least half your grains whole grains & switch to fat-free or low-fat milk

Carbohydrates typically comprise the largest proportion of total daily calorie intake. Which of the following meals would NOT contribute significantly to meeting carbohydrate needs? A) Bowl of chili with kidney beans B) Meat and cheese platter C) Bowl of ice cream with fresh blueberries on top D) Bowl of whole wheat pasta with red sauce E) Vegetable and rice stir-fry

Meat and cheese platter

A number of recent, high-profile foodborne illness outbreaks have increased Americans' awareness of the safety of our food supply. What is the primary cause of foodborne illness in North America?

Microbial contamination causes most foodborne illness incidents.

Which of the following B-vitamins is especially important as a coenzyme in fatty acid biosynthesis?

Niacin

The order from best to worst of food fats, in terms of heart health, is

Omega 3's, MUFA, saturated, hydrogenated.

Undernutrition and overnutrition are both problems in the United States. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT: A) Overnutrition is a type of malnutrition. B) Overnutrition is often characterized by obesity. C) Overnutrition can be caused by long-term excessive energy intake. D) Overnutrition is less common in the United States than undernutrition.

Overnutrition is less common in the United States than undernutrition

Where do phytochemicals come from?

Plant Foods

Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with primary lactose intolerance? A) Primary lactose intolerance is more common in some ethnic groups. B) Primary lactose intolerance is often seen in Crohn's disease. C) Symptoms of primary lactose intolerance include gas, bloating, and diarrhea. D) Diarrhea is caused by the osmotic effect of lactose in the large intestine . E) It can be treated by adding enzymes to the diet

Primary lactose intolerance is often seen in Crohn's disease.

Food-borne illness-causing microbes thrive under certain environmental conditions. Food-borne illness risk is increased with all of the following EXCEPT: A) Protein-rich nutrient profile. B) Warm temperature. C) Moist environment. D) A slightly basic pH.

Protein-rich nutrient profile

The daily nutrient intake amounts sufficient to meet the needs of nearly all individuals in a life stage is called

Recommended Dietary Allowance

Which of the following benefits can be attributed to consuming food sources of vitamin E and vitamin C?

Reduced plaque formation in arteries preventing heart disease

April's elderly neighbor told him that when he was growing up, the milkman would deliver glass bottles of milk to his family's doorstep and he wonders why you don't get milk in glass bottles anymore. April explains to him that light destroys certain water-soluble vitamins in milk and milk is now stored in opaque containers to help preserve the B vitamin:

Riboflavin

Which of the B-vitamins has an antioxidant role?

Riboflavin

The requirement for vitamin C is highest for

Smokers

Of the following, which is the richest source of folate?

Spinach

Children are likely experiencing growth stunting if their

Stature for age falls below the 5th percentile

Melanie is a nutrition student who is learning that a balanced diet involves consuming foods that have a variety of vitamins in them every day. Why is it advisable to consume vitamins every day?

The body has limited storage capacity for many vitamins, so they should be consumed daily in the diet

Which of the following is true? A) The skeleton no longer adds to bone density after 20 years of age B) The bones begin to lose density after age 40 years of age regardless of calcium intake C) People do not need calcium throughout life D) a and b

The bones begin to lose density after age 40 years of age regardless of calcium intake

While some adults may opt to follow a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet for short-term weight loss, a high-protein diet is dangerous for an infant. What is the consequence of feeding an infant a diet that is too high in protein?

The excess nitrogen and minerals of a high protein diet stress the babys kidneys

Which is NOT a sign that an infant may be ready for solid foods? A) The infant can sit alone with support. B) The infant can make a chewing motion. C) The infant demands to be fed 8 to 10 times daily. D) The extrusion reflex is strong

The extrusion reflex is strong

One of the mothers in Loraine's mothers group has started purchasing raw, unpasteurized milk and feeding it to her children. The other women warn her about the potential health hazards of drinking raw milk. The mother insists that pasteurization degrades the nutritional quality of milk, and that raw milk is nutritionally superior. What does pasteurization do?

The pasteurization process heats foods to kill pathogenic microorganisms and reduce the total number of bacteria

Linda has heard that the acidic environment of the stomach is similar to that of a car battery. If the stomach is so acidic, why doesn't the acid eat away at the stomach lining and cause holes in the stomach?

The stomach is lined with a layer of mucus that protects it

Which of the following correctly characterizes lipids?

They do not dissolve in water.

Alice is consuming 5,000 micrograms of Retinol Activity Equivalents per day (about 7 times the RDA) in a supplement. She and her husband have decided to start their family so she is trying to get pregnant. What advice do you give Alice?

This is potentially a toxic dose of vitamin A to the early development of the fetus and may cause birth-defects and malformations. Please stop.

During her current pregnancy, Loraine has been extra careful to avoid foods that could potentially cause foodborne illness. Even though she loves Greek salad, at lunch today she had to order something else because the waiter could not confirm whether or not the feta cheese on the salad was pasteurized. Why should pregnant women avoid unpasteurized cheese?

Unpasteurized cheese can contain Listeria, a bacterium that can cross the placental barrier and cause listeriosis and spontaneous abortion or stillbirth.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released in response to low blood calcium and activates ________________ which results in ________________________.

Vitamin D; increased calcium absorption in the intestine.

Which of the following is most likely to occur from a prolonged dietary deficiency of vitamin A? A) Osteomalacia B) Kwashiorkor C) Xerophthalmia D) Megoblastic Anemia E) None of the above

Xerophthalmia

Which of the following is NOT likely to increase the risk of a poor pregnancy outcome? A) weight gain of less than 15 pounds B) a pregnancy within 12 months of a previous pregnancy C) a maternal age of 20 to 25 years D) alcohol use by the mother

a maternal age of 20-25

The taste sensation umami can best be described as

a savory or meaty taste derived from the amino acid glutamate

Amylopectin is

a type of starch that is branch-chained.

Chylomicrons are produced in the

absorptive cells of small intestine

Calcium absorption declines in the elderly because:

aging skin is less efficient at making vitamin D & many elderly people get inadequate sun exposure

A person who consumes inadequate dietary protein may be expected to experience: A) Decreased immune function B) Fluid imbalance C) Loss of lean body mass D) All of these are potential consequences of inadequate dietary protein intake.

al of these are potential consequences

The stomach can absorb:

alcohol

A sound weight-loss program A) includes a wide variety of low energy density foods B) stresses regular physical activity C) includes behavior modification to change problem behaviors D) all of the above

all of the above

Free Radicals are A) reduced in the presence of vitamin E. B) produced during normal metabolism when oxygen is needed. C) reduced in the presence of beta-carotene . D) known to contribute to the development of heart disease E) All of the above

all of the above

Which of the following compounds can be secreted into human milk? A) alcohol B) food flavors C) drugs D) caffeine E) all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is true of a favorable pregnancy outcome? A) lasts longer that 37 weeks B) results in an infant weighing more than 5.5 pounds C) permits the mother to return to her pre-pregnancy health status D) all of the above

all of the above

United States federal policy requires that certain vitamins must be added to "enrich" grain products following processing. Which of the following vitamins are added to grains during the enrichment process? A) Riboflavin B) Thiamin C) Niacin D) All of the above are added during enrichment E) None of the above are added during enrichment

all of the above are added

Riboflavin coenzymes function in a variety of metabolic pathways, such as A) beta-oxidation of fatty acids. B) the citric acid cycle. C) the electron transport chain. D) All of these choices are accurate.

all of the choices are accurate

Which statement correctly describes vitamin A? A) Vitamin A is carried from the liver by retinol-binding protein and transthyretin in the blood. B) Nearly all cells have vitamin-A binding retinoid receptors. C) Within a cell, vitamin A is involved in gene expression and cell differentiation. D) All of the above statements are correct.

all of the statements are correct

Repeated self-induced vomiting (as in bulimia) may cause A) tears in the esophagus. B) stomach ulcers. C) electrolyte imbalances. D) tooth demineralization. E) All of these choices are correct.

all of these

To counteract the binge, the bulimic patient may A) induce vomiting. B) take laxatives. C) over-exercise. D) All of these choices are accurate.

all of these

Food insecurity is A) the inability to meet food needs all of the time. B) more common in developing countries than in developed countries. C) associated with impaired physical and mental health in children in the U.S. D) all of these choices are accurate.

all of these are accurate

Which of the following food production methods is not allowed with organic foods? A) Use of synthetic fertilizers. B) Use of hormones for animals. C) Use of genetic engineering. D) All of these choices are accurate.

all of these are accurate

Over time, measurements of height, weight, and head circumference A) are used to assess an infant's growth and development. B) are used to compare an infant's growth to others of the same age and gender. C) are used by pediatricians to look for health problems. D) All of these choices are accurate.

all of these are correct

As calcitriol, vitamin D functions in calcium and bone metabolism by A) reducing calcium excretion by the kidney. B) regulating calcium and phosphorus absorption through the intestinal wall. C) regulating the levels of calcium and phosphorus in bones. D) All of these choices are accurate.

all of these choices are accurate

Over time, if protein intake does not meet the body's protein needs for building and repair of tissues, A) skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and the liver decrease in size. B) excessive body fluid begins to accumulate in the extracellular spaces. C) the immune system fails to function properly. D) All of these choices are accurate.

all of these choices are accurate

An increased fiber intake within recommended guidelines may A) decrease risk of diabetes. B) lower blood lipid levels. C) decrease risk of certain cancers. D) All of these choices are correct.

all of these choices are correct

Ketosis may result from A) starvation. B) a diet of less than 50-100 grams of carbohydrate per day. C) untreated diabetes mellitus. D) All of these choices are correct.

all of these choices are correct

Cardiologists and other healthcare professionals recommend that people who are at elevated risk for developing cardiovascular disease adopt an "anti-atherosclerotic" lifestyle to help prevent atherosclerosis. Which of the following is a component of an anti-atherosclerotic lifestyle? A) Smoking cessation B) Low saturated fat and trans fat diet C) Consumption of fruits and vegetables high in antioxidants D) All of these are components of an anti-atherosclerotic lifestyle.

all of these components of an anti-atherosclerotic

Vitamin D synthesis in the skin is affected by all of the following EXCEPT A) use of sunscreen. B) skin color. C) geographic location. D) All of these factors can affect vitamin D synthesis.

all of these factors can affect vitamin D synthesis

Monounsaturated fatty acids A) are liquid at room temperature. B) have one double bond in the fatty acid chain. C) lower cholesterol. D) All of these responses are correct.

all of these responses are correct

Proteins are formed by linking together

amino acids

The basic building blocks of protein are

amino acids

The distinction between the major and trace minerals depends primarily on the

amounts needed and present in the body

Which of the following is TRUE about the digestion of carbohydrates?

amylase is secreted by the salivary glands and pancreas and digests starches

Humans can digest a carbohydrate if the glucose bond is

an alpha bond

Which of these is NOT true? Lecithin is: A) an emulsifier B) a phospholipid C) an essential nutrient D) a constituent of cell membranes

an essential nutrient

One of the major benefits of physical activity for weight management is:

an increase in lean muscle tissue, which burns more energy

The chief contributors of saturated fatty acids in the U.S. diet include

animal products

The best source of phosphorus is

animal protein

Which eating disorder starts with dieting and proceeds to near-total refusal to eat?

anorexia nervosa

Vitamin C serves as a(n)

antioxidant

The psychological desire to eat is referred to as:

appetite

Saturated fatty acids

are fully loaded with hydrogens

Simple carbohydrates

are mono- and di- saccharides

Scurvy results in pinpoint hemorrhaging in the skin and bleeding of the gums. This can be explained by the known biological function of ________ to keep the mineral iron in the correct form so that it acts as a cofactor for an enzyme necessary for __________ synthesis.

ascorbic acid; collagen

Which of the following is classified as a non-nutritive sweetener? A) sorbitol B) honey C) aspartame D) mannitol E) high fructose corn syrup

aspartame

To be defined as a "good" source of calcium, a food must contain:

at least 10% of the Daily Value for calcium in 1 serving of the food

Segmentation as a function of the GI tract involves

back and forth contractions that break apart the food mass

Much of the digestion that occurs in the large intestine is caused by

bacteria

Of the following, the richest source of provitamin A is A) fried liver. B) baked sweet potato. C) fresh bananas. D) soybeans.

baked sweet potato

Raffinose and stachyose are indigestible oligosaccharides found in foods such as

beans and other legumes

Why is the intake recommendation for calcium set higher for adolescents than for adults?

because a high calcium intake is thought to maximize bone density during the growing years

A deficiency of thiamin that affects the cardiovascular, muscular, nervous, and gastrointestinal systems is called

beriberi

The precursor to vitamin A is _____ which is found in _____.

beta-carotene; deep green and orange fruits and vegetables

__________ increases the available surface area of fats for digestion and later absorption.

bile

Vitamin K is important for:

blood clotting

Without Vitamin K:

blood fails to clot

Edema in the lower extremities may appear when there is a severe lack of dietary protein because

blood protein levels drop and fluid shifts into interstitial spaces

Most of the body's magnesium can be found in the

bones

Which of the following activities is shared by folate and vitamin B12?

both are required for nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) synthesis

If an essential amino acid that is needed to make a protein is unavailable, the cells must:

break down proteins to obtain it

The functions of fat include all of the following EXCEPT A) build and repair tissue. B) cushion and protect vital organs. C) insulate the body. D) transport fat-soluble vitamins.

build and repair tissue

You suspect that your new roommate may have an eating disorder because, although she seems to have a normal body size, you have heard her frequently vomiting after a meal, and her tooth enamel is being corroded. She will also frequently eat several boxes of crackers at one time to relieve stress and will then feel guilty afterwards. These are most likely the symptoms of:

bulimia nervosa

All of the following are considered major electrolytes and are involved in water balance in the body except _____. A) calcium B) sodium C) potassium D) chloride

calcium

Which mineral is most abundant in the human body?

calcium

Which of these is the most abundant mineral in the body? A) calcium B) phosphorus C) sodium D) iron

calcium

Which two minerals are the major part of hydroxyapatite, the crystalline material found in bone?

calcium, phosphorus

The binding protein that regulates many of the calcium-dependent enzymes is:

calmodulin

Energy dense foods are high in

calories

Excess intake of vitamin D

can cause hypercalcemia

One sign that babies are developmentally ready for solid foods is that they

can control head movements

What is the leading cause of death in people under 85 years of age? (Hint: for the total US population, not broken down by age at death...)

cancer

Energy-yielding nutrients include:

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

Which of the following should NOT be used by athletes for fluid replacement? A) sports beverages B) carbonated beverages C) alcohol D) a and c E) b and c F) all of the above

carbonated beverages and alcohol

FDA has limited the use of sulfites on raw fruits and vegetables in salad bars because they

cause adverse reactions such as shortness of breath or gastrointestinal symptoms in some individuals.

Lactate buildup in working muscles:

causes muscle fatigue

This carbohydrate is NOT digested or fermented

cellulose

Which is the most abundant anion (negatively charged particle) in the extracellular fluid?

chloride

Vitamin D can be synthesized from a precursor that the body makes from:

cholesterol

Which of the following lipids is a precursor for estrogen and bile

cholesterol

Vitamin D, an important hormone, is synthesized from __________ and is chemically altered in the _______ and ________ to yield a compound that is fully active (1, 25-dihydroxy Vitamin D3 ).

cholesterol; liver; kidneys

Which mineral enhances insulin activity?

chromium

Vitamin A is absorbed into the body as part of _________and when eaten in large amounts is _______.

chylomicrons; stored in the liver.

Which of the following explains why B vitamin deficiencies lead to lack of energy? A) B vitamins are a source of kilocalories B) absorption of carbohydrates and fats is decreased C) oxygen for energy metabolism cannot be transported to the cells D) coenzymes needed for energy metabolism are produced in insufficient amounts

coenzymes needed for energy metabolism are produced in insufficient amounts

Most B-vitamins function as

coenzymes.

When 2 or more plant proteins are combined to compensate for deficiencies in essential amino acid content in each protein, the proteins are called

complementary proteins

Copper is an essential nutrient because of its role in

connective tissue formation

Which is NOT a cause or risk factor for Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes?

consuming excessive amounts of sugar

Which is NOT true? Fats: A) contain glucose B) provide energy C) protect organs from injury D) carry vitamins A, D, E and K

contain glucose

The nutrient standards used on Nutrition Facts panels are called

daily values

Cooking an egg alters its proteins through the process of

denaturation

In the stomach, hydrochloric acid:

denatures proteins and activates pepsin

The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for nutrients are

designed to meet the nutrient needs of 97 to 98% of individuals in a specific life stage

Which of the following is the primary cause of death in children around the world? A) HIV/AIDS B) measles C) malaria D) diarrhea

diarrhea

Diabetes can be improved or controlled by

diet, exercise, and insulin therapy

The percentile growth curve a child follows depends mostly on:

dietary intake & genetic factors

Dietary sugars and starches are called "protein sparing," which means

dietary protein can be used for protein synthesis and other vital processes, rather than being used as a source of energy

Lisa is a 19-year-old college student who recently began experiencing symptoms of lactose intolerance. She recognizes the importance of consuming adequate dietary calcium, but does not want to further aggravate her gastrointestinal system. There are several dietary practices that can help Lisa achieve her calcium needs without aggravating her lactose intolerance symptoms. Which is NOT a helpful recommendation for Lisa? A) Eat hard cheeses and yogurt. B) Drink low lactose or lactase-treated milk such as Lactaid®. C) Drink milk on an empty stomach. D) Drink calcium-fortified soy milk that contains no lactose. E) Take pills that contain lactase before eating or drinking dairy foods.

drink milk on an empty stomach

To improve the absorption of iron in a regular meal, you would:

drink orange juice as a beverage & consume a small amount of meat as part of the meal

The secretions of the gallbladder, liver, and pancreas enter the

duodenum, by way of the sphincter of Oddi.

What is recommended for replacing fuels that have been used during exercise?

eat a high-carbohydrate meal within two hours after exercise

Strategies that help endurance athletes maintain their blood glucose concentrations for as long as possible include:

eating a high-carbohydrate diet regularly & taking in glucose during endurance activities

The major symptoms of kwashiorkor in children are

edema and growth failure

Which of the following foods provides all of the essential amino acids? A) egg B) corn C) gelatin D) whole grains E) broccoli

egg

The main function of vitamins is to

enable chemical reactions in the body to occur

Proteins that facilitate chemical reactions are

enzymes

Amino acids are required for the synthesis of

enzymes, neurotransmitters, & some hormones

The classic sign of vitamin E deficiency is

erythrocyte hemolysis

Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP), the coenzyme form of thiamin, is

essential for the decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.

Nutrients causing some signs of poor health when consumed in less than adequate amounts are called

essential nutrients

Blood phosphorus levels are managed largely through

excretion by the kidneys

Antibiotics to promote growth or prevent diseases are allowed in organically produced animals.

false

Clinical signs occur in the early stage of nutrient deficiency.

false

Glycogen is made of glucose units linked by beta bonds.

false

In the U.S., food labels must indicate the presence of genetically modified ingredients.

false

Insufficient production of bile is mostly likely to impair absorption of

fat

What is TRUE about the absorption and transportation of fat in the blood? A) Fats travel in lipoprotein carriers B) All fats enter the small intestine wall and absorb directly into the bloodstream C) Chylomicrons contain mainly protein D) HDL carries cholesterol to the cells

fat travels in lipoprotein carriers

Regina's pregnant sister is interested in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), two essential fatty acids that can be made from alpha-linolenic (omega-3) acid. She has heard that EPA and DHA are important for cancer prevention, brain health, cardiovascular disease prevention, and immune function. Which food is the best source of EPA + DHA?

fatty fish

The stage of gestation from after the eighth week until birth of an infant is called a(an)

fetus

Complex carbohydrates not broken down by digestive processes are classified as

fiber

Lanugo is

fine downy hair covering the body

The food most likely to be contaminated with dioxins, mercury, and/or polychlorinated biphenyls is

fish

The vitamin that protects against neural tube defects is:

folate

Which nutrients are contributed by the fruit group of MyPlate?

folate

Which of the following nutrients is related to the prevention of neural tube defects? A) Vitamin B6 B) Vitamin B12 C) folate D) zinc

folate

Vitamin B-12 is supplied mostly in

foods of animal origin.

Freezing food is one way of preserving food. What does freezing do? A) Freezing halts microbes' ability to multiply. B) Freezing kills bacteria. C) Freezing inactivates viruses. D) All of the above.

freezing halts microbes' ability to multiply.

Of the following, the richest source of vitamin A is A) fried liver. B) baked sweet potato. C) fresh bananas. D) soybeans.

fried liver

Niacin can be obtained from foods as the vitamin itself (preformed niacin) or be synthesized

from the essential amino acid tryptophan

Which of the following food groups contain very little, if any protein? A) Fruit B) Whole grains C) Dried beans (legumes) D) Dairy products

fruit

Muscular waves in the stomach mix and churn the contents of a meal with

gastric juices

A low blood glucose concentration will stimulate the increase of ____ in the blood

glucagon

Biotin is needed for

gluconeogenesis

The body is capable of making glucose from non-carbohydrate nutrients, such as protein, by a process referred to as

gluconeogenesis

The human brain and other nerve tissues use mostly _________________ as fuel.

glucose

Which is NOT a complex carbohydrate?

glucose

The DASH diet is more effective in reducing blood pressure than just decreasing sodium alone because it includes which of the following guidelines?

greatly increase the amounts of fruits and vegetables

A classic sign of zinc deficiency is

growth retardation

The cells most sensitive to a deficiency of dietary folate are cells that

have a short life span and rapid turnover rate

A breakfast cereal labeled as organic must

have at least 95% of its ingredients meet organic standards.

What is the leading cause of death in the US?

heart disease

The results of low amounts of fiber in the diet may be __________.

hemorrhoids

Which of the following terms is used to describe an elevated blood sugar level? A) Hypoglycemia B) Hyperglycemia C) Hyperlipidemia D) Glycemic load

hyperglycemia

The bacteria that usually inhabit the large intestine are prevented from backing up into the ileum by the action of the

ileocecal sphincter

Marasmus develops from:

inadequate protein and energy intake

To follow the DASH diet, you would: A) restrict potassium intake B) increase intake of potassium-rich fruits and vegetables C) consume adequate amounts of nuts, fish, whole grains, and low-fat dairy products D) a and c E) b and c

increase intake of potassium-rich fruits and vegetables & consume adequate amounts of nuts, fish, whole grains, and low-fat dairy

Recombinant bovine somatotropin is used by some farmers to

increase milk production in dairy cows

Nutrition-related objectives of Healthy People 2020 include:

increasing vegetable intake, increasing calcium intake, and reducing childhood obesity

Fad diets are successful in the short term because they:

induce a calorie deficit

Individuals who are most susceptible to adverse effects from pesticides are

infants and young children

Prions are

infectious proteins associated with mad cow disease

The best type of fiber to eat for reducing constipation is

insoluble fiber

Chromium works closely with:

insulin

Which of the following hormones regulates blood sugar by signaling it to leave the blood and enter the cells? A) Insulin B) Glucagon C) Glycogen D) Pepsin

insulin

A high intake of vitamin E can

interfere with vitamin K's blood-clotting activity.

Goiters and cretinism are caused by a deficiency of

iodine

The primary physiological role of which mineral is as a constituent in the thyroid hormones?

iodine

Which of these must be available for thyroxine (T4) to be synthesized?

iodine

The addition to the diet of what food will alleviate the problem of endemic goiter?

iodized salt

Which is a trace mineral? A) sodium B) calcium C) iron D) potassium

iron

Which nutrients are contributed by the protein foods group of MyPlate?

iron

Kwashiorkor

is a disease of severely deficient protein intake.

High fructose corn syrup

is a mixture of approximately 50% fructose and 50% glucose

Sports anemia: A) is a normal adaptation to endurance training B) requires treatment with iron supplements C) is temporary D) a and b E) a and c

is a normal adaptation to endurance training & is temporary

Bt corn contains a protein produced by a bacterial gene. This protein

is a pesticide that kills caterpillars, a major threat to corn

Fluorosis occurs when fluoride

is excessive

Amylase

is synthesized in the pancreas

Which of the following statements about basal metabolism is true? A) It supports the work that goes on all the time B) It accounts for the smallest component of the average person's daily energy C) It decreases by 30-40% when calorie intake declines D) It is unaffected by exercise

it accounts for the smallest component of the average person's daily energy expenditure.

Which is most likely to be true about a food with a low glycemic index?

it contains soluble fiber

A high-protein diet is discouraged for patients with

kidney disease

In general, excess amounts of water-soluble vitamins are excreted via the

kidneys

Which of the following conditions would result in negative nitrogen balance?

kwashiorkor

Anaerobic glucose breakdown produces a compound called _____ that accumulates in the tissues and blood.

lactic acid

The primary carbohydrate in the diet of most infants is

lactose

Which protein produced in fat tissue regulates body weight by signaling the brain about changes in body fat stores?

leptin

What percentage of our body mass is stored carbohydrate?

less than 1%

A low birth weight infant weighs

less than 5.5 pounds

The essential fatty acids include:

linolenic acid and linoleic acid

A triglyceride is an example of a

lipid

Lipids are transported by

lipoproteins

Vitamin E is carried to the liver and other tissues by

lipoproteins

After sugars from a breakfast of cereal and milk are absorbed into the bloodstream, they are transported to this organ

liver

Once absorbed into the body, the majority of carbohydrates are ultimately transformed into glucose by the

liver

Which mineral has as a primary function the binding and stabilization of phosphate groups in ATP?

magnesium

Which mineral is part of the green chlorophyll pigment in green leafy vegetables?

magnesium

What is a major function of chloride?

maintenance of gastric acidity

Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates?

making enzymes

Which of the following is NOT a high nutrient density food?

maple syrup

In a dietary deficiency of folate, there are decreasing numbers of mature red blood cells to carry the oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. This condition is known as

megaloblastic anemia.

Which of the following is NOT true about anorexia? A) Of psychiatric disorders, anorexia has the highest mortality rate B) men account for 25% of cases of anorexia nervosa C) People with anorexia have a distorted body image and fear weight gain D) People with anorexia often consume less than 800 kcal per day E) People with anorexia often have rituals involving food, excessive exercise, and other aspects of life

men account for 25% of cases of anorexia nervosa

The protein in the intestinal absorptive cells that helps to regulate zinc absorption is:

metallothionen

In the average U.S. diet, a quarter of the riboflavin comes from which food source?

milk products

The form of folate that is best absorbed is the

monoglutamate form found in supplements and fortified foods.

Glucose, galactose, and fructose are:

monosaccharides

Human digestion of food begins in the _______, where the enzyme _____ breaks down a small amount of starch

mouth; amylase

In the early minutes of an activity, _______ provides the majority of energy the muscles use to go into action

muscle glycogen stores

Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) from the pancreas:

neutralize the acid contents in the duodenum

Which age group needs most calories per unit of body mass?

newborns

Which vitamin can be obtained from foods such as meats and grains, but can also be synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan?

niacin

In children, a severe deficiency of vitamin A often results in

night blindness

The presence of ___________ chemically distinguishes protein from carbohydrate and fat.

nitrogen

Which element is found in protein, but not in carbohydrates?

nitrogen

If a person has a deficient dietary intake of calcium, what will be the result?

no change in the levels of calcium in the blood because calcium will be pulled from the bones

Do high intakes of iron from foods pose a danger to healthy people?

no, because the body adjusts the amount of iron absorbed

Saturated fatty acids: A) are liquid at room temperature B) contain multiple double bonds C) contain Nitrogen D) are an essential nutrient E) none of the above

none of the above

Foods that provide a greater contribution to nutrient needs than calorie needs are said to be

nutrient dense

Arachadonic acid is associated with

omega-6 fatty acid metabolism

Sucrose contains:

one glucose monomer & one fructose monomer

Which cells are considered the bone-building cells?

osteoblasts

Calcium absorption is hindered by

oxalic acid

The binding of iron by proteins defends the cells against

oxidative damage from free radicals

An essential component of coenzyme A is

pantothenic acid

Which of the following B-vitamins is found in the widest variety of foods (i.e., different food groups such as vegetables, grains, meat)?

pantothenic acid

Which of the following is a B vitamin? A) inositol B) carnitine C) Vitamin B-15 D) pantothenic acid

pantothenic acid

Pyridoxal phosphate

participates in reactions that synthesize non-essential amino acids & is required for the release of glucose

Good sources of vitamin A include:

peaches, spinach and liver

Niacin is necessary in the diet to prevent the disease called

pellagra

The stomach enzyme that assists in protein digestion is _____.

pepsin

Which of these would not describe the blood cells of a severe iron deficiency?

pernicious

A lack of intrinsic factor may lead to:

pernicious anemia

Iron absorption is impaired by:

phytates

Which of the following impairs iron absorption? A) polyphenols in coffee or tea B) phytates C) vitamin C D) a and b E) b and c

polyphenols in coffee or tea & phytates

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits

poor households that meet eligibility guidelines.

A nutrient-dense source of thiamin is

pork and pork products

The best sources of thiamin in the average diet are

pork products, whole or enriched grains and cereals, sunflower seeds, and legumes.

Supplements of what mineral are associated with significant reductions in blood pressure, especially in those with hypertension?

potassium

Which nutrient is OPTIONAL on a Nutrition Facts panel?

potassium

Important contributors to niacin intake in the American diet are

poultry, meat, and fish

There are many contributors to malnutrition and hunger; however, one factor stands out among all others. What is the primary cause of malnutrition?

poverty

Ingesting moldy food can cause disease because the mold

produces toxins that can cause kidney and liver damage

Which of the following hormones promotes milk production? A) oxytocin B) prolactin C) estrogen D) placental hormone

prolactin

Actions of hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach include:

promoting digestion of protein, destroying bacteria and viruses found in foods, & dissolving dietary minerals for improved absorption

Vitamin E's most notable role is to:

protect lipids against oxidation

Vitamin E functions to

protect phospholipids in cell membranes from damage by free radicals

Sulfur intake is adequate in a diet that contains sufficient:

protein

The sphincter that allows chyme to pass into the small intestine is known as the

pyloric sphincter

The effect of maternal nutritional deprivation (severe calorie restriction) during lactation is to

reduce the quantity of milk

The health benefits of being physically active include all of the following EXCEPT: A) reducing the amount of sleep needed each day B) protection against osteoporosis by building bone strength C) reducing type 2 diabetes risk by controlling blood glucose D) lowering heart disease risk with lowered blood pressure and blood lipids.

reducing the amount of sleep needed each day

Bulimia nervosa is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: A) refusal to eat B) secretive bingeing C) purging D) misuse of laxatives

refusal to eat

Thiamin, niacin, and riboflavin work together in important biochemical pathways that

release energy from carbohydrate, fat, and protein.

Fat-soluble vitamins

require bile for absorption

The form of vitamin A active in vision is

retinal

The B-vitamin most easily destroyed by exposure to light is

riboflavin

Bright yellow urine usually is indicative that someone is supplementing with

riboflavin.

Which of the following should be introduced first when feeding a baby? A) pureed vegetables B) citrus fruit huice C) egg whites D) rice cereal

rice cereal

Which of the following is *not* a completely dependable source of iodine? A) seafood B) sea salt C) iodized salt D) plants grown in iodine-rich soil

sea salt

The mineral best known for its role as an antioxidant is

selenium

Rotavirus infection causes

severe diarrhea and dehydration

Which of the following foods provides the highest amount of zinc?

shellfish

A nursing infant is getting enough milk if the infant

shows normal weight gain

The major role that the hormone ghrelin plays in eating is to

signal hunger when the stomach is empty (GSH)

It is desirable to begin feeding the infant iron-fortified cereals by about ____ months

six

Villi are found mainly in the

small intestine

The principal cation in the extracellular fluids is

sodium

Secretions from the pancreas include

sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes

The food additives that inhibit the growth of the pathogen Clostridium botulinum are

sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite.

The sugar alcohol commonly used to sweeten chewing gum and candy is

sorbitol

Common genetically engineered crops in the U.S. include

soybeans, corn, and cotton

The storage form of carbohydrates in plants is

starch

Excess amounts of most fat-soluble vitamins are

stored in liver or adipose tissue

What type of claim is "calcium builds strong bones and teeth"?

structure/functional claim

Food components that must be listed on the Nutrition Facts panel include

sugars, dietary fiber, and calcium

A major role of folate in cellular metabolism is the

synthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases in RNA and DNA.

Protein turnover describes the amount of protein:

synthesized and degraded

The U.S. government assistance program that provides vouchers for food purchases to low-income pregnant women, infants, and children is

the WIC program

Which of the following statements is true concerning iron in pregnancy? A) The body conserves iron even more than usual B) Absorption of iron decreases C) Iron supplements are needed D) a and b E) a and c

the body conserves iron even more than usual & iron supplements are needed

Phosphorus assists in many activities in the body, but not

the clotting of blood

The difference between cis- and trans- fatty acids is

the configuration around the double bond

Iron needs rise significantly during pregnancy because: A) the fetus is building iron stores B) the number of red blood cells is increasing in the mother C) the fetus breaks down red blood cells rapidly D) all of the above E) both a and b

the fetus is building iron stores & the number of red blood cells is increasing in the mother

Bone strength later in life depends on:

the formation of dense bones during youth

To keep calcium available in the blood, Vitamin D targets:

the intestines, kidneys and bones

The strongest genetic influence on the development of osteoporosis is:

the maximum bone mass that can be attained during growth

The more processed a food:

the more sodium it contains

Characteristics of an individual with bulimia include all of the following EXCEPT: A) the person is close to her ideal body weight B) the person is unaware that her behavior is abnormal C) the person's weight ofteb fluctuates 10 pounds or so over a few weeks D) the person binges and purges

the person is unaware that her behavior is abnormal

Characteristics of people with anorexia nervosa:

they come from middle-or upper-class families & they tend to be perfectionists

Which of the following is NOT true about the proteins in breast milk? A) They are easier to digest than those in cow's milk B) A protein in breast milk raises the rate of iron absorption by the infant C) They include proteins that protect the infant from harmful pathogens D) They often lead to allergies

they often lead to allergies

Which of the following does NOT describe a vitamin? A) They are essential organic substances. B) They are fat- or water-soluble. C) They are needed in relatively small amounts. D) They provide a rich source of energy.

they provide a rich source of energy

The vitamin that prevents beriberi is

thiamin

The nutrients added to enriched grains typically include

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, and iron.

A triglyceride consists of

three fatty acids attached to a glycerol

An Adequate Intake (AI) is set for a nutrient when

too little research is available to establish an RDA.

Lymph A) is like blood, since it contains mostly red blood cells. B) is a fluid containing blood proteins. C) recycles nutrients between the liver and the small intestine. D) transports fat-soluble particles from the intestinal tract to the general circulation.

transports fat-soluble particles from the intestinal tract to the general circulation.

In what form is most body fat stored?

triglycerides

An infant's birth weight ________ during the first year of life.

triples

All food additives in the U.S. food supply have been thoroughly tested for safety.

true

Compared to conventionally grown fruits and vegetables, those grown with organic farming methods contain significantly higher amounts of vitamins and minerals.

true

Very high fiber diets can impair the absorption of trace minerals.

true

An obese woman is trying to get pregnant with her first baby. What recommendation would you give her?

try to achieve a health pre-pregnancy weight first

An enzyme that the pancreas releases to split apart polypeptides during digestion is _____.

trypsin

Which of the following enzymes aids in digesting polypeptides into shorter peptides and amino acids? A) lipase B) trypsin C) HCL D) lactase

trypsin

The body can make niacin from

tryptophan

The protein needs of an infant are about ___ as much per pound of body weight as adults.

twice

Phospholipids consist of

two fatty acids, glycerol, & phosphate

A leading cause of blindness in the world today (excluding accidents) is a dietary deficiency of

vitamin A

The maintenance of mucus-forming cells depends on adequate amounts of

vitamin A

What vitamin would most likely lead to death in both deficient and toxic levels?

vitamin A

The most common micronutrient deficiencies worldwide are

vitamin A, iron, and iodine

A vegan diet may be low in

vitamin B-12, iron, calcium

Pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine are three forms of

vitamin B-6

Which vitamin is naturally found only in animal products?

vitamin B12

Which of the following water-soluble vitamins is/are known to produce ill effects if consumed in excessive amounts? A) Niacin B) Vitamin B6 C) Biotin D) a, b E) All of the above

vitamin B6 and biotin

The regulation of calcium levels depends on

vitamin D, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone

Which of the following athletes would not benefit from carbohydrate loading? A) marathon runner B) long-distance cyclist C) triathtlete D) weight lifter

weight lifter

Good sources of high-quality (complete) protein include all of the following except A) soybeans. B) eggs. C) whole wheat. D) fish.

whole wheat

Which of the following nutrients is an inorganic substance? A) vitamin A B) zinc C) protein D) polysaccharides

zinc

You are working with a child in a health clinic who has growth retardation, impaired immunity, and a poor appetite. This child is most likely experiencing ______ deficiency.

zinc